Bucharest in History

Supports the revolutionary programme in Wallachia.

Cuza is elected Prince of Wallachia, creating a personal union of the principalities.

Cuza's double election establishes the United Principalities under one ruler.

Cuza forms a single government and parliament for the United Principalities.

Kogalniceanu becomes prime minister and leads a major reform programme.

Kogalniceanu's government secularises extensive monastic estates.

Cuza introduces a constitutional statute creating a Senate and strengthening the executive.

Cuza dissolves the assembly and strengthens executive authority through a plebiscitary settlement.

Kogalniceanu implements agrarian reform that emancipates peasants from feudal obligations.

Cuza promulgates legislation establishing compulsory and free primary education.

Ghica leads the government during the transition to Carol's reign.

Cuza abdicates after officers and political opponents force his removal.

Catargiu joins the three-member regency governing after Cuza's abdication.

Golescu joins the provisional regency established after Cuza's removal.

Haralambie represents the army in the three-member princely regency.

Is forced to abdicate by political opponents.

Carol arrives in Bucharest to assume the Romanian throne.

Carol takes the constitutional oath as ruling prince.

Carol promulgates the liberal Constitution of 1866.

Bratianu begins a long Liberal premiership during independence and kingdom-building.

Kogalniceanu proclaims Romania's independence before the Chamber of Deputies.

Carol sanctions Parliament's declaration of Romanian independence.

The new royal title reflects Romania's internationally recognized independence.

Carol becomes king when Parliament proclaims the Kingdom of Romania.

Parliament proclaims Romania a kingdom and Carol its king.

Carol and Queen Elisabeth are crowned as Romania's first royal couple.

Is crowned King of Romania in Bucharest.

Wears a steel crown made from a captured Ottoman cannon.

Sturdza forms a government during the nationwide peasant revolt.

Orders Romanian mobilization against Bulgaria.

Declares war on Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.

Gains Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria.

Romania gains Southern Dobruja after the Second Balkan War.

Hosts the settlement ending war among the Balkan states.

Hosts the treaty ending the Second Balkan War.

Ferdinand approves Romania's declaration of war against Austria-Hungary.

Romania enters the war on the Allied side.

Bratianu's government enters the war alongside the Entente.

Bucharest is captured by the Germans

Central Powers occupy Bucharest.

Signs a peace Treaty with the central powers which is never ratified

Dissatisfied with the Treaty of Bucharest, which Ferdinand refuses to sign, the King forces Averescu from office

Dissatisfied with the Treaty of Bucharest, which Ferdinand refuses to sign, the King forces Averescu from office

Dissatisfied with the Treaty of Bucharest, which Ferdinand refuses to sign, the King forces Averescu from office

Proclaims union with Romania

Marghiloman signs the imposed Treaty of Bucharest, which King Ferdinand never ratifies.

Ferdinand returns to Bucharest as the union of Romanian provinces is proclaimed.

Vaida-Voevod forms the first government strongly representing Transylvanian politicians.

Averescu begins his second premiership and oversees major postwar reforms.

Ferdinand promulgates a major agrarian reform redistributing large estates.

Bratianu begins a government that consolidates institutions across Greater Romania.

Bratianu's government promulgates the Constitution of 1923.

Averescu begins his third and final term as prime minister.

Michael becomes king under a regency because he is a child.

Faces League petitions about minority rights.

Maniu forms a National Peasant Party government after a decisive election victory.

Carol returns from exile and is proclaimed king by Parliament.

Duca forms a Liberal government and moves against the Iron Guard.

Tatarescu begins a long Liberal administration under Carol II.

Goga forms a short-lived government that adopts antisemitic measures.

Bessarabia, north Bukovina, south Dobrudja & 1/2 Transylvania are ceded

Bessarabia, north Bukovina, south Dobrudja & 1/2 Transylvania are ceded

Assumes all the essential powers of Government & abolishes political parties

The constitution is suspended & political parties suppressed

Dismissed by Carol II for anti-semitism & for failed economic policies

Carol dismisses Goga and prepares a royal authoritarian regime.

The constitution is suspended & political parties suppressed

Cristea becomes prime minister under Carol II's royal dictatorship.

Carol promulgates an authoritarian constitution concentrating power in the crown.

Informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania

Informs Orme that Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania

Carol creates the National Renaissance Front as the sole legal political organisation.

Assassinated by Iron Guardists

Assassinated by Iron Guardists

Calinescu becomes prime minister and continues repression of the Iron Guard.

Argesanu forms an emergency government after Calinescu's assassination.

Iron Guard assassins kill Calinescu in Bucharest.

Tatarescu returns as prime minister and attempts to preserve Romanian neutrality.

Tatarescu's government accepts the Soviet ultimatum and evacuates Bessarabia and northern Bukovina.

Gigurtu forms a government aligned increasingly with Nazi Germany.

Comes to power on the abdication of King Carol II

Carol II appoints Antonescu prime minister with broad political powers.

Appointed Pro-German Head of State

Carol abdicates after territorial losses and political collapse.

Michael returns to the throne after Carol II's abdication.

Antonescu proclaims a National Legionary State with the Iron Guard.

Antonescu defeats the Iron Guard rebellion and consolidates personal rule.

Antonescu formally ends the National Legionary State.

Antonescu is arrested during King Michael's coup.

Overthrows Antonescu and switches sides against Germany.

Michael removes Antonescu and announces Romania's break with the Axis.

Sanatescu forms a government after the removal of Antonescu.

Radescu becomes prime minister and resists expanding communist control.

Dismissed by Russia for attempting to counter the influence of communists

Goes into exile after being dismissed from Government

Groza forms a Soviet-backed government under intense external pressure.

Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.

Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.

General election outcome recorded for Petru Groza: Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.

Government context for this general election: Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.

Michael is forced to abdicate as the monarchy is abolished.

Parhon heads the provisional presidium after proclamation of the republic.

Groza's government adopts the first communist constitution.

Groza's government nationalises major industrial, banking, and transport enterprises.

Gheorghiu-Dej becomes prime minister while retaining leadership of the communist party.

Gheorghiu-Dej's government introduces a new Stalinist constitution.

Stoica becomes prime minister under Gheorghiu-Dej's party leadership.

Gheorghiu-Dej secures the withdrawal of Soviet military forces from Romania.

Gheorghiu-Dej becomes chairman of the newly created Council of State.

Gheorghiu-Dej dies, opening a succession struggle in the communist leadership.

Ceausescu becomes first secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party.

Stoica becomes chairman of the Council of State after Gheorghiu-Dej's death.

Ceausescu oversees adoption of the constitution establishing the Socialist Republic of Romania.

Ceausescu becomes chairman of the Council of State, combining party and state leadership.

Ceausescu's government replaces regions with counties in a national administrative reform.

Ceausescu publicly condemns the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.

Meets President Nixon & agrees to help set up peace talks with north Vietnam

Merges to offices of Head of State & Party Leader

The Great National Assembly creates the office of President of Romania.

Ceausescu is elected Romania's first president.

Manescu becomes prime minister after the presidency is created.

Loses control during a mass rally in Bucharest.

Ceausescu addresses a mass rally that breaks into open protest.

Flees Bucharest by helicopter as the regime collapses.

Emerges as leader of the National Salvation Front.

Iliescu emerges as leader of the National Salvation Front.

Ceausescu flees the Central Committee building as communist rule collapses.

Addresses the country after Ceausescu's fall.

Roman becomes prime minister of the provisional post-communist government.

Iliescu chairs the expanded provisional governing council before elections.

Wins Romania's first post-communist presidential election.

Iliescu wins Romania's first post-communist presidential election.

Faces controversy after miners attack Bucharest protesters.

Iliescu takes office as elected president.

Stolojan forms a government following Petre Roman's resignation.

The Constituent Assembly adopts Romania's democratic constitution.

Voters approve the new Constitution of Romania in a national referendum.

Vacaroiu forms a government after the 1992 parliamentary election.

Defeats Iliescu in a peaceful transfer of power.

Constantinescu defeats Ion Iliescu in the presidential election.

Ciorbea forms a reform-oriented coalition government.

Isarescu leaves the central bank temporarily to lead the government.

Returns to the presidency after election victory.

Iliescu begins a further presidential term after winning the 2000 election.

Nastase forms a government focused on Euro-Atlantic integration.

A two-day referendum approves extensive revisions to the Constitution.

Wins the presidency after a runoff election.

Basescu wins the presidency after defeating Adrian Nastase.

Tariceanu forms a coalition government after the parliamentary election.

Tariceanu leads the government as Romania becomes a European Union member.

Tariceanu heads Romania on 1 January 2007 as the country's European Union membership formally starts.

Wins the presidential runoff against Victor Ponta.

Iohannis wins the presidential election against Victor Ponta.

Faces mass protests after the Colectiv nightclub fire.

Supports protesters opposing emergency ordinance changes.

Wins a second presidential term.

Declares a state of emergency over COVID-19.

Declares a state of emergency over COVID-19.

Approves military-ordinance restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Approves movement restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ciolacu leads the government as internal air and sea border checks are removed.

Ciolacu leads the government when internal land-border checks are removed.

Leaves office after announcing his resignation.

Wins Romania's presidential election.

Dan is sworn in as President of Romania.

Is sworn in as President of Romania.

Bolojan takes office as prime minister and forms a coalition government.

Dies aged ninety-five after shaping post-communist Romania.