London in History

The Bank of England receives its charter to finance government borrowing and manage public debt.

The Bank of England receives its charter and begins issuing notes redeemable in coin.

Montagu directs the Great Recoinage to replace clipped and underweight silver currency.

Montagu oversees the Great Recoinage to replace clipped and underweight silver currency.

The Act of Settlement excludes Catholics from the throne, including James II. Act of Settlement, settles succession if William III, Mary II or Anne have no heirs

The Act of Settlement excludes Catholics from the throne, including James II. Act of Settlement, settles succession if William III, Mary II or Anne have no heirs

Naturalized as a British subject

Succeeds as King of Great Britain

Halley publishes his cometary calculations and predicts that the comet seen in 1682 will return in 1758.

Marries Caroline of Anspach

After the union of England and Scotland, Great Britain continues the war within the Grand Alliance.

The Scottish Parliament accepts the Act of Union

The Act of Union passed in 1701 comes into effect

The Act of Union creates the United Kingdom of Great Britain

Scotland loses its Parliament & is represented in UK Parliament with 45 MPs & 16 peers. Scotlad is represented in the Parliament of Britain with 45 MPs & 16 peers

The Scottish Parliament refuses the succession, the Act of Succession is passed

The Act of Union passed in 1701 comes into effect. Scotland retains its legal system & established Church. Scotland loses its Parliament. Scotland is represented in the Parliament of Britain with 45 MPs & 16 peers

Overcomes the 1701 Scottish Parliaments refusal to accept Hanoverian succession.

Scotland is represented in the Parliament of Britain with 45 MPs & 16 peers.

Scotland loses its Parliament & is represented in UK Parliament with 45 MPs & 16 peers.

Scotland loses its Parliament.

Scotland retains its legal system & established Church.

The Act of Union creates the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Unification is legislated after the Monarchy experiences the conflics of 2 Parliaments.

Unification solves the Scottish Parliaments refusal of Hanoverian succession.

Appointed Privy Councillor

Awarded a knighthood

Marlborough is involved in Allied diplomacy as peace terms with Louis XIV are debated.

Seeks appointment as captain-general for life, but officials find no suitable precedent for granting the office permanently.

Dissolves Parliament

Harley supports creation of the South Sea Company to consolidate government debt.

Defends Galway and Tyrawly in the Lords, objecting to experienced wounded commanders being treated like offenders during parliamentary examination.

Marlborough is dismissed from his commands amid political attacks and accusations over army finances.

Invents the steam engine

Approves the Restraining Orders imposing an Anglo-French truce

Receives an official pass permitting him to travel abroad as political pressure encourages his withdrawal from Britain.

From continental exile, Marlborough and his allies oppose peace terms they believe abandon Allied gains.

Bolingbroke defends the peace settlement against Whig criticism.

Bolingbroke defends the peace settlement against Whig criticism.

Supports the ministry during the final peace settlement.

The Treaty of Utrecht ends Britain's participation in the War of the Spanish Succession while Marlborough remains abroad.

Backs the Tory ministry's decision to settle peace at Utrecht.

Backs the Tory ministry's decision to settle peace at Utrecht.

Supports the ministry during the final peace settlement.

Whigs attack the Utrecht terms as too favourable to France.

Tories support ending Britain's costly war through the Utrecht settlement.

Tories support ending Britain's costly war through the Utrecht settlement.

Whigs attack the Utrecht terms as too favourable to France.

The Act of Settlement recognizes George Is succession as King of Britain & Ireland

Restored to the office of Captain-General under George I after returning from exile.

Refuses any member of the House of Hanover to settle in Britain in her lifetime

Accession confirms the succession recognised by France at Utrecht.

Succeeds to the throne of Great Britain, does not speak English. Anne dies without an heir

Accession confirms the succession recognised by France at Utrecht.

Inherits the foreign policy consequences of the Utrecht peace.

Inherits the foreign policy consequences of the Utrecht peace.

Passes through London amid a large public and civic reception after returning from continental exile.

Returns to London from continental exile after arriving at Dover on 1 August, the day Queen Anne dies.

Created Prince of Wales. Created Earl Chester

Restored as colonel of the 1st Foot Guards under George I.

Restored as Master-General of the Ordnance under George I.

Continues as captain-general under George I, retaining the army's highest command office in his final years.

Returns to continuing Privy Council service under George I after the Hanoverian succession stabilises his position.

Handel composes "The Water Music" for a royal water-party for George I

Handel composes "The Water Music" for a royal water-party for George I

Goes into exile in France after his defeat at Preston

Secures an alliance of Britain & Holland against Russia after the dismissal of Walpole. Aids Sunderland & Stanhope in ousting Walpole

A royal proclamation fixes the guinea at 21 shillings following Newton's recommendation.

George I is threatened by a Jacobite invasion from Spain & declares war on Philip V

George Is interest in music leads to the foundation of the Royal Academy of Music

Walpole helps design measures to restore confidence after the South Sea Bubble collapses.

Walpole's government restructures liabilities and restores confidence in British public credit.

His will is proved in July following his death at Cranbourne Lodge.

Promises to return Gibraltar to Spain

Uses precision astronomy influenced by earlier Jovian satellite timing work.

Succeeds as King of Great Britain, the Prince of Wales succeeds his father, George I

Investited as Prince of Wales

Appointed Paymaster for the forces

Appointed Poet laureate

Appointed Admiral of the White

Appointed first Commissioner of the Admiralty

Invents the flying shuttle, a mechanized form of weaving

Drops scheme to impose internal tax rather than duties on tobacco & wine. Attempts to tackle smuggling

Invents the chronometer

Birth of Augusta, Frederick Louis & Augusta give birth to their 1st child

Walpole marries his mistress Maria Skerret but she dies a few months later

Exiles the Prince of Wales from Court in anger with his collaboration with opposition

Birth of George III, Frederick Louis & Augusta give birth to a 2nd child & eldest son

Begins the 1st of his preaching tours

Claims he had an ear cut off by Spanish coastguards in the Caribbean in 1731

Birth of George III, Norfolk House, St Jamess Square, London

Birth of Edward Augustus, 3rd child & 2nd son of Frederick Louis & Augusta

Reluctantly declares war against Spain due to pressure from the City & the King. A state of war fever breaks out over "Jenkins ear"

Compromise settlement of commercial disputes with Spain

Declares war on Spain for breaches of the Pravdo Convention

Returns to Britain with 500,000 pounds worth of Spanish treasure. Commands a squadron attacking the Spanish colonies & shipping in South America

Appointed Colonel of the Coldstream Guards

Appointed Colonel of the Coldstream Guards

1st to use the phrase "Balance of Power" to express the British foreign policy

1st to use the phrase "Balance of Power" to express the British foreign policy

Appointed Major General

Created Earl of Orford, 1st

The exile of the Prince of Wales ends after 4 years of ostracism

Birth of William, Duke of Gloucester, to Frederick Louis & Augusta, their 4th child

Birth of William of Gloucester, 4th child & 3rd son of Frederick Louis

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

Appointed Aide-de-Camp to General Hawley

Birth of Henry Frederick, 5th child & 4th son of Frederick Louis & Augusta

Appointed Brigade-Major

Naval Commander at the capture of Louisburg

After the Jacobite victory at Prestonpans Cumberland has returned to England

Appointed Vice Admiral of the Red

Birth of Jeremy Bentham

Appointed Major, Twentieth Foot

Appointed Lieutenant Colonel, acting, in the Twentieth Foot

Appointed Lieutenant Colonel, rank confirmed, in the Twentieth Foot

Created Earl of Hertford, 2nd

Birth of Caroline, Frederick Louis & Augusta have a 6th child & 2nd daughter

Pelham consolidates several government annuities into transferable three-percent consolidated stock.

Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, 1st term

Officially New Years day for the 1st time, until now the year had begun 25th March

The 14th Sept follows the 2nd Sept. Britain & its colonies adopt the Gregorian calendar by decree of Parliament

Appointed Attorney General

Appointed Attorney General

Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, 2nd term

Appointed Quartermaster General

Appointed Treasurer of the Navy

Appointed Brigadier

Appointed Commander of an expedition against the French in Canada

Appointed Commander of an expedition against the French in Canada

Appointed Major General by Pitt & given command of the expedition against Quebec

Appointed Major General by Pitt & given command of the expedition against Quebec

Captures Fort Niagra

Halley's predicted comet is observed again, confirming his orbital calculation after his death and strengthening Newtonian celestial mechanics.

Appointed First Admiral of the Navy

Appointed Commander in Chief

Reforms the Navy

Marries Charlotte, daughter of Charles Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Succeeds as King of Great Britain, Succeeds his grandfather George II

Birth of George IV, eldest son of George III & Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty

Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty

Purchases what was then Buckingham House for œ21,000 from Sir Charles Sheffield

Created Prince of Wales & Earl of Chester

Appointed Commander of the British forces in America

Appointed First Lord of the Treasury

Invents the spinning jenny

Awarded a Knighthood

Performs in London during the Mozart family's European tour.

A tax imposed on the British colonies to pay for their upkeep. An attempt by Grenville to levy taxes in the American colonies to pay for their upkeep

Appointed Commander in Chief

Created Knight of the Garter

The stamp tax leads to a cry of "no taxation without representation" from America. Due to the King's mental condition a regency bill is drawn up

The Queen is omitted from the regency list & Grenville resigns

The stamp tax leads to a cry of "no taxation without representation" from America

Composes his early Symphony No 1 while in London.

Appointed First Lord of the Treasury

Appointed Paymaster General

George III becomes patron of the Royal Academy of Arts

Invents the spinning mill, a water powered spinning machine

Opening day of the Royal Academy

Appoints Lord North as his own Minister from a party of "Kings friends"

Appointed Rear Admiral

Transfers to HMS Triumph after HMS Raisonnable is paid off.

If a monarch wishes to marry age over 25 notice must be given to the Privy Council

Defends himself in Parliament against charges of fraud in the East India Company

The East India Co goes bankrupt so mercantalist burdens are lifted. The East India Co can sell directly, competing with American smugglers

The British Government holds the HMS Gaspee trials in Great Britain

1st tea ship is boycotted in Boston by the British

Parliament limits the legal-tender use of silver, reinforcing gold as Britain's principal monetary standard.

Leaves the court Party to join the Whigs

Death of Clive Plessey, commits suicide in London after his trial for corruption

Death of Clive Plessey, commits suicide in London after his trial for corruption

Resigns after the Battle of Bunker Hill as Governor of Massachusetts

Raises land tax to four shillings to help pay for the American War of Independence

Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations, analysing markets, specialisation and economic growth.

Passes his examination for lieutenant in the Royal Navy.

The ostensible intention of the Papists Act of 1778 was, as its preamble states, to mitigate some of the more extreme manifestations of official discrimination against Roman Catholics in the Kingdom of Great Britain at the time

Appointed Commander of the British forces in America

Appointed Commander of the British forces in America

Congress rejects offers of a British Peace Commission & insists on independence

Appointed Commander in Chief, Neopolitan Navy

Invents the spinning mule, a combination of the ideas of Cartwright & Hargreaves

Birth of William Lamb, son of the 1st Lord Melbourne

Orders an end to the Gordon Riots

Rioting lasts for 6 days, 500 die in the disturbances & 25 of the rioters are hanged. Rebels against the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1778. Catholic chapels, dwelling houses & breweries are sacked

Gordon, petition in hand, and wearing in his hat the blue cockade of the Protestant Association, entered the Lower House and presented the petition. A huge crowd, estimated at 40,000 to 60,000 strong, assembled and marched on the Houses of Parliament, many carried flags and banners proclaiming "No Popery"

Anti-Catholic riots break out in London

Anti-Catholic riots break out in London

The army was called out on 7 June and given orders to fire upon groups of four or more who refused to disperse. About 285 people were shot dead, and several hundred more were wounded

Parliament votes to abandon the American War of Independence

Parliament enacts legislation empowering the Crown to negotiate peace with the US

Appointed Leader of the House of Commons

Under the Treaty of Versailles Gibraltar is renounced by Spain & returned to Britain

Parliament proclaims an end to all hostilities in north America

Censured over the Treaty of Versailles with America

Acknowledges the exclusive right of the Irish Parliament to legislate for Ireland

First person to make an assent in a hot air balloon

Grants Pitt a dissolution of Parliament

Begins to ordain his own ministers

Birth of Henry John Temple

Publishes the first issue of the Daily Universal Register

Patents his invention, the Power Loom

Patents his invention, the Power Loom

Receives John Adams The first American ambassador to Britain

Invents the breech-loading musket

Invents the first successful threshing machine

Pitt establishes a sinking fund intended to reduce the national debt.

Appointed Major General

A failed attempt by Margaret Nicholson to assassinate the King at St James Palace

Founds the Linnean Society which specializes in botany & zoology

Pitt passes a Bill introducing a restricted form of Regency controlled by Parliament

Death of John Wesley

Begins developing arguments that will lead to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Dies in London

Publishes the first part of Rights of Man in answer to Edmund Burke

Resigns as Foreign Secretary amid the Russian armament crisis

Appointed Foreign Secretary

Appointed Home Secretary

His ministry passes the Constitutional Act dividing Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada

Birth of Charles Babbage

Hardy & Took found the London Corresponding Society

Hardy & Took found the London Corresponding Society

Appointed Attorney General

Created Marquis of Hertford

Appointed Vice Admiral

Forced to marry a wife of his fathers choice, Caroline of Brunswick

The leader of the London Corresponding Society is acquitted of treason

The leader of the London Corresponding Society is acquitted of treason

Suspends Habeus Corpus because of fears of Jacobinism & the French revolution

Birth of William Blake

Appointed Admiral

Appointed Admiral

Appointed Commander of the North Sea Fleet

Marries Caroline of Brunswick at the Chapel Royal, St James

The Bank issues one-pound and two-pound notes to replace scarce gold coin during restriction.

Pitt authorises suspension of Bank of England gold payments during wartime financial pressure.

Pitt orders the Bank of England to suspend gold payments after a wartime run on reserves.

Imposes 1d more stamp duty on British newspapers

Prohibits imports of foreign newspapers

Proposes an income tax of 2s in the pound

Measures Earth's density with a torsion balance, enabling later determination of the gravitational constant.

Proposes an income tax of 2s in œ1

A shot is fired at George III in a Drury Lane theater. A failed assassination attempt takes place during a review in Hyde Park

Appointed Admiral of the Fleet

Brunel works with Henry Maudslay to produce models and machinery for the manufacture of ships' pulley blocks.

All Radical Societies are banned

Resigns due to ill health

Passes Pitts measures for union with Ireland through the House of Commons

Passes Pitts measures for union with Ireland through the House of Commons

Birth of James Clark Ross

James Hadfield fires shots at George III at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane

James Hadfield fires shots at George III at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane

Brunel obtains a patent covering machinery for manufacturing ships' pulley blocks.

Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty

Resigns over George IIIs refusal to assent to Catholic emancipation

The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect

The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect

George III refuses to include Pitts Catholic emancipation in the Act of Union

Pitt agrees a peace with France for the sake of security

Death of Benedict Arnold

Appointed Attorney General

Appointed first Editor of the Edinburgh Review, a reforming Whig Newspaper

Peel sponsors legislation regulating conditions for apprentices working in textile mills.

The Health & Morals of Apprentices Act, 1st textile workhouse children regulations

The Health & Morals of Apprentices Act, 1st textile workhouse children regulations

Appointed commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean.

Appointed commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean.

Cobbett founds the "Parliamentary Debates", later to become Hansard

Resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain

Appointed Editor of The St James Chronicle

Increases Property Tax by 25%

The government prepares a state funeral after Nelson's death.

Britain mourns Nelson while celebrating Trafalgar.

Receives news of the victory and Nelson's death.

Receives official news from Lapenotiere.

Appointed Admiral of the Fleet

Napoleon captures Naples & Acton is forced into exile

Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, 1st term

Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, 2nd term

Develops a graduated scale for measuring wind speed

Passes a Bill through Parliament abolishing the slave trade

Moves to Harley St, Marylebone, London

Nelson is buried at St Paul's Cathedral.

Attends Nelson's funeral after serving beside him at Trafalgar.

Receives a state funeral at St Paul's Cathedral.

His last words are "oh, my Country! how I leave my Country"

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

Proposes a Bill allowing Catholics into the Army & Navy, the King dissolves Parliament

Dissolved after Grey proposes a Bill allowing Catholics into the Army & Navy

Publishes an account of Nelson's final hours.

Grey remains out of office for 23 years. Attempts to secure Catholic emancipation are opposed by George III & other Minister's

Votes for the abolition of the British slave trade, despite Liverpool merchant opposition.

Answers Napoleon's decree by British Order in Council closing coastal waters to France

Grenvilles "Ministry of all talents" collapses after failure to emancipate Catholics

Royal Assent is given to an Act abolishing slavery

Royal Assent is given to an Act abolishing slavery

Appointed Commander of Forces in Portugal

Appointed Commander of Forces in Portugal

Proposes a wider franchise to include all householders & taxpayers

A Jubilee is held to celebrate 50 years rule

Elected Member of Parliament

Proposes a wider franchise to include all householders & taxpayers. Proposes annual Parliaments & constituencies of equal size. Cartwights radical proposals for electoral reform are rejected by Parliament

Resigns as the Commander in Chief

The Admiralty agrees a substantial payment to Brunel for the savings created by his block-making machinery.

Horner's committee attributes the paper pound's depreciation to excessive note issuance and recommends resumption.

Appointed Preacher

Retires from service

Parliament rejects immediate gold resumption while wartime finance and Bank Restriction continue.

An Enforcement Bill makes participation in the slave trade a transportable offence

Parliament can appoint the future George IV as Regent due to the health of George III

Parliament can appoint the future George IV as Regent due to the health of George III

Parliament can appoint the future George IV as Regent due to the health of George III

Tries John Bellingham for the murder of Spencer Perceval

Tried & hanged for the murder of Spencer Perceval

Shoots Prime Minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the House of Commons

Shot in the lobby of the Commons by John Bellinigham who blames him for his bankruptcy

Death of Spencer Perceval, assassinated

Becomes Prime Minister after Spencer Perceval is assassinated.

Publishes a major biography reinforcing Nelson's legend.

Brunel proposes a tunnel beneath the River Neva at Saint Petersburg and continues developing protected tunnelling methods.

Brunel is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his engineering achievements.

Founds the Athenian Society for the liberation of Greece

Invents the Miners Safety Lamp

Appointed Commander of the British Army of occupation in France

Appointed Commander the British forces of occupation in France

The Government enacts grain tariffs intended to protect domestic agricultural prices.

The Coinage Act establishes gold as Britain's principal monetary standard.

The Coinage Act establishes gold as the sole standard measure of value in Great Britain.

The Royal Mint issues the modern sovereign as the principal 20-shilling gold coin.

Introduces high-velocity gearing to increase the speed of spinning machinery

Brunel patents a tunnelling shield that allows miners to excavate in protected compartments while brickwork is built behind them.

Peel sponsors legislation directing a phased resumption of Bank of England gold payments.

Peel sponsors legislation directing the Bank of England to resume gold convertibility.

Appointed Minister of the US

His government faces the Cato Street conspiracy, a plot to murder the cabinet.

Death of George III, age 81

Succeeds as King of Great Britain, succeeds his father George III

His cabinet is targeted by the Cato Street conspirators.

The Bank of England resumes full gold convertibility after the Restriction Period.

Brunel completes his education in France and returns to England to begin his engineering career.

Founds the Bannatyne Club to republish Scotlands older literary & historical works

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

Brunel becomes an assistant to his father and gains practical experience on a range of engineering proposals.

Brunel and his father experiment with a high-pressure gas engine as an alternative to conventional steam power.

Completes the construction of Sussex Place

Founds the Utilitarian Society for reading & discussion at Jeremy Benthams house

Appointed Colonel

Appointed Colonel

Hume supports repeal of laws restricting workers from organising over wages and conditions.

1st uses the word "Conservative"

The proposed Thames Tunnel Company is announced after Brunel presents his scheme to supporters and investors.

Maiden speech on the Manchester Gas Light Bill

Parliament incorporates the Thames Tunnel Company and authorises construction of the river crossing.

Workers can organize as the Combination Acts are repealed, supported by Joseph Hume

Workers can organize as the Combination Acts are repealed, supported by Joseph Hume

The Government and Bank of England respond to widespread bank failures and commercial distress.

Completes the construction of Buckingham Palace from Buckingham House

Appointed Editor of Benthams Rationale of Judicial Evidence

Votes in favour of Catholic Emanicipation

His government passes legislation allowing workers to combine over wages and hours.

His government passes legislation modifying restrictions on workers' combinations.

"The Protestants will support me as a Tory & the Whigs as a Catholic"

Completes the construction of Cumberland Terrace

Appointed Irish Secretary, 1st term

Resigns from the Government because he could not serve under a pro-Catholic, canning

Makes a speech in the Commons supporting flogging in the Army

Authorizes British participation in the agreement for mediation between the Ottoman government and the Greeks.

Appointed Commander in Chief, British Army

Resigns after suffering a stroke, Prime Minister for 14 years 41 weeks

Signs provisions intended to end active fighting while the powers mediate a political settlement.

Accepts a framework for Greek self-government while formal Ottoman suzerainty is retained.

Supports a tripartite agreement offering mediation and an autonomous Greek settlement under Ottoman suzerainty.

Backs a settlement based on mediation rather than direct annexation or exclusive influence by any Great Power.

Accepts a plan in which the Sultan retains formal suzerainty while Greece receives internal autonomy.

His government concludes the tripartite agreement with France and Russia proposing mediation and Greek autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty.

Signs the tripartite Treaty of London for Britain as Foreign Secretary.

Inherits the policy of implementing the London agreement after Canning's death.

Death of George Canning

Death of William Blake

Receives news of the Allied naval victory at Navarino while his government continues the policy created by Canning.

Appointed Duchy of Lancaster

Devises a furnace to improve the manufacture of iron

Resigns after Wellington creates a Tory Government

Unable to keep the Tories united

The Test & Corporation Acts dating from Charles II are repealed

Reduces high prices caused by the Corn Law of 1815

Reduces high prices caused by the Corn Law of 1815. Corn prices are based on a sliding scale compared with domestic prices

Reduces high prices caused by the Corn Law of 1815. Corn prices are based on a sliding scale compared with domestic prices

Death of Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of Liverpool.

Catholics can vote & sit in Parliament

Pushed through Parliament by Wellington, allows Catholics the vote & sit in Parliament

Requires Catholic MPs to take an oath of loyalty

Requires Catholic MPs to take an oath of loyalty. Pushed through Parliament by Wellington, allows Catholics the vote & sit in Parliament

Speaks against the Bill to suppress OConnells Catholic Association

The Catholic Association achieves its aim of religious toleration

Brunel becomes an associate member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

The Roman Catholic Relief Bill passes through the House of Commons

Duels the Earl of Winchilsea who accuses him of treachery over Catholic Emancipation. Both parties aim wide & honor is saved

A London Conference agrees the boundaries of an independent Greece

A London Conference agrees the boundaries of an independent Greece

A London Conference agrees the boundaries of an independent Greece

The Catholic Emancipation Act, becomes law & the vote is extended to Catholics

Reform for Roman Catholic subjects receives Royal assent

Legislates for the foundation of the Metropolitan Police Force

The first "Peelers" go on the beat

Samuel Enderby & Sons appoint Biscoe master of the brig Tula and leader of an expedition to seek new sealing grounds in the Southern Ocean, accompanied by the cutter Lively

Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Grey's government.

Supports parliamentary reform giving representation to rapidly growing industrial towns.

Publishes the novel Paul Clifford.

Appointed Paymaster General in Lord Grey's government.

Publishes Reflections on the Decline of Science in England.

Grey supports reform plans giving representation to fast-growing industrial towns including Birmingham, Manchester, Bradford and Leeds.

Publishes the historical novel The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck.

Publishes the naval novel The King's Own.

The London square is named to commemorate Trafalgar.

Thomas Lawrence dies while serving as President of the Royal Academy.

London Protocol recognizes Greece as an independent state

Brunel is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his scientific and engineering promise.

Succeeds his brother George IV as King of Great Britain.

William Hazlitt dies in London after a career as an essayist and critic.

Invites Earl Grey to form a government after Wellington's resignation.

Declares strong opposition to parliamentary reform while speaking in the House of Lords.

Wellington opens the London Conference to discuss Belgian independence

Loses a parliamentary vote that brings his ministry to an end.

Becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer in Earl Grey's Whig government.

Joins Earl Grey's cabinet as Lord Privy Seal.

Leaves the Home Office when Wellington's Tory government is replaced.

Leaves office as Lord Chancellor after the fall of Wellington's ministry.

Informs Belgium that it has no claim to Luxemburg. Informs Belgium any threat to Luxemburg will justify intervention of the German States

Christina Rossetti is born in London and later becomes a major Victorian poet.

The Conference formally agrees to the independence of Belgium from Holland

Appointed Minister of Constantinople, 2nd term

Grey asks William IV to dissolve Parliament so that the Whigs could secure a larger majority in the House of Commons, Grey explains this would help his Government to carry their proposals for Parliamentary reform

Grey asks William IV to dissolve Parliament so that the Whigs could secure a larger majority in the House of Commons, Grey explains this would help his Government to carry their proposals for Parliamentary reform

Grey asks William IV to dissolve Parliament so that the Whigs could secure a larger majority in the House of Commons, Grey explains this would help his Government to carry their proposals for Parliamentary reform

The House of Commons passes the Reform Bill, the Tories still dominated the House of Lords, and after a long debate the bill was defeated

The House of Commons passes the Reform Bill, the Tories still dominated the House of Lords, and after a long debate the bill was defeated

The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, is passed as an Act of Parliament that introduces wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom

The Representation of the People Act 1832, grants seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and took away seats from the "rotten boroughs".

The Representation of the People Act 1832, increases the number of individuals entitled to vote, increasing the size of the electorate by 50-80%, and allowing a total of one out of six adult males to vote, in a population of some 14 million.

Grants Greek independence

Grants Greek independence

The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, is passed as an Act of Parliament that introduces wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom. Coercion Bill, gives the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland powers to suppress meetings

The Representation of the People Act 1832, grants seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and took away seats from the "rotten boroughs".

The Representation of the People Act 1832, increases the number of individuals entitled to vote, increasing the size of the electorate by 50-80%, and allowing a total of one out of six adult males to vote, in a population of some 14 million.

With the threat of new peers many Lords abstain & the Reform Bill is passed. The 3rd Reform Bill passes through the Lords but a wrecking motion defeats it.

Gives the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland unlimited powers to suppress public meetings

The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, is passed as an Act of Parliament that introduces wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom

Brunel meets Mary Elizabeth Horsley through his friendship with his brother-in-law Benjamin Hawes.

Gives the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland unlimited powers to suppress public meetings

The Representation of the People Act 1832, increases the number of individuals entitled to vote, increasing the size of the electorate by 50-80%, and allowing a total of one out of six adult males to vote, in a population of some 14 million.

The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, is passed as an Act of Parliament that introduces wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom. Coercion Bill, gives the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland powers to suppress meetings

The Representation of the People Act 1832, grants seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and took away seats from the "rotten boroughs".

With the threat of new peers many Lords abstain & the Reform Bill is passed. The 3rd Reform Bill passes through the Lords but a wrecking motion defeats it.

The Reform Act abolishes the King's power to buy seats in Parliament. Parliament is free to choose its own Prime Minister. 1st Reform Bill, threatens to create extra piers if the Lords do not pass the bill

Reform Bill, 3rd, 1 of the 4 framers of the Bill which passes through the Commons

Reform Bill, 3rd, passes through the Lords, 12 Bishops for & 16 against

Lord Greys Government resigns and William IV now ask the leader of the Tories, the Duke of Wellington, to form a new Government. Grey and Henry Brougham meet the king and ask him to create a large number of Wigg peers in order to get the Reform Bill passed in the House of Lords, William IV refuses

Grey and Henry Brougham meet the king and ask him to create a large number of Wigg peers in order to get the Reform Bill passed in the House of Lords, William IV refuses

Reform Bill, 3rd, a Lords amendment seeks to safeguard pocket boroughs

Lord Greys Government resigns and William IV now ask the leader of the Tories, the Duke of Wellington, to form a new Government

Offers William IV his resignation his refusal to create peers to pass the Reform Bill

The franchise is extended to the upper middle class

The 3rd Reform Bill is passed

The 3rd Reform Bill is passed. The franchise is extended to the upper middle class. Constituencies are created in new towns, rotten & pocket boroughs abolished

Parliamentary Reform Bill, passes the Scottish Parliamentary Reform Bill

Parliamentary Reform Bill, passes the Scottish Parliamentary Reform Bill

Parliamentary Reform Bill, passes the Irish Parliamentary Reform Bill

The Factory Act restricts child labour and creates a professional factory inspectorate.

Changes the custom of writing diplomatic despatches in French to English

Brunel argues for a railway kept as level and straight as practicable so trains can run faster and more efficiently.

Appointed Leader of the Whigs in the House of Commons

The Poor Law Amendment Act reorganises relief through unions and workhouses.

Resigns as Prime Minister due to ill health, succeeded by Lord Melbourne

Death of Henry Bathurst

Takes Poor Law administration away from Parish authorities to elected boards

Takes Poor Law administration away from Parish authorities to elected boards. Provides workhouses for the destitute

Reforms English Borough Government to reflect the shift of population into the cities

Dismisses the Melbourne Cabinet, the last time a British monarch takes such an action

Dismissed by William IV for proposing further Church reform

A government loan provides the Thames Tunnel Company with funds needed to resume construction.

Brunel promotes the seven-foot broad gauge as a means of providing stability, speed and passenger comfort.

Appointed Editor of The London Review

Prepared to lend Spain 5,000 pounds to pay wage arrears for soldiers of the British Legion

Founds the London Review

Negotiates a trade agreement with the Spanish Government

Refuses to ratify the trade agreement & loan to Spain. Asks Spain for payment of interest on loans & arms made during the Spanish Civil War

Stanley & Graham do not join the Government. Resigns after a 33 vote defeat on Irish Church revenue

Parliament authorises construction of the Great Western Railway between London and Bristol.

Establishes elected local Councils

Meets Prince Albert through his father, brother of Victorias uncle Leopold

Brunel proposes marriage to Mary Elizabeth Horsley during a family walk in London.

Examines democracy, slavery, religion and womens position in American life.

Describes the architecture and mathematical capabilities of the Analytical Engine.

Provides electrical and instrument expertise for the Cooke-Wheatstone telegraph.

Co-develops and patents a practical electric telegraph system.

Creates a five-needle instrument for transmitting letters through electrical signals.

Dramatizes the political fall and execution of Thomas Wentworth.

Brunel becomes a full member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Develops a programmable mechanical design with separate calculation and memory functions.

Helps transform electromagnetic needle deflection into practical written communication.

Publishes Society in America after extensive travel through the United States.

Publishes and stages his historical drama Strafford.

Introduces Oliver and a critique of poverty, workhouses and criminal exploitation.

Begins serial publication of Oliver Twist in Bentleys Miscellany.

Deepens political conflict between Lower Canadas assembly and imperial authorities.

Introduces resolutions authorizing colonial revenues without assembly approval.

1st uses Buckingham Palace as a Royal residence

Opens Euston with the first section of the London and Birmingham Railway.

Begins passenger service between London, Harrow, Watford and Boxmoor.

Concludes the comic travels and legal troubles of Samuel Pickwick.

Completes serial publication of The Pickwick Papers.

The work is among Brunel's earliest iron bridge designs.

Appointed Major General

Wins the competition to design Nelson's Column.

Work begins on plans for Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square.

Designs an early iron bridge across the Paddington Arm of the canal.

Demands payment to bondholders, suggests revenue from the Spanish colony of Cuba

The first temporary Great Western Railway terminus at Paddington opens for services between London and Maidenhead.

Suspends military aid to Spain until its Government pays for arms already supplied

Helps found the Anti-Corn Law League

Appointed Chief Whip

Brunel successfully defends his engineering decisions when dissatisfied shareholders attempt to remove him from the railway project.

On their 2nd meeting Victoria asks Prince Albert to marry her

Marries Catherine Glynne, to whom he remained married until his death 59 years later

The Chartist petition is delivered to the House of Commons

Appointed Member of Royal Society

Commits Britain to the international settlement guaranteeing Belgium as an independent and permanently neutral state.

Helps conclude the final settlement between Belgium, the Netherlands and the five Great Powers.

Accepts Britain's place among the five powers guaranteeing the Belgian settlement.

Commits Britain to the Great Power guarantee of Belgium's independence and perpetual neutrality.

Melbourne's government accepts Britain's role in guaranteeing Belgian independence and perpetual neutrality.

Accepts provisions protecting navigation on the Scheldt as part of the Belgian-Dutch settlement.

Supports treaty provisions regulating navigation and commerce on the Scheldt after Belgian independence.

His government signs the final international settlement recognising Belgium and guaranteeing its permanent neutrality.

Signs the 1839 guarantee settlement for Britain as Foreign Secretary.

Helps complete the definitive arrangement based on the Twenty-Four Articles negotiated by the Great Powers.

Construction begins on Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square.

Designs Nelson's Column for Trafalgar Square.

Edward Oxford fires a shot at Victoria

Intoduces the Penny Post to Britain

Albert is voted œ30,000 pa, they only have a 2 day honeymoon

Acts as host to Emperor Nicholas I

Controls the circulation of paper money

Resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain

Appointed Vice President of the Board of Trade

Queen Victoria knights Marc Isambard Brunel in recognition of his engineering work and the approaching completion of the Thames Tunnel.

Birth of Edward VII, 2nd child & eldest son of Queen Victoria & Prince Albert

Invested as the Prince of Wales

Appointed Minister of Constantinople, 3rd term

Appointed Commander in Chief

Income tax is reintroduced to cope with the budget deficit

Set at 7d in the pound with an exemption limit of œ150. Income tax is reintroduced to cope with the budget deficit

Prohibits the employment of women & children under ten underground

Settles a border dispute between Canada & the USA

Appointed President of the Board of Trade

Gladstone passed the Coal Vendors Act 1843 to set up a central office for employment

Gladstone became concerned with the situation of "coal whippers". These were the men who worked on London docks, "whipping" in baskets from ships to barges or wharves all incoming coal from the sea. They were called up and relieved through public-houses and therefore a man could not get this job unless he possessed the favourable opinion of the publican, who looked upon most favourably those who drank

Gladstone passed the Coal Vendors Act 1843 to set up a central office for employment

Founds The Economist

Appointed Editor of The Economist

Gladstone passed the Coal Vendors Act 1843 to set up a central office for employment

Gladstone passes the Coal Vendors Act 1843 to set up a central office for employment

Nelson's Column is completed as a major London memorial.

Nelson's Column is completed in Trafalgar Square.

Nelson's Column is constructed as a national memorial.

Appointed President of the Board of Trade

Gladstone passed the Coal Vendors Act 1843 to set up a central office for employment

The Thames Tunnel opens to pedestrians after eighteen years of construction begun under Marc and Isambard Brunel.

Brunel accidentally inhales a half-sovereign coin and later designs equipment to help remove it.

Nelson's Column is completed in Trafalgar Square.

Nelson's statue is raised at the top of the column.

Birth of Alfred, 4th child of Queen Vicroria & Prince Albert

Reforms the 1840 Railways Act controlling profits on railways. Provides for at least 1 cheap train to run each weekday

Enters the Lords as a Baronet

Reforms the 1840 Railways Act controlling profits on railways. Provides for at least 1 cheap train to run each weekday

Resigns from Peels Cabinet when it is decided to repeal the Corn Laws

The Bank Charter Act links additional note issue to gold and centralises English banknote issuance.

The Bank Charter Act links additional note issuance to gold and centralises English note issue.

Cotton helps implement separate Issue and Banking Departments under the Bank Charter Act.

Cotton implements separate Issue and Banking Departments under the Bank Charter Act.

Birth of Alfred, 4th child of Queen Vicroria & Prince Albert

Appointed Attorney General, 1st term

Its chains are later reused to complete the Clifton Suspension Bridge.

Completes the Hungerford Suspension Bridge across the Thames.

Brunel is elected to the council of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Gladstone had previously argued that a Protestant country should not fund other churches, although he supported the increase and voted for it in the Commons.

He resigned rather than face accusations that he had compromised his principles to remain in office.

William Gladstone resigned over the Maynooth Seminary issue after Peel's government proposed increasing the annual grant for training Catholic priests.

Publishes a "letter to the electors of the City of London"

Gladstone had previously argued that a Protestant country should not fund other churches, although he supported the increase and voted for it in the Commons.

He resigned rather than face accusations that he had compromised his principles to remain in office.

William Gladstone resigned over the Maynooth Seminary issue after Peel's government proposed increasing the annual grant for training Catholic priests.

Birth of Helena, 5th child of Victoria & Albert

Brunel defends the Great Western broad gauge as Parliament regulates the gauges permitted on future railways.

Appointed Party leader of the Conservative Party

Appointed Leader of the Peelites

The Corn Laws are repealed, partly as a result of the Irish potato famine

Resigns over the Corn Laws

Leaves the Tory Party with the Peelites in defense of free trade

The 3rd reading of the Corn Law Repeal Bill

The 3rd reading of the Corn Law Repeal Bill

The Corn Law Repeal Bill passes through Parliament

The Corn Law Repeal Bill passes through Parliament

The Corn Law Repeal Bill passes through Parliament

The corn import duty is fixed at one shilling a quarter from 1849 onwards

The corn import duty is fixed at one shilling a quarter from 1849 onwards

A coalition defeats the Government on the Irish Coercion Bill

The Corn Law Repeal Bill is given the royal assent

Parliament repeals the Corn Laws and begins dismantling grain protection.

The Corn Law Repeal Bill is given the royal assent

Wishes to repeal the corn laws but his Cabinet is divided

Peel resigns

Peel is forced to resign after the defeat on the Irish Coercion Bill

Completes the construction of the British Museum

Leader of the reforms for factory legislation, Factory Acts

Leader of the reforms for factory legislation, Factory Acts

Sponsors the successful passage of the Ten Hours act

Leader of the reforms for factory legislation, Factory Acts

The Ten Hours Act limits daily factory labour for women and young people.

The Government authorises temporary suspension of the note-issue limit during a financial panic.

Anstey wants Palmerston impeached for being a foreign agent since 1828

Death of William Lamb, suffers a stroke

John Delane of The Times reveals arms have been sent to Sicily

Creates a bronze relief for Nelson's Column.

Planning continues for further Trafalgar Square memorial elements.

Parliament repeals the Navigation Acts and expands competition in maritime trade.

Brunel's father and engineering mentor Marc Isambard Brunel dies.

Birth of Arthur, 7th child of Victoria & Albert, 2nd in line to the throne

Brunel becomes a vice-president of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Completion of the painting, "Christ in the House of His Parents"

Appointed Leader of the free trade Peelites on the death of Peel

Appointed Leader of the Peelites

Works on Trafalgar battle reliefs for Nelson's Column.

Provides for the confiscation of emblems & arms of rival Orange & Catholic parties

Death of William Wordsworth, 80

Birth of Arthur, 7th child of Victoria & Albert, 2nd in line to the throne

Birth of Arthur, 7th child of Victoria & Albert, 2nd in line to the throne

Lays the foundation stone of William Playfairs National Gallery

Completion of the Royal Albert Hall

Dismisses Palmerston as Foreign Secretary for recognizing Napoleon's coup

Patents a means of producing paraffin from the distillation of coal

Dismisses Palmerston as Foreign Secretary for recognizing Napoleon's coup

Lays down architectural plans for the Great Exhibition

Designs & builds King's Cross Railway Station

Designs one of the Nelson column relief panels.

Prince Albert opens the Great Exhibition showcasing industry, technology and international commerce.

Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, prohibits Catholic clergy from assuming territorial titles

Meets French Ambassador, Walewski, & congratulates him on Louis Napoleon's coup

Meets French Ambassador, Walewski, & congratulates him on Louis Napoleon's coup

The Cabinet remains neutral towards Louis Napoleon after his coup

The Cabinet remains neutral towards Louis Napoleon after his coup

The Cabinet remains neutral towards Louis Napoleon after his coup

Appointed Attorney General, 2nd term

Following the appointment of Lord Aberdeen as Prime Minister, head of a coalition of Whigs and Peelites, Gladstone became Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Whig Sir Charles Wood and the Tory Disraeli had both been perceived to have failed in the office and so this provided Gladstone with a great political opportunity

Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, 2nd term

Brunel develops a huge steamship intended to reach distant destinations without repeatedly stopping to take on coal.

Founds the National Board of Public Health

Minority Government is defeated following the Chancellors budget

Forced to resign by Lord Palmerstons proposed amendment to the Militia Bill

Brunel develops the concept of an exceptionally large steamship able to reach distant destinations without refuelling.

The House of Commons Press Gallery opens for the 1st time

Birth of Leopold, Eighth child of Victoria & Albert, 3rd in line to the throne

123 duties are abolished and 133 duties are reduced, income tax had legally expired but Gladstone proposed to extend it for seven years to fund tariff reductions

Increases bonds, raises loans & doubles income tax to 1s 2d to pay for the Crimean war. Gladstones first budget almost completes the work begun by Peel eleven years before in simplifying Britains tariff of duties and customs.

Increases the number of people eligible to pay income tax by lowering the threshold from pounds 150 to pounds 100, the more people who paid income tax, Gladstone believes, the more the public will pressure the Government into abolishing it & Gladstone argues that pounds 100 is "the dividing line...between

the educated and the labouring part of the community" and therefore the income tax payers and the electorate will be the same people, who will then vote to cut Government expenditure.

Coordinates British diplomacy as the dispute between Russia and the Ottoman Empire moves toward war.

Leader of the reforms for factory legislation, Factory Acts

Leader of the reforms for factory legislation, Factory Acts

The Trevelyn-Northcote report recommends a competitive appointment system

The Great Eastern is designed with both paddle wheels and a screw propeller driven by separate machinery.

Brunel's Great Eastern design uses a double iron hull to provide exceptional structural strength and internal subdivision.

100 is "the dividing line...between the educated and the labouring part of the community" and therefore the income tax payers and the electorate will be the same people, who will then vote to cut Government expenditure.

123 duties are abolished and 133 duties are reduced, income tax had legally expired but Gladstone proposed to extend it for seven years to fund tariff reductions

Increases bonds, raises loans & doubles income tax to 1s 2d to pay for the Crimean war.

Increases the number of people eligible to pay income tax by lowering the threshold from pounds 150 to pounds 100, the more people who paid income tax, Gladstone believes, the more the public will pressure the Government into abolishing it & Gladstone argues that pounds

Leader of the reforms for factory legislation, Factory Acts

Brunel designs the permanent station with architectural detailing undertaken by Matthew Digby Wyatt.

The Trevelyn-Northcote report recommends a competitive appointment system. Gladstone sets up a civil service commission & public examinations for officials

Leader of the reforms for factory legislation, Factory Acts

Supports diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis while resisting Russian claims over Ottoman Christian subjects.

Russia proposes that the two countries share out the remains of the Ottoman Empire.

The Great Western Railway approves Brunel's plans for a grand permanent terminus at Paddington.

Begins proposing improved cooking and food arrangements for British troops after reports of suffering in Crimea.

Receives support to photograph the war, preparing for a pioneering photographic expedition to Crimea.

Brunel submits designs for floating gun batteries intended for use during the Crimean War.

Appointed Governor General of Canada

Supports sending nurses and reforming military hospitals.

Becomes involved in plans to investigate and improve sanitation in military hospitals serving the Crimean campaign.

The first Great Western Railway service departs from Brunel's new Paddington Station before completion of the roof.

Receives command of the British expeditionary army.

The British Government recognizes the Independence of the Orange free state

The British Government recognizes the Independence of the Orange free state

Gladstone has to increase expenditure on the Services and a vote of credit of pounds 1,250,000 is taken to send a 25,000 to the East so the deficit for the year would be pounds 2,840,000 but Gladstone refuses to borrow the money needed to cover

Gladstones 3rd budget, by May pounds 6,870,000 is needed to finance the Crimean war so Gladstone raises the income tax from 10 and a half pence to 14d and to raise pounds 3,250,000; spirits, malt, and sugar are taxed to raise the rest of the

money needed.

the deficit and increases the income tax by one half from sevenpence to tenpence-halfpenny in the pound (from 2.92% to 4.38%)

Introduces a wartime budget as Britain enters the Crimean War and government expenditure rises.

92% to 4. 38%)

Gladstone has to increase expenditure on the Services and a vote of credit of pounds 1,250,000 is taken to send a 25,000 to the East so the deficit for the year would be pounds 2,840,000 but Gladstone refuses to borrow the money needed to cover

Gladstones 3rd budget, by May pounds 6,870,000 is needed to finance the Crimean war so Gladstone raises the income tax from 10 and a half pence to 14d and to raise pounds 3,250,000; spirits, malt, and sugar are taxed to raise the rest of the

money needed.

the deficit and increases the income tax by one half from sevenpence to tenpence-halfpenny in the pound (from 2.

Declares war after Russia refuses to leave the Danubian Principalities.

Makes Maiden Speech in Parliament agaist the 2nd Reading of the Oxford University Bill

Makes Maiden Speech in Parliament agaist the 2nd Reading of the Oxford University Bill

Completes one of the bronze reliefs on Nelson's Column.

Brunel's permanent Paddington Station formally opens with a three-span wrought-iron and glazed train shed.

Britain, France, Austria and Prussia agree peace between the Russian and Ottoman Empires.

Authorizes medals recognising service in the Crimean campaign.

Personally presents Crimean medals to veterans at a public ceremony, reinforcing recognition of soldiers' service.

Secures a parliamentary committee of inquiry into the condition of the British army before Sevastopol.

Uses The Times to publicise reports from Crimea and campaign for improvements in military administration.

The Limited Liability Act reduces investors' personal exposure to company debts.

Uses mortality data to support military medical reform.

The modular wards include dedicated washing, bathing and sanitary facilities rather than relying on improvised arrangements.

Brunel incorporates systematic drainage and sewerage into the hospital plan to improve sanitation.

Brunel develops a standard hospital unit divided into two twenty-five-bed wards for rapid prefabricated construction.

Brunel's prefabricated layout allows the hospital to expand rapidly as additional ward buildings are shipped and assembled.

Brunel develops a large modular plan capable of accommodating roughly one thousand military patients.

The hospital design includes planned ventilation so fresh air can be distributed through the prefabricated ward buildings.

Accepts parliamentary investigation of the conduct of the war and supports administrative changes after the winter crisis.

Takes charge of the War Department under Palmerston as Britain attempts to correct military supply and administrative failures.

The War Office asks Brunel to design a prefabricated military hospital for the Crimean War.

Brunel completes his modular hospital design six days after receiving the commission.

Receives news of the fall of southern Sevastopol.

Awarded the Order of the Garter by Queen Victoria

His synthetic dye discovery influences Birmingham’s later chemical and manufacturing trades.

Defends the Treaty of Paris as securing British objectives against Russian expansion in the Black Sea region.

Wins parliamentary support after the Treaty of Paris.

Palmerston's Government permits emergency note issuance during the international financial crisis.

Completes the reading room of the British Museum

Declares war on Emperor Yeh

Establishes Divorce Courts which replace Ecclesiastical Courts

Appointed Special Envoy to China & Japan with power to make war & peace

Confirms Alberts title as "Prince Consort"

Birth of Robert Baden-Powell

Declares war on China

Loses a vote of censure by 263 to 247 votes which leads to a dissolution of Parliament

Parliament is dissolved after The Queen agrees to Parlmerstons request

The Matrimonial Clauses Bill makes it possible for a divorce in a court of law

During February the British capture Canton & capture Emperor Yeh

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2nd term

Leaves the Tory Party despite appeals from Derby, opposed to the policies of Disraeli. Leaves the Aberdeen coalition & never returns to the Conservative Party

Appointed first Viceroy of India

Raises a budget to pay for the war with China raising income tax from 5d to 9d

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

Reform Bill, Introduces & loses the bill for extending the franchise

Raises a budget to pay for the war with China raising income tax from 5d to 9d

Reform Bill, Introduces & loses the bill for extending the franchise

Palmerston & Russell resolve their differences & found of the modern Liberal Party

Palmerston & Russell resolve their differences & found of the modern Liberal Party

Has a budget surplus & wishes to quell anti-French feeling. Chevalier visits Gladstone to discuss Anglo-French free trade

Has a budget surplus & wishes to quell anti-French feeling

Lord Derby resigns

The Budget is rejected by the Lords because they oppose the abolition of paper duties. Tariffs on 400 articles & paper are removed. National debt interest is reduced by 2 million pounds. Direct tax is raised from 9d to 10d, due to extra defence spending

The Lords refuse to abolish paper duties & reject the budget. The Cabinet decides to refer the Budget to the Commons Committee of Privileges

Appointed Editor of The National Reformer

Appointed Special Envoy to China & Japan

A peace Treaty is signed by Prince Gong & Lord Elgin

The Bill to abolish duties on paper narrowly passed Commons but was rejected by the House of Lords. As no money bill had been rejected by Lords for over two hundred years, a furore arose over this vote.

The budget "marked the final adoption of the Free Trade principle, that taxation should be levied for Revenue purposes alone, and that every protective, differential, or discriminating duty...should be dislodged".

The budget reduces the number of duties to 48, with 15 duties constituting the majority of the revenue but to finance these reductions in indirect taxation, the income tax, instead of being abolished, is raised to 10d. for incomes above pounds 150 and at 7d.

This record states: Gladstones budget is introduced with the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty between Britain and France that would reduce tariffs between the two countries.

This record states: Some of the duties Gladstone intended to abolish in 1860 were the duties on paper, a controversial policy because the duties had traditionally inflated the costs of publishing and thus hindered the dissemination of radical working-class ideas.

This record states: The next year, Gladstone included the abolition of paper duties in a consolidated Finance Bill (the first ever) to force the Lords to accept it, and accept it they did.

for incomes above pounds 100.

The budget reduces the number of duties to 48, with 15 duties constituting the majority of the revenue but to finance these reductions in indirect taxation, the income tax, instead of being abolished, is raised to 10d. for incomes above pounds 150 and at 7d. for incomes above pounds 100

Proposes enfranchising œ6 occupiers in the Boroughs & œ10 occupiers in the counties. Despite Palmerstons electoral proposals legislation is not passed

Constructs the Albert Hall in Prince Alberts memory

Constructs the Albert Memorial in Prince Alberts memory

Approval of the budget by the Lords becomes common practice. Abolition of paper duty is included in the budget & passed by the Lords

Approval of the budget by the Lords becomes common practice

Income tax was reduced to ninepence in 1861; in 1863 to sevenpence; in 1864 to fivepence; and in 1865 to fourpence

Founds the Public Accounts Committee, part of his reform for financial institutions

The Post Office Savings Bank opens, extending secure savings facilities to ordinary households.

Death of Prince Albert from typhoid, spends the rest of her life dressed in mourning

Designs the Albert Memorial

Shows Parkesine at the International Exhibition, promoting Birmingham-linked materials innovation.

Awarded the British War Medal

Appointed Viceroy of India, 1st Viceroy to be employed directly by the crown

The Companies Act consolidates registration and limited-liability rules for joint-stock companies.

Income tax was reduced to ninepence (pounds 00s9d) in 1861; in 1863 to sevenpence; in 1864 to fivepence; and in 1865 to fourpence

Opens the London Underground

Fowler helps open the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway.

Marries Alexandra, eldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark

Birth of Albert Victor, eldest son of Edward & Princess Alexandria

Finds that the spectrum of Andromeda resembles the continuous spectrum of stars rather than the emission spectrum of a gaseous nebula, indicating a stellar nature.

Supports a wider franchise despite warnings by Palmerston not to commit the Government

Supports a wider franchise to include the northern towns

Supports a wider franchise to include the northern towns. Supports a wider franchise despite warnings by Palmerston not to commit the Government

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 3rd term

Leads the Liberals to election victory but Palmerston dies before the first Cabinet

Publishes equations showing electromagnetic waves can propagate through space.

Earl Russell forms his second ministry, Russell & Gladstone (now the senior Liberal in the House of Commons) attempt to pass a reform bill, which is defeated in the House of Commons because of the refusal of the "Adullamite" Whigs, led by Robert Lowe, to support it

Leads the Liberals to election victory but Palmerston dies before the first Cabinet

Announces he can no longer support the establishment of the Irish Anglican Church

Gladstone authorises emergency liquidity after the failure of Overend Gurney.

Gladstone wants to dissolve Parliament & take the Bill to the electorate

Cabinet agrees to enfranchise 7 pound occupiers in boroughs & 14 pound counties

The Franchise Bill is defeated in the Commons. Russell refuses to take the defeated Franchise Bill to the electorate

Cabinet agrees to enfranchise 7 pound occupiers in boroughs & 14 pound counties

Presents a 1,499 name petition to Parliament for female enfracisement

The Franchise Bill is defeated in the Commons. Gladstone wants to dissolve Parliament & take the Bill to the electorate

Russell refuses to take the defeated Franchise Bill to the electorate

Habeas Corpus is suspended in Ireland

Introduces a franchise for occupiers in boroughs & occupiers in counties

Introduces a franchise for occupiers in boroughs & occupiers in counties. Gladstones proposals are based on rents rather than rates

Informs Liverpool the Government is staking its life on the Franchise Bill

Informs Liverpool the Government is staking its life on the Franchise Bill

The Government has a majority of 5 & many in cabinet wish to dissolve Parliament

The Government relaxes statutory note limits to contain the Overend Gurney panic.

Gladstone authorises emergency liquidity after the collapse of Overend Gurney triggers panic.

The Government is defeat by a proposal from Lord Dunkellin

The Government is defeated in Parliament by 11 votes

Appointed Chief Whip of the Liberal Party

Enfranchises all ratepayers

The 2nd Reform Act becomes law, "a leap in the dark". Doubles the electorate & gives the vote to many working men in the towns

Appointed Party Leader of the Liberal Party

Enfranchises all ratepayers

The 2nd Reform Act becomes law, "a leap in the dark". Doubles the electorate & gives the vote to many working men in the towns

His foundry casts the Trafalgar Square lions.

His bronze lions are installed around Nelson's Column.

Landseer's bronze lions are added around Nelson's Column.

Cabinet opts for the Ten Minutes Bill which Disraeli announces in the Commons

Attempts to remove personal rating from the Franchise Bill but defeated by Disraeli

Attempts to remove personal rating from the Franchise Bill but defeated by Disraeli

Shocks the establishment by wishing to become a doctor, 1st female medical student

Birth of Victoria, 4th child of Edward & Princess Alexandria

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

Proposes all householders in boroughs with a rateable value of œ5 should have the vote

The precedent is set of defeated Prime Minister's resigning before Parliament sits

Disraeli passes the 2nd reform act through Parliament

Disraeli resigns as Chancellor of the Exchequer

Carries resolution to go into committee for reform. Carries a resolution to reform the Irish Anglican Church for disestablishment. Boosts popular support & reunites the Liberals

The "Tea Room Revolt" of 50 Liberal MP over Gladstones franchise reforms. Forced to withdraw plans to enfranchise borough householders with rates higher than œ5

The "Tea Room Revolt" of 50 Liberal MP over Gladstones franchise reforms. Forced to withdraw plans to enfranchise borough householders with rates higher than 5 pounds

Victoria agrees to dissolve Parliament

Liberals unite under Gladstone to disestablish the Anglican Irish Church

The Telegraph Act enables the Post Office to purchase and operate inland telegraph networks.

Birth of Maud, 5th child of Edward & Princess Alexandria

Disestablishes the Irish Church

Disestablishes the Irish Church

Disestablishes the Irish Church

Appointed Rear Admiral

Disestablishes the Irish Church. 2nd reading to disestablish the Irish Church, wins by 118

Introduces the Irish Church Bill to end the Union of the English & Irish Churches. Introduces the Irish Church Bill to end the establishment of the Irish Church

Proposes cuts in the arms expenditure but dies before carrying them out

The Black Sea loses its neutrality. The Black Sea clauses of the Treaty of Paris are abrogated

Appointed Editor of Punch

Appointed Field Marshal

Passes the Education Act which establishes an elementary education system in Britain

The secret ballot is introduced. The Civil Service will recruit by competition using the Civil Service Commission. Forsters Education Act introducing primary education is passed

The secret ballot is introduced. The Irish Land Act is passed. The Civil Service will recruit by competition using the Civil Service Commission. Forsters Education Act introducing primary education is passed

The Black Sea loses its neutrality. Gets France & Prussia to sign a Treaty recognizing Belgian neutrality

The secret ballot is introduced. The Civil Service will recruit by competition using the Civil Service Commission. Forsters Education Act introducing primary education is passed

Passes the Education Act which establishes an elementary education system in Britain

Introduces the Irish Land Act to give Irish peasants comparible rights with England

Introduces the Irish Land Act to give Irish peasants comparible rights with England

Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, 1st term

The Test Act forbids Oxford & Cambridge to make relgious tests for teaching posts. The Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 is repealed

The Test Act forbids Oxford & Cambridge to make relgious tests for teaching posts. The Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 is repealed

Birth of Alexander John Charles, 6th child of Edward & Princess Alexandria

The Trade Union Act gives registered unions legal recognition and protection for their funds.

Responsible for the Liquor Licensing Act leading to the fall Gladstones Government

Responsible for the Liquor Licensing Act

Founds & leads new pressure group

Responsible for the Liquor Licensing Act leading to the fall Gladstones Government

Unpopularity of the reforms leads to the Governments downfall. Publicans & brewers support the Conservative Party. Limits places where alcohol can be sold, riots ensue

Responsible for the Liquor Licensing Act leading to the fall Gladstones Government

The Judicature Act, establishes a Supreme Court of Judicature

The Judicature Act, establishes a Supreme Court of Judicature

Resigns after the defeat of the Irish University Bill. 43 Liberals vote against the Government

Marries Marie Alexandrovna

Appointed Party Leader of the Liberal Party

Completes the construction of the London Sewerage System

Appointed Vice Admiral

The Commons votes to exclude strangers by 1 vote

Receives notice that Ismail Pasha's Suez Canal shares are available and moves quickly to secure them for Britain.

Rothschild arranges emergency financing enabling Disraeli's Government to purchase the Khedive's Suez Canal shares.

Handles diplomatic arrangements after Disraeli decides to purchase the Egyptian shares in the Suez Canal Company.

Manages Treasury implications of the emergency Suez Canal share purchase arranged before parliamentary approval.

Completes the purchase of Egypt's Suez Canal Company shares for £4,000,000 with Rothschild financing.

Criticises the Suez Canal purchase for being made without prior parliamentary consent.

Secures parliamentary approval for funds connected with the purchase of the Suez Canal shares.

Questions the financial and constitutional implications of buying the Suez Canal shares through private banking credit.

Supports legislation to regularise the Government's financing of the Suez Canal share purchase.

Defends the Suez Canal share purchase in the House of Commons as a necessary imperial measure.

Parliament debates the Rothschild firm's commission for advancing the Suez Canal purchase money.

Parliament authorises Exchequer bonds to replace the temporary Rothschild financing of the Suez Canal purchase.

Appointed Commander of the Mediterranean

Uses the canal shareholding to strengthen Britain's influence over the route to India.

Appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to his uncle, Lord Salisbury

Presents the Suez Canal shareholding as a symbol of imperial foresight and British influence in Egypt.

Many of the rebel leaders under Sulieman are rounded up & shot

Many of the rebel leaders under Sulieman are rounded up & shot

Returns to Britain presenting the Berlin settlement as a diplomatic success that preserved the European balance.

Appointed Admiral

Marries Princess Louisa of Prussia

Forms a Conservative group with Drummond Wolf, Gorst & Balfour

Appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland

Declines an offer to become Prime Minister

Forms a Conservative group with Drummond Wolf, Gorst & Balfour

Resigns as Governor of General of Sudan due to ill health & returns to England

Inherits the British Suez Canal shareholding despite earlier criticism of Disraeli's purchase.

Birth of Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 4th son of Charles the 2nd Viscount Halifax

Her fovoured & trusted Prime Minister dies

Appointed Leader of the Lords Opposition

Accepts self-government for the Transvaal after British defeats.

Accepts a peace settlement restoring Transvaal self-government.

British policy shifts from renewed war toward negotiated autonomy.

Patience transfers to the newly opened Savoy Theatre.

Sullivan's opera helps inaugurate D'Oyly Carte's new electric-lit theatre.

Receives the Royal Society's Copley Medal.

Resigns over British intervention in Egypt

The award recognizes Cayley's major contributions to mathematics.

The future creator of Winnie-the-Pooh is born in Kilburn.

Alan Alexander Milne is born in London.

Virginia Stephen, later Virginia Woolf, is born in London.

The future modernist writer is born at Hyde Park Gate.

Authorises military occupation of Egypt, giving Britain effective control over the canal zone while Egypt remains formally Ottoman.

His government establishes effective British control after the military victory.

Britain remains in Egypt after restoring Khedive Tewfik's authority.

The Bankruptcy Act strengthens official administration and investigation of insolvent businesses.

Passes an Act which seeks to safeguard elections against malpractice

Passes an Act which seeks to safeguard elections against malpractice

Passes an Act which seeks to safeguard elections against malpractice

Appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland

1st performance of, "Princess Ida"

Helps found the Fabian Society

Signs the revised convention with Transvaal representatives.

Makes rural elections as democratic as urban ones

Recognizes individual voting rights regardless of property qualifications. Makes rural elections as democratic as urban ones. Extends the male electorate from 3 to 5 million

Appointed Admiral of the Fleet

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1st term

Extends the franchise

Extends the franchise

Gladstone is defeated by the Irish Party's vote on the budget

Redistribution of Seats Bill, creates seats in Yorkshire, Lancashire & outer London

Redistribution of Seats Bill, creates seats in Yorkshire, Lancashire & outer London. Merges smaller boroughs into County constituencies

Holds the first Promenade Concert at Queens Hall, London

Newspapers quote Herbert Gladstone about his fathers conversion to Irish home rule

Newspapers quote Herbert Gladstone about his fathers conversion to Irish home rule

Newspapers quote Herbert Gladstone about his fathers conversion to Irish home rule

Proposes drastic cuts in funds for the armed services

Appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland

Helps defeat Gladstones Irish Home Rule Bill

Opposes Gladstones Home Rule Bill which would give Ireland its own Parliament

Helps defeat Gladstones Irish Home Rule Bill

The Liberal Party splits over Irish Home Rule, Campbell-Bannerman supports Gladstone

Opposes Gladstones Home Rule Bill which would give Ireland its own Parliament

Helps defeat Gladstones Irish Home Rule Bill

The Liberal Party splits over Irish Home Rule, Campbell-Bannerman supports Gladstone

Opposes Gladstones Home Rule Bill which would give Ireland its own Parliament

Helps defeat Gladstones Irish Home Rule Bill

The Liberal Party splits over Irish Home Rule, Campbell-Bannerman supports Gladstone

Resigns over Gladstones support for Irish home rule

Created Baron Stanley of Preston

Resigns over Gladstones support for Irish home rule

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

Resigns after having lost Irish Party support

Gives a militant speech to encourage Ulster Protestants in Belfast

Home Rule Bill, first, Introduced to the House of Commons

Home Rule Bill, first, Introduced to the House of Commons

Resigns over the issue of Irish Home Rule

Defeated by Liberal Unionists & 93 Liberal MPs, including Chamberlain, resigns

Resigns over the issue of Irish Home Rule. Defeated by Liberal Unionists & 93 Liberal MPs, including Chamberlain, resigns

The Home Rule Bill, defeated in the Commons by 30 votes

The Home Rule Bill, defeated in the Commons by 30 votes

Appointed Leader of the House of Commons

Fisher becomes Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes, overseeing important weapons and technical matters.

Sudden resignation after the Cabinet will not support his proposed defense cuts

Sudden resignation after the Cabinet will not support his proposed defense cuts

called "Bloody Balfour" by Irish Nationalists

Declared Empress of India by Disraeli

Appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland

Irish Crimes Bill, trial by jury is suspended

Irish Crimes Bill, trial by jury is suspended

A meeting of Imperial Prime Minister's held in London

The Congested Districts Board is set up to ease housing problems

Allows courts to revise unjust rents

His government faces criticism after police violence in Trafalgar Square.

Founds & leads the Scottish Labour Party

Cuts the interest on Britains National debt

Establishes County Councils

Lidderdale organises a rescue fund preventing the collapse of Barings from destabilising finance.

Appointed to the Queens Council

Receives appointment to the Queens Council.

Appointed First Lord of the Treasury, a post usually held by a Prime Minister

Nyasaland becomes a British Protectorate

The Parnellites pass a resolution of confidence in Parnell

A statue of John Wesley is unveiled in the City Rd

Goschens budget has a surplus of œ2,000,000

Fisher becomes Controller of the Navy and Third Naval Lord, with major responsibility for naval material and construction.

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

Gladstones Home Rule Bill is defeated in the Lords

Gladstones Home Rule Bill is defeated in the Lords

Gladstones Home Rule Bill is defeated in the Lords

Irish Home Rule Bill, approved by the House of Commons

Irish Home Rule Bill, approved by the House of Commons

Irish Home Rule Bill, approved by the House of Commons

Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the House of Lords

Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the House of Lords

Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the House of Lords

A committee is set up of Scottish MPs with the right to discuss Scottish affairs

Harcourt's budget introduces graduated estate duty on property transferred at death.

Resigns after being critical of the high naval estimates

Introduces death duties

Oficially opens Tower Bridge

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2nd term

Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, 2nd term

Helps establish the London School of Economics

Appointed Paymaster General

Roseberry could have won a vote of confidence but finds Government a strain. Resigns after defeated in a debate on the stocks of cordite in Government depots

Composes, "The Revoke"

Death of Randolph Henry Spencer Churchil, from a brain disease

Marries Haakon VII, King of Norway

Appointed High Commissioner for South Africa

Composes, "Winter Idyll"

The Act establishes employer liability for compensation in specified dangerous industries.

Celebrates the Diamond Jubilee

Undertakes military service in the Sudan Campaign

Newnes stipulated that Borchgrevinks expedition must sail under the British flag, and be styled the British Antarctic Expedition. Borchgrevink readily agreed to this, even though only two of the entire expedition party were British

Newnes stipulated that Borchgrevinks expedition must sail under the British flag, and be styled the British Antarctic Expedition. Borchgrevink readily agreed to this, even though only two of the entire expedition party were British. Borchgrevink eventually managed to persuade publisher Sir George Newnes (whose business rival Alfred Harmsworth was backing the RGS venture) to meet the full cost of his expedition, some £40,000 (approximately £3,979,500 in 2016)

Southern Cross left London on 23 August 1898, after inspection by HRH the Duke of York (the future King George V), who presented a Union Flag

Appointed Chief Liberal Whip

The Fowler Committee recommends a gold-based monetary system for British India.

Appointed Viceroy of India

Regarded as a temporary leader until the return of Lord Rosebery. Appointed Party Leader of the Liberal Party

Rejects Boer demands before war begins.

Birth of John Barbirolli

Formulates a law relating to black body radiation

Appointed First Secretary of the Labour Party, 1st term

129 Trades Unions delegates pass Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament"

Helps create an association called the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population

129 Trades Unions delegates pass Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament"

Helps create the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs, MPs sponsored by trade unions and representing the working-class population

Helps create the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs, MPs sponsored by trade unions and representing the working-class population

The Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald is elected as Secretary of the Labour Representation Committee

Appointed Major General

The Labour Represention Committee is founded at a Conference in London

Birth of the "Queen Mother"

Backs British participation in the allied intervention.

Author of the Factory Acts

Develops an application for extensive petroleum rights in Persia after discussions with Kitabgi.

Author of the Factory Acts

Churchill makes his maiden speech in the House of Commons

Condemns British methods in South Africa as barbarism.

Appointed Colonel of 10th Hussars

Supports invasion because of Russian advancement on Persia but is dissuaded

The Boer War splits the Cabinet and leads to Salisbury's resignation

Retires in favor of his nephew Arthur Balfour

Fisher becomes Second Sea Lord with responsibility for naval personnel, training and related administrative reform.

Has an appendix operation 2 days before his planned coronation

The Fisher-Selborne scheme proposes common early training for executive, engineering and marine officer entrants.

Forms the First Exploitation Company as petroleum exploration in Persia becomes a structured commercial venture.

Composes, "Indra"

Appointed Inspector General of Cavalry, serves in India

Appointed Inspector General of Cavalry on return to England

Succeeds as King of Great Britain. Proclaimed Emperor of India

Speaks in the Commons against the Governments proposed increase in military spending

Attacks his party's proposals to increase military expenditure

Rebukes Chamberlains speech on Imperial Preference in the Commons

Birth of Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home

Invents the Thermionic Valve

Appointed Major General

Becomes Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

Suggests radioactive decay can date rocks and minerals.

Invents the thermionic vacuum diode, controlling electron flow from a heated cathode to an anode for radio detection and rectification.

Crosses the House of Commons to become a Liberal

Knighted following the March Festival of his music at Covent Garden

Fisher becomes First Sea Lord and professional head of the Royal Navy.

Fisher begins reorganising fleet deployment to concentrate stronger forces closer to the North Sea.

Fisher accelerates disposal or reserve placement of obsolete ships to release crews and resources for modern forces.

Appointed Admiral of the Fleet

Plans the mobilization of British Expeditionary Force

Secures financial backing from Burmah Oil, enabling the costly Persian exploration programme to continue.

Reorganizes the struggling Persian venture through the Concessions Syndicate with substantial Burmah Oil support.

Agrees to requests from Smuts for self-Government in the Transvaal & Free State

Agrees to requests from Smuts for self-Government in the Transvaal & Free State

Agrees to requests from Smuts for self-Government in the Transvaal & Free State

Plans the mobilization of British Expeditionary Force

Fisher establishes and chairs the Committee on Designs to examine new battleship and armoured-cruiser concepts.

The Committee on Designs approves preliminary plans for the all-big-gun battleship that becomes HMS Dreadnought.

The Committee on Designs approves preliminary work on the fast armoured cruisers that become the Invincible class.

Fisher's design committee settles the outline of the fast armoured cruiser later developed as the Invincible class.

The final HMS Dreadnought design emerges from the Fisher-era design process with heavy uniform guns and turbine propulsion.

The Admiralty Board approves the new fast armoured-cruiser design with only minor changes.

Trafalgar centenary events commemorate Nelson and the victory.

Uses naval commemoration while reforming the Royal Navy.

Resigns over the policy of Imperial Preference rather then call an election

Resigns over the policy of Imperial Preference rather then call an election

Liberals want Campbell-Bannerman to serve as nominal PM from the Lords but he refuses

Appointed Spokesman for the Colonial Office because Lord Elgin is a peer

Appointed Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party

Appointed First Secretary of the Labour Party, 2nd term

Creates the General Staff to controls military expenditure & general mobilization

Appointed Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party

Appointed Party Leader of the Labour Party, 1st term

Appointed Quartermaster General

Concludes the Anglon entente

Concludes the Anglon entente

Appointed Lieutenant General

Raises backing for the British Antarctic Expedition in Nimrod, aiming for the South Pole and scientific exploration

Supports plans for liners emphasizing scale, comfort and accommodation rather than a pure speed contest.

Appointed Rear Admiral

Proposes the Lords have a "suspesory veto" of 3 yrs, this becomes Liberal Party policy

Appointed Privy Councillor

Founds the Boy Scout movement

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer