Rome in History

Appointed Pope, recognized by Valentian I

Rome is sacked by Alaric

Holds the Council of Rome for the restoration of monastic discipline

Death of Boniface IV

Otto enters Rome & calls up a Synod which deposes Bendedict V

The Romans drive Pope Benedict IX out of Rome for a 2nd time. John, bishop of Sabina, is appointed Pope Sylvester III, but Benedicts family base from Tusculum fight their way back into Rome and restore Benedict

The Romans drive Pope Benedict IX out of Rome for a 2nd time. John, bishop of Sabina, is appointed Pope Sylvester III, but Benedicts family base from Tusculum fight their way back into Rome and restore Benedict

The Romans drive Pope Benedict IX out of Rome for a 2nd time. John, bishop of Sabina, is appointed Pope Sylvester III, but Benedicts family base from Tusculum fight their way back into Rome and restore Benedict

Tostig & his wife Judith & Gyrth go as pilgrims to Rome & meet Pope Nicholas II

Pope Gregory VII is holed up in the Castel SantAngelo after Henry IV captures Rome

Founds the Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome

Roches is consecrated Bishop Peter of Winchester by Innocent III in person

Preaches the Albigensian Crusade against the heretic Catharists of Albi

Louis is crowned in Rome by representatives of the Roman people

Pietro Rainalducci is set up as Antipope Nicholas V

Nicholas V becomes the last imperial antipope of the Middle Ages

Louis leaves Rome as papal supporters regain strength

Urban V continues his temporary return of the papal court to Rome

Elizabeth of Pomerania is crowned empress in Rome

The main enemy of John was Ladislaus of Naples, who protected Gregory XII in Rome. Following his election as pope, John spent a year in Bologna and then joined forces with Louis II of Anjou to march against Ladislaus. An initial victory proved short-lived and Ladislaus retook Rome in May 1413, forcing John to flee to Florence

Innocent VIII is elected pope after the death of Sixtus IV.

Innocent VIII is crowned pope in Rome after his election.

Julius II excommunicates the entire French army

Luther is summoned to Rome on a charge of heresy for implying the Pope is fallible

Francesco Guicciardini, in command of the Papal armies, proves unable to resist and when the Duke of Bourbon is killed, his underpaid army sack the city, forcing the Pope to flee

Rome & the Vatican are sacked by Lutherans. Pleas with Charles V but it is too late to save Rome

Clement absolves the participants of the sack of Rome and promises to crown Charles, in return, he receives Ravenna and Cervia; cities which the Republic of Venice are forced to surrender

Serves among the leading cardinals of the newly established Roman Inquisition, becoming a central figure in its campaign against Protestant teaching.

Michele Ghislieri serves as Grand Inquisitor before later becoming Pope Pius V

Paul IV appoints Michele Ghislieri as Grand Inquisitor

Paul IV dies after a severe and controversial pontificate

Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected Pope Pius IV

Charles Borromeo becomes a cardinal under Pope Pius IV

Pius IV promotes his nephew Charles Borromeo to the cardinalate

Pius IV issues a bull recalling the Council of Trent

Pius IV attempts to draw Elizabeth I back toward Catholic obedience

Borromeo supports papal reform during the Council of Trent

Borromeo supports the implementation of reforms associated with Trent

His calendar scheme forms the basis of the Gregorian reform promulgated by Gregory XIII

Supports and explains the Gregorian calendar reform introduced by Gregory XIII

Issues Inter gravissimas, introducing the Gregorian calendar reform

Appointed Pope, Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti

Cardinal Bellarmino formally admonishes Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican doctrine.

Pope Urban VIII consecrates St Peters Cathedral in Rome

Galileo is formally condemned and required to sign an abjuration of the Copernican position.

Dies after a pontificate marked by opposition to Louis XIV

Elected pope as Alexander VIII

Famously writes down Allegri's Miserere after hearing it in Rome.

In early 1849, elections are held for a Constituent Assembly

A Roman Republic is declared

A Roman Republic is declared

A Roman Republic is declared

Mazzini arrives in Rome and is appointed Chief Minister

In the Constitution of the Roman Republic, religious freedom was guaranteed by article 7, the independence of the Pope as head of the Catholic Church was guaranteed by article 8 of the Principi fondamentali & the death penalty is abolished

Takes command of Rome & repels a French attack

Repulses a French attack on Rome. Repels a French attack on Rome

The French enter Rome & Garibaldi withdraws the 4,000 republican army to San Marino

Makes Sardinia-Piedmont a model state for Italian unification. A "free Church in a free state". Adopts free trade, judicial reform & religious freedom

A "free Church in a free state"

Lands in southern Italy with an army to take over the papal states

Rome is freed of French troops & becomes Italy's capital

Creates the National Insurance Institute as the state expands control over life insurance

Directs the government that negotiates Italy's move from neutrality toward intervention alongside the Entente.

Accepts the agreement promising Italy substantial parts of Dalmatia and specified Adriatic islands.

Supports the secret agreement that aligns Italy with the Entente and promises territorial rewards after victory.

Approves Italy's commitment to begin active operations against the enemies of the Entente within one month.

Supports the government decision that leads Italy to enter the war after the secret London agreement.

Represents Italy in early League diplomacy.

Leads the fascists in the march on Rome

Rejects a request by the Army Commander, General Pugliese, to impose martial law

Advises the King to use the Army to put down the rebellion but the King refuses

The "black shirt" army enters Rome without any opposition

The Italian King fails to re-establish democracy. The affair provokes anti-fascist demonstrations in the Italian Parliament. Matteotti is found in a grave outside Rome

Develops quantum statistics for indistinguishable particles with half-integer spin, providing the statistical framework for electrons.

All political opposition to Fascism is banned

A decree restores convertibility of Bank of Italy notes into gold or gold-convertible foreign currency.

Denounces the Treaty of Versailles

Joins the diplomatic corps then marries Edda, Mussolinis daughter

Joins the diplomatic corps then marries Edda, Mussolinis daughter

Creates a quantitative theory of beta decay in which electrons and neutrinos are produced in weak nuclear transformations.

Bombards uranium with neutrons during experiments on induced radioactivity.

Scores Italy's equalizer in the World Cup final before the match goes to extra time.

Scores Italy's extra-time winner in the World Cup final against Czechoslovakia.

Coaches host nation Italy to its first FIFA World Cup championship.

Captains Italy to its first World Cup title after extra time against Czechoslovakia.

Launches the invasion of Ethiopia despite League obligations.

League sanctions fail to reverse Italy's conquest of Ethiopia.

The 2 countries recognize the others interests in the Mediterranean. Makes a "gentlemens agreement" with Britain

Italy leaves the League after the Abyssinia sanctions dispute.

Mussolini relayed a request for Hitler to postpone military action and proposed a four-power conference.

Ciano coordinated Italian communications concerning the proposed Munich conference.

Italy declares the 1935 pact with France invalid, because ratifications had not been exchanged

Mussolini instructs Ciano to inform Ribbentrop he will accept the Pact of Steel

Mussolini instructs Ciano to inform Ribbentrop he will accept the Pact of Steel

Ciano helps prepare Italian demands intended to reduce Albania to dependency

Victor Emmanuel III supports Mussolini's move to occupy Albania

Mussolini orders the invasion of Albania to expand Italian control across the Adriatic

Ciano supports plans to attach Albania to the Italian crown

Mussolini incorporates Albania into the Italian sphere under the Savoy crown

Victor Emmanuel III accepts the Albanian crown under Italian occupation

Declares war on Britain and France, making Egypt and the Suez Canal a strategic objective for Italian forces in Libya.

Mussolini decides to proceed with the planned invasion of Greece despite German reservations about widening the Balkan war.

Aldo Vidussoni becomes secretary of the National Fascist Party.

Mussolini supports exploiting the capture of Tobruk by continuing the Axis advance eastward into Egypt.

Cavallero accepts the decision to continue the Axis pursuit into Egypt despite his earlier preference for an assault on Malta.

After the fall of Tobruk, Cavallero's preferred plan to seize Malta is displaced by the decision to continue the advance into Egypt.

Cavallero is promoted to Marshal of Italy while serving as Chief of the Supreme General Staff.

Monitors the North African crisis from Comando Supremo during the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Cavallero confronts the military crisis created by the collapse at El Alamein and the urgent need to preserve forces in North Africa.

Mussolini faces a new strategic emergency when Anglo-American forces land in French North Africa during Operation Torch.

Serves as Chief of the Italian Supreme General Staff during the crisis that leads to the armistice.

Serves as the final secretary of the National Fascist Party during the regime's collapse.

Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of the Air Force.

Joins Badoglio's government with responsibility for corporate and economic administration.

Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of National Education.

Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of Finance.

Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of Justice.

Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of the Navy.

Joins Badoglio's first government as Minister of War.

Retains responsibility for war production in Badoglio's first post-Fascist government.

Receives news of the major Allied bombing of Rome while meeting Adolf Hitler near Feltre.

Presses for a Fascist Grand Council meeting as Italy's military and political crisis deepens.

Presents the order of the day that challenges Mussolini's leadership at the Fascist Grand Council.

Faces the first meeting of the Fascist Grand Council since 1939 as senior Fascists challenge his leadership.

Introduces a motion calling for restoration of the King's constitutional military authority.

Is arrested after leaving his audience with King Victor Emmanuel III following dismissal from office.

Dismisses Benito Mussolini as head of government after the Fascist Grand Council crisis and orders his arrest.

Participates in the final Fascist Grand Council meeting while serving as party secretary.

Fails to prevent approval of the Grandi motion after a long overnight Grand Council debate.

Supports the Grandi motion that restores the King's constitutional authority.

Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini during the decisive Fascist Grand Council session.

Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini at the Fascist Grand Council.

Votes for the motion challenging Mussolini during the final Grand Council session.

Opposes Dino Grandi's motion and remains committed to the alliance with Germany.

Sees his motion approved by a majority of the Fascist Grand Council, fatally undermining Mussolini.

Remains at the centre of military planning as Mussolini falls and Badoglio assumes power.

King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Marshal Pietro Badoglio Prime Minister after dismissing Benito Mussolini.

Loses power after the Grand Council vote and the King's decision to dismiss and arrest him.

Withdraws from public view after the King's removal of Mussolini changes the political situation.

Joins Badoglio's government as Foreign Minister after the fall of Mussolini.

Oversees the dissolution of the National Fascist Party after the fall of Mussolini.

Loses his party office when the Badoglio government dissolves the National Fascist Party.

Completes formation of a non-party cabinet of soldiers, officials and technocrats after Mussolini's dismissal.

Supports the dispatch of military representatives to establish terms for ending Italy's war against the Allies.

Supports secret military discussions intended to remove Italy from the Axis war.

Authorizes secret contacts with the Allies while publicly maintaining that Italy remains at war.

Works with liberal anti-fascists in the political organizations that emerge after the armistice.

Represents liberal anti-fascist politics in the Committee of National Liberation established after the armistice.

Participates in anti-fascist liberal activity associated with the Committee of National Liberation after the armistice.

Authorizes acceptance of the Allied short armistice terms and empowers Castellano to sign them.

Broadcasts the announcement that Italy has accepted an armistice with the Allied powers.

Broadcasts the armistice announcement to the Italian people after the Allied declaration becomes public.

Faces the collapse of Italian military authority after the public announcement of the armistice.

Orders the Italian fleet to avoid self-destruction and comply with the Allied armistice terms.

As Navy Minister, transmits orders requiring major Italian naval units to comply with the armistice and sail to Allied-controlled ports.

Commands forces involved in the confused defence of Rome as German units move against the capital after the armistice.

Leaves Rome with the King and senior officials as German forces move to seize the capital.

Faces German attacks on the capital while commanding the motorized corps responsible for Rome's defence.

Leaves the capital with Badoglio and senior military officials as German forces threaten the royal government.

Loses control of Rome as German forces overcome Italian resistance following the armistice announcement.

Sees organized defence of Rome collapse as German forces take control of the city.

Mussolini begs Hitler not to withdraw from Rome without a fight but is ignored

Supports Italian entry into the common market as part of postwar economic modernization.

Signs the Euratom Treaty for Italy at the Rome ceremony.

Signs the Treaty of Rome for Italy alongside Foreign Minister Gaetano Martino.

Signs the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community for Italy.

Martino addresses the signing ceremony and links the treaties to Italy's longer commitment to European integration.

Signs the Treaty of Rome for Italy alongside Prime Minister Antonio Segni.

Signs the Treaty of Rome on behalf of Italy.

Signs the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community alongside Prime Minister Antonio Segni.

Signs the Treaty of Rome for Italy with Foreign Minister Gaetano Martino.

Zoli heads the Italian government when Italy deposits its instrument of ratification for the Rome Treaties.

Italy becomes the first signatory state to deposit its instrument of ratification with the Italian government.

Heads the Italian government when the Treaty of Rome enters into force and the EEC begins operating.

Heads the Italian government as the EEC begins implementing the Common Agricultural Policy.

Serves as president as Italy enters the first operational phase of the Common Agricultural Policy.

Heads the Italian government when the Merger Treaty creates a single Commission and Council for the Communities.

Serves as foreign minister when the Communities begin operating with unified executive institutions.

The "Valle Giulia" student protest in Rome leads to a long period of violent disputes

The "Valle Giulia" student protest in Rome leads to a long period of violent disputes

Heads the Italian government when customs duties between EEC members are abolished completely.

Serves as foreign minister when the EEC customs union reaches completion.

Heads the Italian government as Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Communities.

Hosts the European Council as leaders discuss direct elections, a common passport and Community representation at G7 summits.

Supports the Rome European Council decision advancing direct universal elections to the European Parliament.

Death of Aldo Moro

Serves as foreign minister as Italy participates in the new European Monetary System.

Heads the Italian government when the European Monetary System begins operating.

Keeps a clean sheet for Italy in the goalless European Championship group match with Belgium.

Heads the Italian government as the Genscher-Colombo initiative proposes stronger European political cooperation.

Resigns after 3 1/2 yrs in office, the longest Government in Italy since World War II

Serves as foreign minister as the Single European Act strengthens the programme for completing the internal market.

Hosts the special European Council that advances plans for political union and monetary union.

Supports the Rome conclusions advancing the second stage of economic and monetary union.

Supports the Rome conclusions favouring gradual transformation of the Community into a political union.

Hosts the European Council that opens intergovernmental conferences on political union and monetary union.

Helps launch the intergovernmental conference on economic and monetary union.

Supports the opening of treaty negotiations on political union.

A referendum approves electoral reform

A referendum approves electoral reform

Forced to resign by the Socialist Party

The Lira is devalued

Promulgates the law authorising Italian ratification of the Maastricht Treaty.

Heads the government when Italy enacts the law authorising ratification of the Maastricht Treaty.

Heads the government when Italy deposits its Maastricht ratification instrument.

A new electoral system is based on 75% majority voting

Heads the Italian government when the European single market begins operating with four freedoms.

Heads the Italian government when the Maastricht Treaty enters into force and the European Union is established.

Informed he is being investigated for bribes made by his media firm Gruppo Fininvest

Resigns rather than lose a no confidence vote

Resigns rather than lose a no confidence vote

Announces his resignation

Coaches Juventus to a penalty-shootout victory over defending champions Ajax.

Scores from a tight angle to put Juventus ahead against Ajax in Rome.

Captains Juventus as the club defeats Ajax on penalties to become European champions.

Resigns as the Prime Minister of Italy

Cleared of corruption charges

Heads the Italian government when the euro becomes Italy's currency for electronic payments and accounting.

Oversees Italy's financial administration as euro notes and coins enter circulation.

Heads the Italian government when euro banknotes and coins replace the lira in everyday cash use.

The Nice Treaty becomes legally effective during Berlusconi's government, completing institutional reforms designed for enlargement.

Begins Italy's rotating Council Presidency with treaty reform and enlargement among its priorities.

Hosts the opening of the intergovernmental conference negotiating a constitutional treaty for Europe.

Heads the Italian government when ten new member states join the European Union.

Hosts the Rome ceremony at which the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe is signed.

Heads the government as Italy completes parliamentary ratification of the European Constitutional Treaty.

Heads the government when Italy enacts the law ratifying the Treaty of Lisbon.

Lisbon reforms take effect under Berlusconi, changing EU institutions, voting procedures and external representation.

Forms a second government backed by the Five Star Movement and Democratic Party.

Italy suspends flights from China after confirmed COVID-19 cases in Rome.

Extends lockdown measures across Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Death of film composer Ennio Morricone.