1914
Duma Suspension
The suspension of regular Duma activity limits parliamentary opposition, while Kerensky continues political agitation and maintains contacts across anti-autocratic circles.
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Browse historical events and people recorded at Petrograd in Russia. The records below are rendered directly from the World History Database into this page's initial HTML.
The suspension of regular Duma activity limits parliamentary opposition, while Kerensky continues political agitation and maintains contacts across anti-autocratic circles.
Kerensky faces official pressure for outspoken opposition activity as the government tightens political controls during the opening phase of the war.
His earlier financial system faces the strain of world war.
Sees Russia enter war after warning against reckless conflict.
Kerensky argues that successful prosecution of the war requires domestic political reform, stronger representative institutions and an end to arbitrary government practices.
Kerensky uses renewed Duma sessions to press the government on wartime administration and to demand greater political accountability.
Kerensky supports demands to remove discriminatory restrictions and extend political and cultural rights to national minorities within the Russian Empire.
Kerensky supports opposition demands for a general amnesty for political prisoners as part of a broader programme of wartime political reform.
Kerensky criticises military failures, shortages and government incompetence, arguing that wartime problems reveal deeper weaknesses in the imperial political system.
His policies remain associated with rapid Russian industrial growth.
His role in the October Manifesto defines his reform reputation.
His Portsmouth diplomacy remains a major achievement of his career.
His name remains linked with railway expansion and state finance.
Death of Sergei Yulyevich Witte.
Represents Russian policy during negotiations over territorial concessions required to secure Italian intervention.
Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.
Kerensky's late-war speeches increasingly portray autocratic government as incapable of solving Russia's military, economic and political crises.
Kerensky intensifies attacks on the imperial government as military defeats, economic disruption and political distrust undermine confidence in the monarchy.
Kerensky demands that ministers answer to representative institutions and argues that wartime government cannot continue without public confidence and political reform.
Kerensky investigates government conduct in Turkestan and the Steppe region after unrest connected with wartime mobilisation and imperial administration.
Kerensky attacks administrative failures connected with the war and presents them as evidence of the inability of the autocratic system to govern effectively.
Kerensky develops his views through provisional government after 1917.
Kerensky addresses the Duma on conditions in Turkestan and the Steppe region, criticising official abuses and the government's handling of unrest.
Overthrown by Bolshevik Revolution
Supports cooperation between the Soviet and the Provisional Government
Works with the Bolshevik newspaper during the revolutionary period
Military failure increases pressure on the Provisional Government.
Kerensky attempts to maintain support after military setbacks.
Criticizes Bolshevik seizure of power and defends socialist democracy
Defends Menshevik positions against Bolshevik demands for immediate power
Works with the Mezhrayonka, a revolutionary group that moves increasingly toward cooperation with the Bolsheviks.
The government reviews military administration following defeat.
Kerensky becomes a central figure during the government crisis created by disagreements over foreign policy and war aims.
Kerensky faces criticism after the failure of the offensive.
Works in the Bolshevik press apparatus during the revolution
Participates in Menshevik organization during the revolutionary year
Chkheidze argues for cooperation between the Soviet and the Provisional Government.
Represents Menshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
The failure of the offensive creates a political crisis in Petrograd.
Leads the Provisional Government during a period of war, economic crisis and increasing pressure from Bolshevik opponents.
Kerensky's role in resolving the April crisis increases his influence within the revolutionary government.
The Petrograd Soviet becomes central to Bolshevik political authority.
Kerensky uses his position as minister to maintain cooperation between the government and the Petrograd Soviet.
The failed offensive creates divisions inside the government.
Kerensky attempts to balance revolutionary opposition to the war with the continued commitments of the Provisional Government.
Opposes Bolshevik pressure while arguing for democratic socialist organization
Kerensky records his position on april crisis in exile.
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
The Duma opens in the halls of Taurida, Petrograd
Demonstrations pass off peacefully. Balk observes that the Cossacks are reluctant to confront the crowds
128,000 workers take to the streets demanding an end to the World War and an increase in food
International Womens Day demonstrations
The February Revolution is ignited by International Womens Day, women textile workers and soldier's wives
128,000 workers take to the streets demanding an end to the World War and an increase in food
The February Revolution is ignited by International Womens Day, women textile workers and soldier's wives
Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks
The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike, the new demands of the strike shift heavily towards overthrowing the autocracy and an end to the war
The strikers demand the overthrow of the autocracy and an end to the war
Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks. Calls for an end to the war & for revolution
Between 200,000 & 300,000 workers fill the streets
The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd
Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks
The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike
The strikers demand the overthrow of the autocracy and an end to the war
General Khabalovs soldiers, acting under the Tsars orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed, and over 1,000 people are injured
Orders the suppression of demonstrations by the use of force. Nicholas orders that the demonstrations be suppressed by force
Ordered by Nicholas II to use force on the Petrograd demonstrators
General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured
The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks
The Volynskii Regiment fires on the crowd killing 40. The Pavlovski Regiment mutinies in protest when the crowd in Petrograd is fired upon. The Pavlovski regiment disobeys orders to fire on civilians. Petrograd is occupied by military units in combat gear, a curfew is declared
Petrograd is occupied by military units in combat gear & a curfew imposed
The Volynskii Regiment fires on the crowd killing 40
General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured
The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks
The Pavlovski Regiment mutinies in protest when the crowd in Petrograd is fired upon
General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured
The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks
Rodzianko warns Nicholas II that unrest in Petrograd is becoming critical and urges immediate political concessions.
The Pavlovski Regiment votes to disobey orders to fire on civilians. Nicholas II orders General Ivanov to suppress the disorder. Most of Petrograd is in the hands of a mutinous garrison. Most of Petrgrad is in the hands of mutinous regiments. Government buildings are burnt, General Ivanov is ordered to quell the disorders
Nicholas II orders General Ivanov to suppress the disorder
Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Kerensky works with members of the Duma as a temporary political authority emerges during the collapse of the imperial government.
Factory and military delegates begin forming the Petrograd Soviet.
Supports the Duma committee as the monarchy collapses.
Kerensky becomes an active revolutionary figure as demonstrations and military mutiny destroy imperial authority in Petrograd.
Supports order as the imperial regime collapses.
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Plays a leading role during the February Revolution, helping establish the revolutionary authorities that replace the Romanov monarchy.
Menshevik influence shapes the early Petrograd Soviet leadership.
Bridges the Duma committee and the new Soviet leadership.
Kerensky uses his standing as a socialist Duma deputy to establish links with the newly forming Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
Joins the Soviet leadership during the February Revolution.
Helps organise the Soviet as revolutionary authority emerges.
Records the formation of the Petrograd Soviet from inside revolutionary circles.
Menshevik leaders call for elections to the Petrograd Soviet.
Skobelev joins the Soviet leadership as workers and soldiers create new institutions.
Kerensky connects the Duma committee with the newly formed Petrograd Soviet.
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
The Pavlovski Regiment disobey orders to fire on civilians. Demonstrations turn into soldier mutiny. By night Petrograd is in the hands of peasant soldiers
Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers
Chkheidze is chosen as an early leader during Soviet formation.
Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers
The Duma committee must coexist with the Petrograd Soviet.
Chairs the Soviet Executive Committee during the revolution.
Backs reforms intended to democratise courts and prisons.
Tries to restore discipline among revolutionary soldiers.
Supports cooperation with the Provisional Government.
Tsereteli supports moderate socialist policies within the Petrograd Soviet.
Kerensky's Trudovik parliamentary career gives way to senior revolutionary office as he enters the new political order created after the fall of the monarchy.
General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress the rebellion in Petrograd
General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress rebellion in Petrograd
Becomes influential in the Soviet moderate majority.
The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet
The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet
The Soviet issues Order Number One to soldiers of the garrison.
The Soviet issues Order Number One increasing soldiers representation and influence.
Helps draft Order Number One for the Petrograd Soviet.
Sokolov helps prepare the order that defines early Soviet authority.
General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress the rebellion in Petrograd
Socialist Revolutionaries gain influence inside the Soviet movement.
The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet
Miliukov becomes foreign minister in the first Provisional Government headed by Prince Lvov.
Guchkov becomes minister of war and navy in the first Provisional Government.
The Provisional Government shares authority with the Petrograd Soviet.
His government must share authority with the Petrograd Soviet.
Lvov becomes minister-chairman of the Provisional Government formed after negotiations between Duma leaders and Soviet representatives.
Is appointed commander of the Petrograd Military District.
The Soviet supports pressure for the former emperor's arrest.
Petrograd revolutionary authorities press for the former tsar's detention.
Grand Duke Michael declines to accept the crown without approval from a future constituent assembly, ending Romanov rule.
Factory and military delegates elect Chkheidze chairman of the Soviet.
Workers and soldiers choose Chkheidze to lead the Petrograd Soviet.
Is elected vice chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
Is elected vice chairman while joining the revolutionary leadership.
Represents Menshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Returns to Petrograd and works on Pravda.
Returns from exile and influences Bolshevik policy in Petrograd.
Becomes vice chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
Returns from Siberia and resumes Bolshevik organisation in Petrograd.
Returns from Siberia and works with Bolsheviks in Petrograd.
Returns from exile and enters Bolshevik work around the Soviet.
Returns from exile and influences Bolshevik Soviet tactics.
Joins the government while retaining links with the Soviet.
Returns from exile and helps edit the Bolshevik newspaper
Helps guide the paper's cautious early revolutionary line
Supports amnesty for political prisoners after February.
Supports abolition of the death penalty after the revolution.
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Lenin arrives at Finland Station after returning from exile and immediately challenges support for the Provisional Government.
Rejects Lenin's demand for Soviet power.
Calls for all power to pass to the Soviets.
Presents a program rejecting support for the Provisional Government
Takes part in Bolshevik discussions after Lenin presents his theses
Supports Lenin's demand for a new revolutionary course
Lenin presents the April Theses, rejecting support for the Provisional Government and demanding transfer of power to the Soviets.
Defends cooperation with the Provisional Government.
Supports Bolshevik work inside the Soviet movement.
Debates Lenin's radical Soviet policy.
Uses the Bolshevik newspaper to press a new revolutionary program
Moves from cautious support for the Provisional Government toward Lenin's line
Challenges Lenin's theses as too radical for immediate Bolshevik policy
His April Theses help shape slogans later used during the July Days.
Miliukov assures the Allies that Russia will continue the war and honour its existing international commitments.
Kerensky opposes interpretations of Milyukov's note that suggest Russia will continue an expansionist war policy.
Kerensky faces mass demonstrations in Petrograd after publication of Milyukov's war aims statement.
Public demonstrations erupt after Miliukov's war-policy note becomes known, deepening the first major crisis of the Provisional Government.
Faces public anger over the war policy of the Provisional Government
Helps calm demonstrations against the government.
His note promising to honour Allied war commitments sparks street demonstrations
Presses Bolshevik opposition to the Provisional Government during the crisis
His war aims note intensifies Soviet opposition.
Appeals for order as demonstrations challenge the government and Soviet leaders
Appeals for order as demonstrations challenge the government.
Argues for preserving coalition influence over the revolution.
Works to restrain demonstrations and preserve Soviet influence.
Tsereteli works within the Soviet to calm political unrest.
Helps steer Bolshevik responses during the demonstrations
Helps manage Soviet authority during the April crisis.
Survives the crisis caused by Milyukov’s war aims note.
Kerensky survives the political crisis caused by Milyukov's war aims note and supports a compromise between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.
Survives the crisis by moving toward a broader coalition government
Criticizes revolutionary excesses and warns against disorder after the demonstrations
Kerensky supports negotiations to bring socialist representatives into the Provisional Government after the April crisis.
Guchkov resigns as war minister amid military breakdown and the political crisis over continuation of the war.
Bolsheviks use Soviet meetings to press their slogan.
Works with soldiers linked to the Soviet and Bolsheviks.
Kerensky remains in government after Milyukov resigns following the April political crisis.
Miliukov resigns from the Provisional Government after the April crisis destroys support for his foreign-policy position.
Returns to Petrograd after release from British detention and immediately re-enters revolutionary politics.
Chernov enters the coalition government as agriculture minister while pressure grows for immediate redistribution of land.
Becomes war minister in the new coalition.
Supports socialist participation in the government.
Socialist leaders enter government with Soviet approval.
Leads the Provisional Government under pressure from the Petrograd Soviet.
Kerensky helps form the first coalition government including socialist and liberal ministers.
Lvov forms a coalition government that brings moderate socialist ministers into the cabinet alongside liberals.
Becomes Minister of War and Navy before pressing for a renewed offensive.
Becomes Minister of War and Navy in the coalition government.
Argues that the Soviets should support a coalition with the Provisional Government
Supports moderate socialist policy at the First Congress of Soviets
Opens the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets as a leading moderate.
Presides as the first national Soviet congress opens.
Presides over Soviet politics as the first national congress opens.
Represents Socialist Revolutionary influence at the First Congress of Soviets
Chkheidze opens the first national congress of Soviet representatives.
Chkheidze represents moderate socialist leadership during the early development of the Soviet.
Defends coalition policy before Soviet delegates.
Claims Bolsheviks are ready to take power.
Challenges moderate Soviet leaders by declaring that Bolsheviks are ready to take power
Opposes moderate Soviet support for coalition government.
Argues for socialist participation in coalition government during the congress
Speaks for a more radical Soviet policy.
Faces rising radical pressure in the Soviet streets.
Bolshevik slogans dominate the mass demonstration.
Defends the military offensive that helps provoke unrest in Petrograd.
Criticises the Provisional Government as war weariness intensifies.
The failed offensive undermines Soviet confidence in the government.
Faces a coalition crisis before the July Days demonstrations begin.
Works with Lenin and Kamenev as Bolsheviks debate tactics.
Warns radicals that an isolated uprising would be dangerous.
Supports caution as unrest grows among soldiers and workers.
Encourages radical workers and soldiers demanding Soviet power.
Speaks to radical crowds during the unrest.
Encourages soldiers and workers to take immediate action.
Argues that the Soviet should resist pressure to seize power.
Helps manage Bolshevik press and party activity during the crisis.
Works with military activists as unrest spreads among soldiers.
Refuses to let the Soviet endorse premature insurrection.
Seeks to keep the Petrograd Soviet from endorsing armed revolt.
Chkheidze attempts to prevent the Soviet from supporting armed revolt.
Helps direct the Bolshevik Military Organisation before the demonstrations.
The Military Organisation helps mobilise armed demonstrators.
Is targeted by angry demonstrators demanding Soviet power.
Works in the Military Organisation as soldiers press for action.
Supports party organisation as the demonstrations develop.
The July Days refer to events that take place in Petrograd, Russia, between 3 July and 7 July (Julian calendar) (16 July 20 July, Gregorian calendar), when soldiers and industrial workers engage in spontaneous demonstrations against the Russian Provisional Government
Seeks loyal troops to restore order in Petrograd.
Addresses crowds demanding that the Soviet take power.
Speaks to workers and soldiers during the crisis.
Leads Kronstadt sailors into Petrograd.
Struggles to maintain authority as the coalition government weakens.
Supports attempts to prevent an uncontrolled armed uprising.
Supports bringing loyal troops to restore order.
Supports bringing loyal troops into the capital.
Works to keep party communications functioning during the unrest.
Intervenes to protect Chernov from enraged demonstrators.
Protects Chernov from hostile sailors during the crisis.
Urges demonstrators not to provoke isolated confrontation.
Calls for restraint inside the Bolshevik leadership.
Helps coordinate demonstrators moving through Petrograd.
Supports efforts to restore military order during the crisis.
Presides as the Soviet refuses to take power.
Commands loyal troops used against the demonstrations.
Acts among the radical sailors during the demonstrations.
Is rescued from hostile sailors by Trotsky.
Is confronted by angry demonstrators at the Tauride Palace.
Tries to assess whether the movement is premature.
Maintains contact with armed soldier units.
Helps maintain party discipline during the street actions.
Supports repression after loyal troops regain the streets.
Kronstadt sailors are blamed for armed pressure on the Soviet.
The crisis weakens his government and accelerates his resignation.
Supports punitive measures against armed demonstrators.
Defends the movement while opposing reckless confrontation.
Supports the government response against Bolshevik influence.
Comes under pressure as the Military Organisation is blamed for the unrest.
Works within the Provisional Government during the crisis.
Backs restoration of order under Soviet authority.
Kadet pressure contributes to the government crisis around the July Days.
Supports the Soviet line against armed demonstrations.
Faces accusations that Bolsheviks are serving German interests.
The failed demonstrations force Bolshevik leaders onto the defensive.
Faces government accusations against Bolshevik military activists.
Uses the crisis to strengthen his political authority.
Is among Bolshevik figures threatened by repression.
Goes into hiding with Lenin after government pressure increases.
Helps arrange Lenin's movement to safety.
Remains in Petrograd as arrests of Bolsheviks begin.
Is exposed to arrest as the government moves against Bolsheviks.
Avoids arrest as attacks on Bolshevik offices intensify.
Works to preserve the party organisation after the crackdown.
Resigns as the government crisis reaches its peak.
Lvov resigns as minister-chairman after disputes over land reform and the continuing political crisis.
Takes over as head of the Provisional Government.
Uses the crisis to strengthen government authority.
Helps decide that Lenin should not surrender to the authorities.
Condemns slanders against Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
Faces arrest as government repression continues.
Forms a strengthened government after the July Days.
Defends the Soviet majority's support for the government.
Continues in office under Kerensky during the post-July settlement.
Supports Kerensky's reorganised government after the crisis.
Presides over a Soviet shaken by the armed demonstrations.
Continues supporting the coalition against Bolshevik pressure.
Faces rising opposition as defeat and disorder damage the government.
Faces rising opposition as the government crisis deepens before the July Days.
Faces political danger as the Bolshevik press is suppressed.
Comes under suspicion for the role of Kronstadt sailors.
Faces repression after the sailors' role in the demonstrations.
Helps rebuild party communications after arrests and raids.
Helps found a provisional Government
Presents the Bolshevik movement as a threat to revolutionary order.
Is arrested after the government moves against Bolshevik leaders.
Challenges the accusation that Bolshevik leaders are German agents.
Is arrested as part of the post-July repression.
Oversees military measures against radical organisations.
Faces political unrest as the offensive fails to deliver victory.
Argues that Bolshevik influence must be checked.
Takes part in efforts to keep the Bolshevik organisation intact.
Supports continued coalition rule after the street crisis.
Helps stabilise party structures during the reaction.
Moves to consolidate authority after Lvov's resignation.
Is increasingly targeted by the authorities after defending Lenin.
Left Socialist Revolutionaries watch the crisis reshape revolutionary politics.
The Military Organisation is forced onto the defensive after the crackdown.
Promotes accusations of German money behind the Bolsheviks.
Bolshevik military networks are disrupted by government pressure.
The machine gunners appeal met with a favorable response from the soldiers of the Moscow, Pavlovsky, Grenadiers, and 1st Reserve regiments who march to demonstrate under the slogan All Power to the Soviets
Uses the aftermath to form a stronger coalition government.
Machine-gunners and radical activists prepare demonstrations demanding Soviet power.
The Kadets walk out of the Russian Provisional Government, threatening the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) with the breakup of the Government coalition and a Government crisis results
The Kadets walk out of the Russian Provisional Government, threatening the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) with the breakup of the Government coalition and a Government crisis results
Workers and soldiers demand Soviet power as Trotsky supports restraint.
Demonstrations begin among soldiers of the First Machine-Gun Regiment.
The July Days begin as soldiers and workers protest against the Provisional Government.
Workers and soldiers demand Soviet power as disorder spreads through Petrograd.
The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so.
The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.
during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers, soldiers, and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held.
This record states: Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.
This record states: Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.
This record states: Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
This record states: Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.
The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers
This record states: Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.
This record states: Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.
This record states: Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
This record states: Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.
The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers soldiers
The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.
The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers.
and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held
Orders action against leading Bolsheviks after accusing them of inciting revolt.
Bolshevik leaders reverse course and support the mass demonstrations.
Trotsky argues that street protests should remain peaceful and disciplined.
Trotsky supports Central Committee efforts to restrain the movement.
Bolsheviks try to give the mass movement a more organised and peaceful direction.
Government troops fire on demonstrators and the Soviet supports punitive measures.
The Bolshevik Military Organisation helps organise the armed demonstration.
The Central Committee tries to restrain the developing street movement.
Workers and soldiers march under the slogan All Power to the Soviets.
Orders Lenin and other Bolsheviks arrested after the July Days.
The military authorities send troops against the demonstration, leaving more than 700 people killed and wounded & the SRs and Mensheviks support punitive measures against the July Days insurgents. The Mensheviks oppose the demonstrations during the July Days
Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision, coming out in support of the street demonstrations
The offices and printing plant of Pravda and the headquarters of the Bolshevik Central Committee are destroyed
An arrest order forces Lenin underground after Bolshevik offices are attacked.
Appoints Kornilov commander in chief despite Soviet unease.
The offices and printing plant of Pravda and the headquarters of the Bolshevik Central Committee are destroyed
The Provisional Government issues an order for the arrest of Lenin, who is forced to go underground
Becomes head of a reorganised Provisional Government after the crisis.
Uses the July Days aftermath to move against Bolshevik leaders.
The failed offensive helps clear his path to become prime minister.
Becomes head of the Provisional Government after Lvov resigns.
Is arrested after defending the Bolsheviks.
Forms a new coalition government after the July crisis.
Moderate Soviet leaders briefly recover authority.
Is elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee as the party prepares for a new phase of revolutionary struggle.
Joins the Bolshevik Party with the Mezhrayonka during the party's Sixth Congress.
Schedules elections to the Constituent Assembly for November.
The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov
Socialists fear his programme could threaten revolutionary gains.
Relations with Kerensky deteriorate over power and military authority.
Receives conflicting reports about Kornilov's intentions as relations between the government and army headquarters deteriorate.
Appeals for support against Kornilov's move on Petrograd.
Dismisses Kornilov after concluding that the commander in chief is challenging the authority of the Provisional Government.
Appeals to the Petrograd Soviet and revolutionary organisations for support against Kornilov's movement toward the capital.
Bolsheviks support resistance to Kornilov while continuing to oppose the political programme of Kerensky's government.
His advance alarms the Petrograd Soviet and the government.
Authorises defensive measures around Petrograd while political organisations mobilise workers and soldiers against Kornilov.
Allows revolutionary groups greater freedom to organise resistance as the threat from Kornilov appears to increase.
Bolsheviks gain influence by helping resist Kornilov.
Bolshevik organisers gain greater freedom to mobilise workers and soldiers for the defence of Petrograd.
The party presents Kornilov's action as evidence that counter-revolutionary forces threaten the gains of February.
Relies on railway workers and political activists to disrupt communications and troop movements toward Petrograd.
Seeks support from loyal military units as Kornilov's advance begins losing momentum outside the capital.
Bolshevik activists help organise resistance while railway workers and soldiers obstruct the advance toward Petrograd.
The crisis allows Bolshevik organisers to rebuild influence among workers after the repression following the July Days.
Receives reports that soldiers are abandoning the advance after railway disruption and revolutionary agitation.
Attempts to restore government authority as the immediate military danger from Kornilov rapidly diminishes.
Bolshevik political influence grows as Kornilov's forces lose momentum and the immediate threat to Petrograd recedes.
Emerges from the failed Kornilov movement with emergency authority but weakened support among conservatives and socialists.
The failure of Kornilov strengthens Bolshevik claims that revolutionary organisations successfully defended the capital.
Faces a Bolshevik majority in the Petrograd Soviet.
The Bolsheviks win control of the Petrograd Soviet.
Lenin's party benefits as the Petrograd Soviet moves leftward.
The Bolsheviks win control of the Petrograd Soviet.
The Bolsheviks win majority influence within the Petrograd Soviet.
The affair damages Kerensky's relationship with senior army officers and further isolates the Provisional Government.
The defeat of Kornilov removes an immediate military threat but strengthens radical opposition to Kerensky's government.
The party's standing rises sharply after the affair, weakening moderate socialist influence among workers and soldiers.
Bolshevik propaganda portrays the Kornilov episode as proof that the revolution remains threatened by military counter-revolution.
Bolshevik control of the Soviet increases pressure on Kerensky.
Faces the Bolshevik majority in the Petrograd Soviet.
The Soviet's shift left weakens Kerensky's authority.
Bolshevik influence grows after the July repression weakens moderate socialists.
Lenin's party gains influence as the Soviet moves toward Bolshevik control.
Kerensky faces growing pressure as Bolshevik influence expands inside the Soviet.
Orders action against senior officers associated with Kornilov after the attempted military challenge collapses.
Bolshevik supporters use the aftermath of the crisis to press for greater influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Begins reorganising the government after the crisis while facing growing distrust from both left and right.
Tries to stabilise political authority after the Kornilov confrontation exposes deep divisions within revolutionary Russia.
Is released as Bolsheviks gain prestige after the crisis.
Bolsheviks win major influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Kamenev supports increasing Bolshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Kerensky denounces Kornilov's advance toward Petrograd as a military revolt.
Kerensky dismisses Kornilov and assumes emergency authority during the crisis.
Seeks broader socialist support through the Democratic Conference.
Avksentiev presides over the Democratic Conference convened to determine the political basis of a new government.
Heads a temporary directory after the coalition breaks down.
Supports Bolshevik efforts to dominate Soviet politics.
Works within the party as Trotsky leads the Soviet.
Is elected chairman after the Bolshevik majority grows.
Is elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
Replaces moderate leadership as Bolshevik strength grows.
Trotsky strengthens Bolshevik influence within the Petrograd Soviet before the October uprising.
Builds party organisation linked to Soviet power.
Tries to offset Soviet pressure through the Pre-Parliament.
Supports the Provisional Council as a bridge to elections.
Lenin secretly returns to Petrograd to press the Bolshevik leadership toward an immediate armed seizure of power.
Lenin persuades the Bolshevik Central Committee to approve preparations for an armed insurrection.
The Bolshevik Congress of Soviets of the Northern region opens. The Bolshevik Congress forms a "Northern Regional Committee"
The Bolshevik Congress of Soviets of the Northern region opens
The Bolshevik Congress forms a "Northern Regional Committee"
Helps create the committee under Petrograd Soviet authority.
The Petrograd Soviet supports creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee under Bolshevik leadership.
Becomes active in the committee's military preparations.
Represents Baltic sailors in revolutionary military planning.
Works with the committee preparing armed action.
Serves in the committee as Bolshevik plans advance.
Works with Bolshevik revolutionary structures linked to the Soviet.
Attends the first meeting of the committee.
Supports Bolshevik work inside the Petrograd Soviet before the uprising.
Stalin participates in Bolshevik organisation connected with the Petrograd Soviet.
Takes part in the first meeting of the Petrograd Soviet's Military Revolutionary Committee.
Podvoisky helps extend Military Revolutionary Committee authority by placing commissars with key Petrograd military units.
The Soviet claims authority over the Petrograd garrison during the crisis.
Claims authority over Petrograd garrison orders through the Soviet.
Tries to move unreliable troops away from Petrograd.
Attempts to assert authority over the radicalised garrison.
The Soviet provides organisational support for preparations before the uprising.
Uses Soviet authority to shield Bolshevik preparations.
The Government occupies Petrograd & closes down Bolshevik newspapers
The Government occupies Petrograd & closes down Bolshevik newspapers
Orders action against Bolshevik newspapers and the Military Revolutionary Committee.
Returns secretly as the Soviet-backed uprising begins.
Declares the triumph of the workers & peasants revolution in Petrograd
Escapes from the Winter Palace dressed up as a female nurse
Escapes the capital as the Winter Palace is threatened.
Condemns the Bolshevik seizure of power and calls for socialist pluralism
Criticizes the Bolshevik insurrection from the perspective of socialist democracy
Escapes from the Winter Palace dressed up as a female nurse
Leaves Petrograd to seek loyal troops as Bolsheviks seize power.
Announces that the Provisional Government has been overthrown.
Trotsky uses the Petrograd Soviet as a base for revolutionary action.
His government is overthrown during the Bolshevik October Revolution, forcing Kerensky to flee Petrograd and begin political exile.
Presides over Congress as the uprising succeeds.
Presides over the Second Congress as Bolsheviks seize power.
The Second Congress confirms the Bolshevik takeover of government power.
Trotsky presides as Soviet delegates approve the transfer of power.
Leads forces acting under the Military Revolutionary Committee.
Lunacharsky becomes People's Commissar for Education in the first Soviet government.
Becomes head of the new Soviet government.
Presents early Soviet decrees after the Bolshevik victory.
Opposes one-party Bolshevik rule after the October uprising
Presents decrees on peace and land to the Second Congress
The Death Penalty is abolished
Kerensky leaves Petrograd with Krasnov's support in an effort to regain control from the Bolsheviks.
The Petrograd Soviet becomes a foundation of the new revolutionary government.
Uses the Soviet as a base for new Bolshevik authority.
The committee helps defend the new regime.
Bolshevik organisers support defence measures as Krasnov's forces threaten Petrograd.
Lenin's government faces an armed challenge from Kerensky and Krasnov during the early consolidation of Bolshevik power.
The Petrograd Soviet strengthens its military organisation after the failure of the Kerensky-Krasnov advance.
Helps defend Petrograd from Kerensky-Krasnov forces.
Moderate socialists lose influence after the Bolshevik seizure of power.
Opposes Bolshevik domination of Soviet power.
Takes charge of Soviet foreign policy as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in the new Council of People's Commissars.
Left SRs cooperate with Bolsheviks in Soviet institutions.
The Soviets sieze power in Petrograd
The Bolshevik land decree abolishes private landed property and transfers land to peasant use
Krylenko is appointed commander in chief after Dukhonin refuses to seek an immediate armistice.
The Soviet government issues a decree establishing workers' control over production, accounting and enterprise administration.
Rises in Petrograd Bolshevik politics after the revolution.
The Soviet government creates the Cheka to combat counter-revolution and sabotage.
The Soviet government nationalizes private banks and strengthens state control over the financial system.
Becomes chairman of the Petrograd Soviet after Bolshevik consolidation.
Zinoviev leads the Petrograd Soviet during early Bolshevik rule.
Leads the Petrograd Soviet during early Soviet rule.
The Bolsheviks resolve that the Trades Unions become "organs of the socialist state"
Workers control is shifted from Factory Committee's to Trades Unions. The Bolsheviks resolve that the Trades Unions become "organs of the socialist state". Factory Committee's should be subject to the Alln Council of Workers control
Leads the Petrograd Soviet during early Bolshevik rule.
Chernov is elected chairman when the Constituent Assembly finally meets with a Socialist Revolutionary majority.
Criticizes Bolshevik dictatorship and supports a non-Bolshevik socialist alternative
The Bolshevik government prevents the Constituent Assembly from reconvening after its single contentious session.
Sverdlov presides as the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets consolidates Bolshevik authority after the Constituent Assembly's dissolution.
Helps consolidate Bolshevik power at the Third Congress of Soviets
The Congress adopts the Declaration of Rights of the Working and Exploited People as a statement of Soviet political principles.
The Soviet government decrees creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army on a voluntary basis.
The Soviet government issues a decree separating church and state and removing the church's privileged legal position.
The Soviet government adopts the Gregorian calendar, bringing Russian civil dating into line with Western Europe.
Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.
Lenin confronts renewed German military advances after the Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations break down.
Lenin secures Bolshevik acceptance of harsh German peace terms as enemy forces advance rapidly into former imperial territory.
Soviet institutions expand coercive power in Petrograd.
Lenin defends the Brest-Litovsk settlement when the Seventh Party Congress opens.
Oversees Soviet authority as civil war threats grow.
Zinoviev organises Soviet authority during threats to Petrograd.
Leads Petrograd politics during the harsh civil war climate.
The Petrograd Cheka Chief is assassinated
Incites the soldiers. Announces, "bourgoisie kill separate individuals but we kill whole classes"
The Red Army search for suspects & Kronstadt sailors shoot 500 hostages. The Petrograd Cheka Chief is assassinated
The Red Army search for suspects & Kronstadt sailors shoot 500 hostages
Responsible for Petrograds defense during two periods of intense clashes with White forces in 1919
Almost captures Petrograd for the Whites
Kerensky participates in military leadership debate during his political career.
Mobilises Soviet support during Yudenich's threat to Petrograd.
The Petrograd Soviet supports defence efforts against White forces.
Helps organise Red defence against Yudenich.
Threatens Petrograd before the Red Army counterattack.
Presides over the opening of the Second Congress of the Communist International
Denounces the Kronstadt sailors as enemies of Soviet power.
Faces revolt from sailors who demand free Soviets.
Supports Bolshevik action against the naval revolt.
Receives command of forces assigned to crush the revolt.
Supports suppression of the Kronstadt revolt.
Threatens severe punishment unless the sailors surrender.
Serves among commanders used in operations against the fortress.
Helps mobilise loyal Communist forces for the attack.
Supports party mobilisation against the rebellion.
Appeals against bloodshed during the crisis.
Condemns Bolshevik repression of the sailors.
Directs Petrograd political mobilisation during the siege.
Zinoviev directs political responses during the Kronstadt crisis.
Announces Bolshevik victory after Kronstadt is taken.
Friedmann finds solutions of Einsteins equations that allow an expanding or contracting universe
Friedmann publishes relativistic equations that allow the universe to expand or contract
Derives expanding-universe solutions of Einstein's field equations.
Kerensky continues political activity connected with constituent assembly plans.
Kerensky participates in republic declaration during his political career.
Petrograd is renamed Leningrad after Lenin's death.
Kerensky develops his views through october crisis after 1917.
Kerensky records his position on government defence in exile.
Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.
Kerensky develops his views through provisional government after 1917.
Kerensky records his position on april crisis in exile.
Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.
Kerensky participates in military leadership debate during his political career.
Kerensky continues political activity connected with constituent assembly plans.
Kerensky participates in republic declaration during his political career.
Kerensky develops his views through october crisis after 1917.
Kerensky records his position on government defence in exile.
Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.
Kerensky develops his views through provisional government after 1917.
Kerensky records his position on april crisis in exile.
Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.
Kerensky participates in military leadership debate during his political career.
Kerensky continues political activity connected with constituent assembly plans.
Kerensky participates in republic declaration during his political career.
Kerensky develops his views through october crisis after 1917.
Kerensky records his position on government defence in exile.
Provenance
These entries are generated from stored World History Database records whose country and place fields match Russia and Petrograd. Names, dates, event labels and descriptions are reviewed and normalised as the database develops. Historical place names may not match modern administrative boundaries.
This database is a research index. For formal scholarly citation, verify individual claims against appropriate primary, archival, academic or specialist sources.