Warsaw in History

Poland gains independence from the Holy Roman Empire

Succeeds as King of Poland

Succeeds as King of Poland

Sienick, a leader of the "execution movement", helps prepare the articles for the Warsaw Confederation

Sienick, a leader of the "execution movement", helps prepare the articles for the Warsaw Confederation

Sienick, a leader of the "execution movement", helps prepare the articles for the Warsaw Confederation

Sienick, a leader of the "execution movement", helps prepare the articles for the Warsaw Confederation

Sienick, a leader of the "execution movement", helps prepare the articles for the Warsaw Confederation

Sienick, a leader of the "execution movement", helps prepare the articles for the Warsaw Confederation

Warsaw Confederation is incorporated into the Henrician Articles & becomes the Pacta Conventa

Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant

Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant

Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant

Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant

Krasinski is the only Bishop to sign the Confederation of Warsaw

Warsaw Confederation is incorporated into the Henrician Articles & becomes the Pacta Conventa. Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant

Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant

Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant

Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant

Warsaw Confederation is incorporated into the Henrician Articles & becomes the Pacta Conventa

Warsaw Confederation is incorporated into the Henrician Articles & becomes the Pacta Conventa

Succeeds as King of Poland

Continues resistance after the Swedish capture of Warsaw

Loses Warsaw to Charles X Gustav during the Swedish Deluge

Faces aristocratic rebellion against attempts to strengthen royal authority.

Receives high military responsibility after becoming Grand Marshal of the Crown.

Appointed Grand Marshal of the Crown and gains greater authority in Polish military affairs.

Appointed Grand Marshal during the later phase of the war with Russia.

Succeeds as King of Poland

Augustus II seeks to use the anti-Swedish coalition to strengthen his position in Livonia.

Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski remains a major Polish military figure as Augustus II opens the northern war.

Augustus II pursues Baltic ambitions through his Saxon army rather than a unified Commonwealth mobilisation.

The Treaty of Travendal removes Denmark from Augustus II's anti-Swedish coalition.

The Swedish victory at Narva strengthens Charles XII and worsens Augustus II's position.

Charles XII captures Warsaw

At the "Dumb Diet" summoned to Warsaw, Poland becomes a Russian Protecorate

At the "Dumb Diet" summoned to Warsaw, Poland becomes a Russian Protecorate

Succeeds as King of Poland

The Treaty of Vienna is ratified

Helps draft and promote the Constitution of 3 May

Swears support for the Constitution of 3 May

Presides over the Sejm session that adopts the Constitution of 3 May

Leads cadets in the opening attack of the Polish November Uprising.

Becomes a leading member of the provisional government formed during the uprising.

Joins the provisional government created during the November Uprising.

Is appointed dictator in an attempt to control the Polish uprising.

Grows up in Warsaw under Russian imperial rule.

Birth of Marie Sklodowska Curie in Warsaw.

Introduces modern bacteriology and preventive vaccination practice in Warsaw.

Establishes a Pasteur-style laboratory and rabies vaccination station.

Birth of Stefan Mazurkiewicz

Founds the Polish Socialist Party

Helps found the Polish National Democratic Party

Manages to escape to England & returns to Poland in 1902

Manages to escape to England & returns to Poland in 1902

Publishes observations of inflammatory disease affecting the terminal intestine.

Provides an early clinical description of the condition later called Crohn disease.

Describes involuntary leg flexion produced during neck movement in meningitis.

Introduces a neurological sign used in clinical assessment of meningeal irritation.

Organizes a secret & private Polish army of 10,000 to fight against Russia

Appointed Professor at the University of Warsaw

Creates a classic mathematical object later central to fractal geometry.

Describes the recursively generated triangular set bearing his name.

Provides an influential example in topology and fractal mathematics.

Introduces a recursively perforated square now called the Sierpinski carpet.

Appointed Member of Polish Council of State

Proposes concentrating Polish mathematical research in selected modern fields.

Advocates specialized international journals to strengthen the national mathematical community.

Appointed Chief of Staff of a small independent Polish Army

The Republic of Poland is founded

Co-founds Fundamenta Mathematicae as a journal devoted to foundational fields.

Establishes an influential international publication for set theory and topology.

Defeats the Russians

Accepts a partition settlement in Upper Silesia.

Formulates axioms characterizing topological closure operations.

Provides an abstract foundation for defining general topological spaces.

Poland resists League efforts over the Vilna dispute.

Forms a cabinet of pacification after the assassination of Narutowicz

Expelled for allegedly selling documents relating to the French Army

Lays a foundation stone for a Warsaw radium institute.

Appointed Chief of Cabinet, under Pilsudski

Overthrows the Wojciechowski Government. Between November 1918 & Pilsudskis coup there had been 14 different regimes

Arrests President Wojciechowski

Poland stabilises the zloty and adopts a gold-exchange framework supported by foreign loans.

Government electoral victory

Has arrested & tortured 80 members of Parliament who disagreed with him

Develops refined ebulliometric instruments for accurate boiling-point comparison.

Establishes a central theorem in graph theory and topological combinatorics.

Characterizes planar graphs through subdivisions of two forbidden graphs.

Advances physical chemistry through high-precision measurements of liquid mixtures.

Dissolves Parliament & has opposition members arrested

Appointed Foreign Minister

Uses permutation theory to reconstruct the German Enigma machine's internal wiring.

Defines methods and terminology that shape modern functional analysis.

Achieves a breakthrough in mechanized cipher analysis before the Second World War.

Publishes a landmark monograph organizing the theory of linear operations.

Opens the Radium Institute in Warsaw.

Establishes a major result connecting topology, geometry and combinatorics.

Proves that continuous maps from a sphere identify some antipodal pair.

Begins a policy of non-aggression with Germany

Designs the cyclometer to catalogue Enigma permutation characteristics.

Accelerates recovery of daily cipher settings through mechanical calculation.

Visits Poland for the final time before her death.

Poland concludes a non-aggression pact with Russia

Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland

Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland

Death of Josef Klemens Pilsudski

Creates a manual technique that remains useful after German cipher procedures change.

Develops perforated sheets for identifying Enigma message settings.

Poland forces Lithuania to open its borders

Warsaw denounces the 1925 military Treaty with Czechoslovakia

Beck's government pressed Czechoslovakia to surrender the Teschen district during the immediate aftermath of Munich.

Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a German invasion

Agrees Chamberlains proposal of a unilateral British guarantee of Polish independence

Agrees Chamberlains proposal of a unilateral British guarantee of Polish independence

Supports production of Polish Enigma replicas, one of which is supplied to Britain before the war.

Helps AVA complete dozens of Enigma replicas before the German invasion of Poland.

The 4th Panzer Div launches the 1st attack on Warsaw

Warsaw is surrounded by German troops, Hitler orders its bombardment

The Poles refuse to surrender Warsaw

Warsaw finaly capitulates, 160,000 are taken prisoner

Warsaw finaly capitulates, 160,000 are taken prisoner

Resistance in Poland comes to an end

Responds to Russian requests & orders the Home Army to capture Warsaw

Responds to Russian requests & orders the Home Army to capture Warsaw

The Home Armys rebellion in Warsaw is crushed by an SS massacre of the insurgents. Captured by the Germans

Captured by the Germans

Kept in "protective custody" for being considerred too nationalistic by Moscow

Develops the hanging mercury drop electrode for sensitive electrochemical analysis.

Improves polarographic measurement of trace metals and other dissolved substances.

Makes a speech at the United Nations proposing a nuclear free zone in central Europe

Circulates the Rapacki Plan to remove nuclear weapons from central Europe

Circulates the Rapacki Plan to remove nuclear weapons from central Europe

Solidarity was founded at the Lenin Shipyards, where Lech Walesa and others formed a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church to members of the anti-communist Left

Jaruzelski agrees to the foundation of the Independent Association of Polish Students

Dismissed as Prime Minister after the Warsaw demonstrations & replaced by Jaruzelski

Solidarity agree to a 3 month moratorium on strikes

Dismissed as Prime Minister after the Warsaw demonstrations & replaced by Jaruzelski

Jaruzelski makes concessions to Solidarity including the right to strike

Solidarity agree to a 3 month moratorium on strikes. Jaruzelski makes concessions to Solidarity including the right to strike

700,000 students & workers go on strike against Party priveleges

Forced to resign after 5 months of unrest

Polish farmers win the right to form an independent trades union

Dismisses 5 cabinet ministers

Dismisses 8 cabinet ministers

200,000 attend the rites for Jerzy Popieluszko

Poland rejects Jaruzelskis proposals for Perestoika

Political prisoners are released

Claims nationalism has triumphed over collaboration with Russia

Claims nationalism has triumphed over collaboration with Russia

Resigns from office

Begins the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment with Polish collaborators.

Creates a long-running survey for microlensing events and variable stars.

Sworn in as President of Poland

Resigns as Prime Minister of Poland

Poland announces border restrictions and public health measures.

Poland receives millions of Ukrainian refugees.

Presses allies to approve Leopard tank deliveries.

Wins Poland's presidential election.

Is inaugurated as President of Poland.