Scotland in History

Athelstan led a major land army and fleet into Scotland after relations with Constantine deteriorated.

Tostig Godwinson seeks foreign support after his exile from Northumbria

Tostig encourages Harald Hardrada to pursue the English crown and joins the Norwegian invasion project.

William leads a coordinated land and sea expedition into Scotland after repeated northern tensions.

William sends Robert Curthose north, where he campaigns against Malcolm III and pressures Scotland toward renewed terms.

Beaumont backs the Balliol cause and English intervention in Scotland

The proposed marriage between Edward and Mary, Queen of Scots, becomes central to the conflict later known as the Rough Wooing.

Opposition to the English marriage grows among Scots who fear domination by Henry VIII.

Opposition to the treaty increases among Scots who fear domination by Henry VIII.

Henry VIII cultivates Scottish nobles willing to support the English marriage alliance.

Henry VIII supports assured Scots who promise to back the English marriage alliance and oppose the French faction.

Hertford withdraws after devastating Edinburgh, Leith and nearby settlements.

English campaigns in Scotland continue under Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, during the Rough Wooing.

The continuing invasion reflects Henry VIII's aim to break the Auld Alliance and impose the Edward and Mary marriage.

The war remains unresolved at Henry VIII's death, with England still seeking to impose the marriage alliance on Scotland.

Mary, Queen of Scots, leaves for France, frustrating the English policy of securing her marriage to Edward.

Elizabeth commits forces to aid Scottish Protestants against French influence

Elizabeth ends the Scottish intervention once French troops agree to depart

Accompanies the Duke of York to Scotland and acts as a trusted intermediary between James and Charles II.

William III of Orange recognizes the Presbyterian Church settlement in Scotland as part of the post-revolution political order.