Physics topic timeline

Electromagnetism Timeline

Records in the Physics collection relating to electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic theory, fields and electromagnetic experiments.

129 records1626–2025

About this Electromagnetism timeline

Follow the experimental and theoretical development of electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, fields and electromagnetic waves.

This page contains 129 records spanning 1626–2025. Frequently represented countries include United States of America, Great Britain, Germany, France, Netherlands. Example event labels include Magnet Armature Experiments, Birth of Hans Christian Oersted, Coulomb Law, Electromagnetism Demonstration, Magnetic Effect of Electric Current.

Physicists frequently represented in these records

Albert Einstein8 matching records Pierre Curie6 matching records Hendrik Antoon Lorentz5 matching records Robert Andrews Millikan5 matching records Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven4 matching records Hans Christian Oersted3 matching records

Timeline records

Date	Person	Event	Place	Description
1626	Galileo Galilei	Magnet Armature Experiments	Italy	Galileo reports experiments in which an iron armature greatly increases the lifting strength of a magnet.
1777	Hans Christian Oersted	Birth of Hans Christian Oersted	Netherlands	Birth of Hans Christian Oersted, founder of the science of electromagnetism
1785	Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Physicist	Coulomb Law	Paris, France	Uses a torsion balance to measure forces between electric charges.
21 April 1820	Hans Christian Oersted Physicist	Electromagnetism Demonstration	Copenhagen, Denmark	Observes an electric current deflecting a nearby compass needle.
21 April 1820	Hans Christian Oersted Physicist	Magnetic Effect of Electric Current	Copenhagen, Denmark	Establishes an experimental connection between electricity and magnetism.
1822	William Sturgeon	Invention of Electromagnet	Great Britain	Invents the 1st electromagnet
1831	Michael Faraday	Discovery of Electro-Magnetism	Great Britain	Discovers Electro-Magnetic Induction
25 February 1837	Thomas Davenport Inventor	Electric Motor Patent	Washington, United States of America	Receives United States patent number 132 for an electromagnetic motor.
25 February 1837	Thomas Davenport Inventor	First United States Electric Motor Patent	Washington, United States of America	Secures the first United States patent issued for an electric motor.
1837	William Fothergill Cooke Inventor	Electric Telegraph Patent	London, Great Britain	Co-develops and patents a practical electric telegraph system.
1837	William Fothergill Cooke Inventor	Five-Needle Telegraph	London, Great Britain	Creates a five-needle instrument for transmitting letters through electrical signals.
1837	Samuel Finley Breese Morse Inventor	Experimental Telegraph Receiver	New York, United States of America	Builds an experimental receiver capable of recording electrical signal changes.
1837	Samuel Finley Breese Morse Inventor	Telegraph Patent Caveat	New York, United States of America	Files a patent caveat while refining his electromagnetic telegraph.
1837	Charles Wheatstone Physicist and Inventor	Electric Telegraph Collaboration	London, Great Britain	Provides electrical and instrument expertise for the Cooke-Wheatstone telegraph.
1837	Charles Wheatstone Physicist and Inventor	Needle Telegraph Development	London, Great Britain	Helps transform electromagnetic needle deflection into practical written communication.
1838	Richard Laming	Discovery of Electrons	Great Britain	Between 1838 and 1851, British natural philosopher Richard Laming developed the idea that an atom is composed of a core of matter surrounded by subatomic particles that had unit electric charge
1846	William Weber	Discovery of Electrons	Germany	Beginning in 1846, German physicist William Weber theorized that electricity was composed of positively and negatively charged fluids, and their interaction was governed by the inverse square law
1858	Julius Plucker Physicist	Magnetic Deflection of Cathode Rays	Bonn, Germany	Shows that magnetic fields alter the path of cathode-ray fluorescence in gas-discharge tubes.
1865	James Clerk Maxwell Physicist	Electromagnetic Theory	London, Great Britain	Publishes equations showing electromagnetic waves can propagate through space.
1874	George Johnstone Stoney	Discovery of Electrons	Ireland	After studying the phenomenon of electrolysis in 1874, Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney suggested that there existed a "single definite quantity of electricity", the charge of a monovalent ion
1879	Edwin Herbert Hall Physicist	Hall Effect	Baltimore, United States of America	Discovers that a magnetic field produces a transverse voltage in a current-carrying conductor, later understood through electron motion.
1880	Jacques Curie Physicist	Piezoelectricity	Paris, France	Discovers piezoelectricity with his brother Pierre Curie.
1880	Pierre Curie Physicist	Piezoelectricity	Paris, France	Discovers piezoelectricity with his brother Jacques Curie.
16 May 1881	Werner von Siemens Inventor	First Electric Tram	Berlin-Lichterfelde, Germany	Opens an electric railway at Lichterfelde near Berlin.
16 May 1881	Werner von Siemens Inventor	Lichterfelde Electric Railway	Berlin-Lichterfelde, Germany	The line becomes the world's first electric tramway.
1881	Jacques Curie Physicist	Inverse Piezoelectric Effect	Paris, France	Helps demonstrate the inverse piezoelectric effect.
1881	Pierre Curie Physicist	Inverse Piezoelectric Effect	Paris, France	Helps experimentally verify the inverse piezoelectric effect.
1881	Pierre Curie Physicist	Inverse Piezoelectric Effect	Paris, France	Shows crystals can deform under an electric field.
1881	Pierre Curie Physicist	Piezoelectric Verification	Paris, France	Shows that electric fields can deform suitable crystals.
1881	Hermann von Helmholtz	Discovery of Electrons	Germany	In 1881, German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz argued that both positive and negative charges were divided into elementary parts, each of which "behaves like atoms of electricity"
1881	William Thomson Kelvin Professor	Electric Lighting of University House	Glasgow, Great Britain	Creates one of the first houses in the world to be fully lit by electricity on the university campus.
1884	Svante August Arrhenius Physical Chemist	Electrolytic Dissociation Theory	Uppsala, Sweden	Proposes that dissolved salts separate into electrically charged ions.
1884	Svante August Arrhenius Physical Chemist	Ions in Solution	Uppsala, Sweden	Explains electrical conductivity and chemical reactions in electrolyte solutions.
1892	Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Physicist	Electron Theory of Matter	Leiden, Netherlands	Develops an electrodynamic theory in which charged microscopic particles account for electrical and optical behaviour in matter.
1892	Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Physicist	Relativity, Theory of	Leiden, Netherlands	Lorentz develops electron theory and uses contraction ideas in attempts to account for electromagnetic experiments
1894	George Johnstone Stoney	Discovery of Electrons	Ireland	Stoney coined the term electron to describe these elementary charges, saying, "... an estimate was made of the actual amount of this most remarkable fundamental unit of electricity, for which I have since ventured to suggest the name electron"
1895	Jagadish Chandra Bose Physicist	Microwave Demonstration	Calcutta, India	Jagadish Chandra Bose publicly demonstrates the transmission and detection of millimetre-wave electromagnetic radiation in Calcutta.
1895	Pierre Curie Physicist	Curie Point	Paris, France	Shows that magnetic properties change at a critical temperature.
1895	Pierre Curie Physicist	Doctorate	Paris, France	Receives a doctorate for research on magnetism.
1895	Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Physicist	Relativity, Theory of	Leiden, Netherlands	Lorentz introduces local time in electromagnetic theory, a step toward the later Lorentz transformations
1895	Jean Baptiste Perrin Physicist	Negative Charge of Cathode Rays	Paris, France	Demonstrates that cathode rays carry negative electric charge by collecting the rays in an insulated conductor.
1896	Pieter Zeeman Physicist	Zeeman Effect and Charged Oscillators	Leiden, Netherlands	Finds that magnetic fields split spectral lines, providing evidence for charged particles participating in atomic radiation.
1897	Jagadish Chandra Bose Physicist	Microwave Research	London, India	Jagadish Chandra Bose presents his microwave apparatus and research on short electromagnetic waves at the Royal Institution in London.
10 December 1902	Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Physicist	Nobel Prize in Physics	Stockholm, Netherlands	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for research on the influence of magnetism on radiation.
10 December 1902	Pieter Zeeman Physicist	Nobel Prize in Physics	Stockholm, Netherlands	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the effect of magnetism on light spectra.
1902	Philipp Lenard Physicist	Photoelectric Electron Energy	Kiel, Germany	Shows that photoelectron energy depends strongly on light frequency rather than simply on intensity.
1902	Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Physicist	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, Netherlands	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for research on the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena and for developing the electron theory used to explain the Zeeman effect.
1902	Pieter Zeeman Physicist	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, Netherlands	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering that magnetic fields split spectral lines, providing experimental evidence for the interaction between magnetism and light.
1904	Jagadish Chandra Bose Physicist	Radio Detector Patent	United States, India	Jagadish Chandra Bose receives a United States patent for a detector of electrical disturbances based on semiconductor-like crystal detection.
1904	Friedrich Hasenohrl Physicist	Electromagnetic Mass-Energy	Vienna, Austria	Explores the relationship between electromagnetic energy and mass before relativity.
17 March 1905	Albert Einstein Physicist	Photoelectric Effect Paper Submitted	Bern, Switzerland	Sends his light-quantum paper to Annalen der Physik, using quanta to explain the photoelectric effect.
1905	Albert Einstein Physicist	Photoelectric Quantum Explanation	Bern, Switzerland	Explains photoelectric emission by proposing that light transfers energy in discrete quanta to electrons.
1905	Philip Lenard	Nobel Prize	Germany	Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, for photoelectric effects & cathode rays
December 1906	Joseph John Thomson Physicist	Nobel Prize for Gas Conduction	Stockholm, Great Britain	Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for investigations of electrical conduction through gases.
1906	Joseph John Thomson Physicist	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, Great Britain	Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for theoretical and experimental investigations of electrical conduction through gases, work closely associated with the identification of the electron.
1909	Harvey Fletcher Physicist	Oil-Drop Experiment Development	Chicago, United States of America	Develops the use of slowly evaporating oil droplets for precision measurements of elementary electric charge.
1909	Robert Andrews Millikan Physicist	Oil Drop Charge Experiment	Chicago, United States of America	Begins oil-drop measurements that isolate elementary electric charge by balancing electrical and gravitational forces on charged droplets.
20 May 1910	Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger Doctoral Student	Doctorate Awarded	Vienna, Austria	Receives his doctorate from the University of Vienna for research on the conduction of electricity over the surface of insulators in moist air.
1911	Robert Andrews Millikan Physicist	Elementary Electron Charge	Chicago, United States of America	Reports a precise value for the elementary electric charge from oil-drop measurements, strengthening the case for quantized charge.
1 August 1913	Robert Andrews Millikan Physicist	Final Oil-Drop Charge Publication	Chicago, United States of America	Publishes the definitive oil-drop measurement of the elementary electric charge.
1915	Albert Einstein Physicist	Einstein-de Haas Effect	Berlin, Germany	Publishes experimental work with Wander de Haas linking magnetism to angular momentum.
1915	Robert Andrews Millikan Physicist	Photoelectric Equation Verification	Chicago, United States of America	Experimentally verifies Einstein's relation between light frequency and the kinetic energy of emitted electrons.
1919	Heinrich Barkhausen	Discovery of Barkhausen Law	Germany	Discovers discontinuities in the magnetization of ferrous metals
1921	Albert Einstein Physicist	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, Germany	Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to theoretical physics, particularly his explanation of the law governing the photoelectric effect.
1921	Albert Einstein Physicist	Nobel Prize in Physics	Berlin, Germany	Awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for theoretical physics, especially the law of the photoelectric effect.
1922	Albert Einstein Physicist	Early Unified Field Program	Berlin, Germany	Begins sustained attempts to combine gravitation and electromagnetism within a single field framework.
December 1923	Robert Andrews Millikan Physicist	Nobel Prize for Electron Charge	Stockholm, United States of America	Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for elementary-charge measurements and photoelectric-effect work.
1923	Robert Millikan	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, United States of America	Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for work on the elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect.
1927	Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Physicist	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, Great Britain	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing the cloud-chamber method that makes the tracks of electrically charged particles visible.
1928	Ralph Howard Fowler Physicist	Field Electron Emission Theory	Cambridge, Great Britain	With Lothar Nordheim, explains electron emission from metals in strong electric fields as quantum tunnelling.
15 May 1935	Albert Einstein Physicist	Franklin Medal	Philadelphia, Switzerland	Receives the Franklin Medal in recognition of his work in relativity and the photoelectric effect.
1936	Felix Bloch Physicist	Neutron Magnetic Moment Prediction	Stanford, Switzerland	Predicts that the neutron should possess a magnetic moment despite having no net electric charge.
1939	Luis Alvarez Physicist	Neutron Magnetic Moment Measurement	Berkeley, United States of America	With Felix Bloch, uses magnetic resonance to measure the neutron magnetic moment.
1939	Felix Bloch Physicist	Neutron Magnetic Resonance	Berkeley, Switzerland	With Luis Alvarez, applies resonance methods to determine the neutron magnetic moment.
15 January 1940	Luis Alvarez Physicist	Quantitative Neutron Moment Publication	Berkeley, United States of America	Publishes a quantitative magnetic-resonance determination of the neutron magnetic moment with Felix Bloch.
15 January 1940	Felix Bloch Physicist	Quantitative Neutron Moment Publication	Berkeley, Switzerland	Publishes the neutron magnetic-moment measurement obtained with Luis Alvarez.
13 September 1942	Ernest Orlando Lawrence	Electromagnetic Pilot Plant Recommendation	Berkeley, United States of America	The S-1 Executive Committee recommends a Tennessee pilot plant based on Lawrence's electromagnetic isotope-separation work.
1942	—	Uranium Enrichment Methods	Oak Ridge, United States of America	The Manhattan Project commits to parallel development of electromagnetic and gaseous-diffusion methods for large-scale uranium isotope separation.
1942	Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven Plasma Physicist	Alfven Waves	Stockholm, Sweden	Predicts waves travelling through magnetized electrically conducting fluids.
1942	Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven Plasma Physicist	Magnetohydrodynamic Waves	Stockholm, Sweden	Establishes a central phenomenon in plasma physics and space science.
1942	Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger Director	Unified Field Theory Research	Dublin, Austria	Pursues mathematical approaches to unifying gravitation and electromagnetism while directing theoretical-physics research in Dublin.
January 1944	—	Y-12 Calutron Operations	Oak Ridge, United States of America	The first Alpha calutron at Y-12 begins operation as electromagnetic isotope separation moves from construction into production.
1944	Isidor Isaac Rabi	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, United States of America	Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for the resonance method used to measure magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.
1944	Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky Physicist	Electron Paramagnetic Resonance	Kazan, Russia	Observes resonant absorption associated with unpaired electron spins in a magnetic field, founding electron paramagnetic resonance.
28 February 1945	Robert Oppenheimer	Final Plutonium Bomb Design Meeting	Los Alamos, United States of America	A senior design meeting fixes the plutonium bomb approach around a solid core, explosive lenses, electric detonators and a modulated neutron initiator.
2 May 1945	Luis Walter Alvarez	X-Unit Detonation Testing	Los Alamos, United States of America	A Raytheon Mark II X-Unit arrives for testing as part of the electrical firing system for the implosion bomb.
1947	Polykarp Kusch Physicist	Electron Magnetic Moment Anomaly	New York, United States of America	Measures a deviation of the electron magnetic moment from the simplest Dirac prediction, providing another key test for quantum electrodynamics.
1947	Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger Director	General Relativity Research	Dublin, Austria	Continues mathematical investigations into general relativity and attempts to formulate unified descriptions of gravitation and electromagnetism.
1948	Enrico Fermi Physicist	Particle Acceleration Theory	Chicago, United States of America	Develops ideas explaining how charged particles can gain energy through repeated interactions with moving magnetic fields in astrophysical environments.
1948	Julian Seymour Schwinger Physicist	Electron Anomalous Magnetic Moment	Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America	Calculates the leading quantum-electrodynamic correction to the electron magnetic moment with striking agreement to experiment.
1950	Edward Purcell Physicist	First Neutron EDM Measurement	Oak Ridge, United States of America	With Smith and Ramsey, carries out the first neutron electric-dipole-moment measurement.
1950	Norman Ramsey Physicist	First Neutron EDM Measurement	Oak Ridge, United States of America	With Smith and Purcell, measures a stringent early limit on the neutron electric dipole moment.
1950	Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov Theoretical Physicist	Magnetic Fusion Confinement	Moscow, Russia	The achievement marks magnetic fusion confinement as an important Russian scientific milestone.
1950	Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov Theoretical Physicist	Tokamak Concept	Moscow, Russia	Co-proposes the tokamak approach for confining hot plasma with magnetic fields.
1950	James H. Smith Physicist	First Neutron EDM Measurement	Oak Ridge, United States of America	With Edward Purcell and Norman Ramsey, performs the first experimental search for a neutron electric dipole moment.
1951	Albert Einstein Physicist	Unified Field Equations Refinement	Princeton, United States of America	Refines asymmetric-field approaches intended to combine gravitation and electromagnetism.
1951	Clifford Shull Physicist	Antiferromagnetic Neutron Diffraction	Oak Ridge, United States of America	Uses neutron diffraction to reveal magnetic ordering in manganese oxide and confirm antiferromagnetism.
1951	Wilbur Strauser Physicist	Manganese Oxide Magnetic Structure	Oak Ridge, United States of America	Works with Shull and Wollan to determine manganese oxide antiferromagnetic structure using neutrons.
1951	Ernest Wollan Physicist	Manganese Oxide Magnetic Structure	Oak Ridge, United States of America	Uses neutron scattering with Shull and Strauser to reveal antiferromagnetic order in manganese oxide.
1955	Francois Englert Theoretical Physicist	Engineering Degree	Brussels, Belgium	Graduates from the Universite Libre de Bruxelles as a civil electrical-mechanical engineer.
1 October 1957	Edward Purcell Physicist	Neutron EDM Result Published	United States of America, United States of America	Publishes the early neutron EDM limit obtained from magnetic-resonance measurements.
1 October 1957	Norman Ramsey Physicist	Neutron EDM Result Published	United States of America, United States of America	Publishes the first-generation experimental limit on the neutron electric dipole moment.
1 October 1957	James H. Smith Physicist	Neutron EDM Result Published	United States of America, United States of America	Publishes the neutron electric-dipole-moment limit measured with Purcell and Ramsey.
1958	Philip Warren Anderson Physicist	Electron Localization in Disorder	Murray Hill, United States of America	Shows that disorder can localize electron wavefunctions and suppress electrical conduction, now called Anderson localization.
1959	Yakir Aharonov Physicist	Aharonov-Bohm Electron Phase Effect	Bristol, Israel	With David Bohm, predicts that electron interference can depend on electromagnetic potentials even where the electrons traverse no magnetic field.
1960	Robert G Chambers Physicist	Electron Interference Test of Magnetic Flux	Bristol, Great Britain	Uses electron interference around a magnetic whisker to obtain early experimental evidence for the Aharonov-Bohm phase effect.
1965	Ezra Newman Physicist	Kerr-Newman Metric	United States of America	With collaborators, obtains the rotating electrically charged black hole solution now called the Kerr-Newman metric.
1967	Steven Weinberg Theoretical Physicist	Weak Mixing	Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America	Relates electromagnetic and weak interactions through a common gauge framework whose parameters include the weak mixing angle.
10 December 1970	Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven Plasma Physicist	Magnetohydrodynamics Recognition	Stockholm, Sweden	Is recognized for discoveries concerning plasma and magnetic-field interactions.
10 December 1970	Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven Plasma Physicist	Nobel Prize in Physics	Stockholm, Sweden	Shares the physics prize for foundational work in magnetohydrodynamics.
1970	Hannes Alfven	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, Sweden	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics and plasma physics.
1972	Saul Arno Teukolsky Physicist	Teukolsky Equation	California Institute of Technology, United States of America	Teukolsky derives separable equations for electromagnetic and gravitational perturbations of rotating Kerr black holes.
15 October 1977	Don Page Physicist	Charged Lepton Emission	Canada	Calculates Hawking emission of electrons and muons from a nonrotating black hole and analyzes fluctuations in the hole's electric charge.
10 December 1979	Abdus Salam Theoretical Physicist · Nobel Laureate	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, Pakistan	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg for contributions to unified weak and electromagnetic interactions.
1980	Klaus von Klitzing Physicist	Integer Quantum Hall Effect	Grenoble, Germany	Discovers precisely quantized Hall resistance in a two-dimensional electron system at low temperature and high magnetic field.
1986	Akira Tonomura Physicist	Shielded Aharonov-Bohm Electron Experiment	Tokyo, Japan	Uses electron holography with shielded magnetic flux to demonstrate the Aharonov-Bohm phase shift without electrons entering the magnetic field.
1988	Albert Fert Physicist	Giant Magnetoresistance Electron Spin Transport	Orsay, France	Co-discovers giant magnetoresistance, showing that electrical resistance can depend strongly on electron spin in magnetic multilayers.
1988	Peter Grunberg Physicist	Giant Magnetoresistance Discovery	Julich, Germany	Independently discovers giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers, demonstrating strong spin-dependent electron transport.
2001	Hartmut Haffner Physicist	Bound Electron g-Factor Measurement	Mainz, Germany	Helps measure the magnetic moment of a bound electron in hydrogenlike carbon with a Penning trap, providing a precision test of strong-field quantum electrodynamics.
7 March 2005	Lyn Evans Physicist	Large Hadron Collider Magnet Installation	Geneva, Great Britain	Oversees the project as the first superconducting dipole magnet is lowered into the Large Hadron Collider tunnel.
25 August 2005	Lyn Evans Physicist	Large Hadron Collider Installation	Geneva, Great Britain	Sees major detector magnet milestones reached for ATLAS and CMS while installation of the Large Hadron Collider continues.
2006	Gerald Gabrielse Physicist	Single-Electron Magnetic Moment Measurement	Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America	Uses a single trapped electron to make an exceptionally precise measurement of the electron magnetic moment.
December 2007	Albert Fert Physicist	Nobel Prize for Giant Magnetoresistance	Stockholm, France	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of giant magnetoresistance and spin-dependent electron transport.
December 2007	Peter Grunberg Physicist	Nobel Prize for Giant Magnetoresistance	Stockholm, Germany	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of giant magnetoresistance.
19 September 2008	Lyn Evans Physicist	Large Hadron Collider Incident	Geneva, Great Britain	Sees an electrical connection failure cause serious damage in one Large Hadron Collider sector, forcing an extended repair programme.
2008	David Hanneke Physicist	Improved Electron g-Factor Measurement	Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America	With collaborators, improves the precision measurement of the electron magnetic moment using a single trapped electron.
2025	John Clarke	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, Great Britain	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering macroscopic quantum tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.
2025	Michel H. Devoret	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, France	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering macroscopic quantum tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.
2025	John M. Martinis	Nobel Prize	Stockholm, United States of America	Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering macroscopic quantum tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.

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