Rome in History

Strengthens imperial administration across the provinces.

Appointed Consul

Rebuilds frontier strategy after the German disaster.

Maintains the imperial settlement through senatorial and equestrian officials.

Relies increasingly on Tiberius as imperial successor.

Appointed Augusta, exercises equal power with her son Tiberius

Receives the title Augusta under Augustus’s will.

The Senate decrees that Augustus should be deified

Livia's son succeeds as Emperor of Rome

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome. Augustus dies, his elected successor & stepson is invested by the Senate as Emperor

Is confirmed as princeps after Augustus dies.

Continues cautious frontier policy rather than major conquest.

Celebrates a triumph for German campaigns.

Returns with Germanicus’s ashes and becomes a focus of sympathy.

Appointed Consul

Allows the Senate to try Piso after Germanicus’s death.

Dies during proceedings over Germanicus’s death.

Gains influence after Drusus the Younger dies.

Dies, removing Tiberius’s adult son from succession.

Lets the Senate conduct treason trials under imperial pressure.

Dies after decades as the leading imperial matriarch.

Orders the removal of Sejanus from power.

Is arrested and executed after Tiberius turns against him.

Appointed Consul

Dies after imprisonment during Tiberius’s reign.

Assassinates Emperor Tiberius

Assassinated, probably by Gaius Caligula

Is eliminated after Caligula secures power.

Assassinated, probably by Gaius Caligula

Suffers a serious illness early in his reign.

Wins initial popularity through spectacles and largesse.

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome

Succeeds Tiberius as emperor.

Orders Macro to commit suicide. Orders the assassination of Tiberius Gemellus

Orders Macro to commit suicide

Orders Macro to commit suicide.

Orders the assassination of Tiberius Gemellus

Caligula hears of Lollia's beauty, summons her to Rome & marries her

Caligula hears of Lollia's beauty summons her to Rome & marries her

Briefly becomes wife of Caligula.

Marries Lollia Paulina before soon divorcing her.

Orders Macro to commit suicide. Orders Macro to commit suicide

The Temple of Isis is completed

Crushes a conspiracy involving Lepidus and imperial women.

Becomes powerful as Claudius’s wife.

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome, 2nd son of Drusus. Proclaimed Emperor by soldiers after the murder of his nephew Caligula

Leads the attack that kills Caligula.

Leads a group of Praetorians who assassinate Caligula

After declaring himself a God by the prefect of the Praetorians, Cassius Chaerea

Is assassinated by Praetorian conspirators.

Death of Caligula, assassinated

Is proclaimed emperor after Caligula is murdered.

Claudius elevates Livia to divine status

Elevates Livia to divine status.

Claims prestige from the invasion of Britain.

Appointed Consul

Strengthens imperial administration through freedmen and governors.

Serves as a powerful imperial freedman under Claudius.

Appointed Consul

Administers finances and gains influence at court.

Celebrates games marking Rome’s traditional antiquity.

Is executed after marrying Messalina.

Is executed after a scandal involving Gaius Silius.

Marries Claudius and advances Nero’s prospects.

Forced to commit suicide by Agrippina. Death of Lollia Paulina, suicide

Is adopted by Claudius as imperial heir.

Adopts Nero and alters the succession.

Captures a part of North Wales between the Dee & the Clwyd

Is displaced by Nero in the succession.

Receives public honours as Claudius’s heir.

Completes major aqueduct works serving Rome.

Marries Nero as dynastic politics favour Agrippina.

Marries Claudius’s daughter Octavia.

Hired by Agrippina the Younger to put poison in Claudius Is plate of mushrooms

Claudius is murdered by Agrippina whose son, Nero, ascends the throne

Death of Claudius I, poisoned by Agrippina the Younger

Death of Claudius I, poisoned by Agrippina the Younger

Guides Nero’s early government with Burrus.

Supports Nero’s early administration.

Exercises strong influence during Nero’s early reign.

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome. Claudius is murdered by Agrippina whose son, Nero, ascends the throne

Dies, probably after poisoning at court.

Succeeds Claudius as emperor.

Hired by Nero to poison Claudius son, Britannicus

Benefits from Britannicus’s removal as a rival.

Dies suddenly, clearing Nero’s dynastic rival.

Introduces Greek-style games and artistic competition.

Granted the royal title of Augusta

Dies, weakening moderate influence over Nero.

Divorces Octavia and marries Poppaea Sabina.

Marries his mistress Sabina Poppaea. Divorces Octavia & places her under military arrest

Marries Emperor Nero

Marries Nero and becomes empress.

Is executed after Nero divorces her.

Appointed Consul

Blames Christians after the Great Fire of Rome.

Begins the Golden House after the Great Fire.

Peter a Jewish fisherman associated with the early Christian church is crucified. Persecutes Christians for the fire of Rome

Lasts 9 days, started by the Christians or Nero who rebuilds the city

Faces disaster when fire devastates much of Rome.

Nero kills his wife by kicking her while she is pregnant

Death of Poppaea, Nero kills his wife by kicking her while she is pregnant

Conspires against Nero and is forced to die.

Discovers an assassination plot to replace him with Gaius Calpurnius Piso. Calpurnius Piso, Seneca, Lucan, Petronius & Thrasea are forced to commit suicide

Serves in high office before becoming emperor.

Calpurnius Piso, Seneca, Lucan, Petronius & Thrasea are forced to commit suicide

Appointed Consul

Crowns Tiridates King of Armenia

The Apostle Paul is executed. Has the Roman general Corbulo executed

After Licinianus is named successor Otho leads a plot against Galba

Is declared a public enemy by the Senate.

Enters Rome with the support of Otho Governor of Lusitania in western Spain

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome. Names Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus as his successor

Is recognised as emperor after Nero dies.

Nero is sentenced to death by the Senate but commits suicide

Commits suicide, ending the Julio-Claudian line.

Death of Nero, last of the Julio-Claudian Line of Caesars

Forced to commit suicide during a revolt led by Galba. Faced with desertion by the Praetorians & loss of favor with the Senate

Appointed Consul

Joins up with Caecina, defeats Otho & enters Rome after the batle of Bedriacum

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome

The Roman legions refuse to accept Galba as their Emperor & proclaim Vitellius Emperor. Succeeds as Emperor of Rome

Vespasians supporters enter Rome & drag Vitelius through the streets & kill him

Vespasians supporters enter Rome & drag Vitelius through the streets & kill him

Fails to force Vitellius to abdicate

Appointed Consul, 1st term

Serves as consul under the Flavian emperors.

Appointed Consul

Appointed Consul, 2nd term

Holds another consulship before his late accession.

Serves as consul during the reign of Domitian.

Is proclaimed emperor by the Senate after Domitian is killed.

The Senate proclaims Nerva emperor after Domitian is killed.

Is adopted by Nerva and named imperial heir.

Adopts Trajan to secure army support and succession.

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome. Nerva Marcus Cocceius names Trajan heir to placate the Praetorians and German legions

Dies after a short reign and is succeeded by Trajan.

Enters Rome after securing his position with the army.

Enters Rome having organized the frontiers of the Rhine & Danube

Marries Hadrian, linking him to Trajan family.

Serves as praetor during Trajan reign.

Celebrates Dacian victory with games and public display.

Appointed Consul

Becomes consul before his accession.

Dedicates major public baths on the Oppian Hill.

Dedicates the Forum of Trajan as an imperial complex.

Trajan Column commemorates the Dacian campaigns.

Returns to Rome with Trajan's ashes after his death.

Promises not to execute senators without trial.

Serves as consul before becoming emperor.

Completes or dedicates the rebuilt Pantheon in Rome.

Birth of Marcus Aurelius in Rome.

Dedicates or completes the rebuilt Pantheon.

Receives elite philosophical and rhetorical training.

Begins the imperial mausoleum later known as Castel Sant Angelo.

Adopts Lucius Aelius Caesar as intended successor.

Appointed Consul

Dies before succeeding Hadrian.

Is adopted by Antoninus Pius under Hadrian settlement.

Is adopted by Hadrian and made imperial heir.

Adopts Antoninus Pius and requires further adoptions.

Succeeds Hadrian as emperor.

Secures Hadrian deification and earns the title Pius.

Dies and is honoured by Antoninus Pius.

Dedicates a temple to the deified Faustina.

Marries Faustina the Younger.

Receives tribunician power as designated heir.

Celebrates the nine-hundredth anniversary of Rome.

Allows Jews to practise circumcision within traditional limits.

Appointed Consul

Becomes co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius.

Succeeds Antoninus Pius and shares rule with Lucius Verus.

Takes the victory title Armeniacus after Roman successes.

Faces a destructive epidemic after eastern campaigns.

Celebrates victory over Parthia with Marcus Aurelius.

Appointed Consul, 1st term

Appointed Consul, 2nd term

Is elevated by Marcus Aurelius during imperial planning.

Receives full imperial rank as co-emperor.

Becomes sole emperor after Marcus Aurelius dies.

Survives a conspiracy involving his sister Lucilla.

Faces major fire damage in Rome during his reign.

Renames Rome Colonia Commodiana in imperial self-glorification.

Is assassinated in a palace conspiracy.

Is acclaimed emperor after Commodus is killed.

Is killed after Septimius Severus marches on Rome.

Appointed Consul

Is killed after Septimius Severus marches on Rome.

Accepts the Salutatio & his hailed by his troops, then marches on Rome

Is killed after Septimius Severus marches on Rome.

Supports Severus during his march on Rome

Surrounds the Pretorian Guard by the Illyrian cavalry & strips them of arms & honors. Rome ceases to be a military city. Marches on Rome. Accepts the Salutatio & his hailed by his troops, then marches on Rome

Attempts financial discipline and military reform.

Is killed by Praetorian Guards after a short reign.

Is murdered by Praetorian Guards after a short reign.

Is killed by Praetorian Guards after a short reign.

Is killed by Praetorian Guards after a short reign.

Buys Praetorian support and is proclaimed emperor.

Marches on Rome after being proclaimed emperor by troops.

Is killed after Septimius Severus approaches Rome.

Takes Rome and ends Julianus claim to imperial power.

Appointed Praetor in Sardinia

Begins a repression in Rome by killing 20,000 inhabitants after Galbas assassination

Appointed Consul

Appointed Consul

Appointed Consul, half brother of Constantine the Great

Appointed Consul

Constantius II becomes undisputed ruler of the Roman Empire

Appointed Consul

Constantius II appoints his 23 year old cousin Julian the Apostate as joint Caesar

Appointed Consul

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome, declared Emperor by his troops

An edict passed by Emperor Julian tolerates all forms of religion

Succeeds as Emperor

Appointed Consul

Appointed Consul

Recognized as co-ruler by Honorius following the fall of Stilicho

The Visigoths under Alaric sack & destroy Rome

Rome is overrun by Visigoths, symbolized as the fall of the Western Roman Empire

Appointed Pope

Captures Rome

The Ostrogoths had elected Totila as their new leader and had mounted a vigorous campaign against the Romans, recapturing all of northern Italy and even driving the Romans out of Rome

Defeats the Goths & retakes Rome & Italy

Arab pirates capture Thessalonika

Arabs capture Sicily

The Normans capture Benevento & Italy is lost to the Empire