Washington in History

Birth of John Adams

Birth of Thomas Jefferson

Opposes Navigation Act writs on natural law to defend privacy & property

Opposes Navigation Act writs on natural law to defend privacy & property

The American colonies decide to boycott British imports. Passed in response to the Townshend acts, which raise duties

The American colonies decide to boycott British imports. Passed in response to the Townshend acts, which raise duties

Appointed Delegate to the Continental Congress

Appointed Member of Continental Congress

Appointed Delegate to the Continental Congress

Leader of the South Caroliner radicals is elected delegate to the Continental Congress

The Resolves are drawn up by Dr Warren & adopted by Suffolk County, Massachusett

The Declaration of Rights & Grievances is adopted by the Continental Congress

The Declaration of Rights & Grievances is adopted by the Continental Congress

Virginia Bill of Rights, embodies sovereignty by means of the separation of powers

Virginia Bill of Rights, embodies sovereignty by means of the separation of powers. Legislates for the separation of Church & State. Legislates for the elective principle for officers of State

Legislates for the separation of Church & State

Congress appoints a committee headed by John Dickinson to prepare a confederation plan

Presents the plan for confederation of 13 Colonies to Congress

The Articles of Confederation give Congress minimum powers over individual states. Attempts are made to avoid over centralization after independence

American-British Peace talks begin when Benjamin Franklin meets Richard Oswald

Congress adopts the Great Seal of the United States

The Treaty of Commerce & Friendship is signed with Holland, negotiated by John Adams

Helps negotiate the Treaty of Paris, ending the American Revolution

Congress formally proclaims end to War against Britain

Townships divided into sections & sold to developers for not less than $1 per acre. Public lands are surveyed & divided into townships

Demands Britain relinquish military posts along Great Lakes & in Ohio, Britain refuses

Appointed first Consul for the US foreign service, becomes Consul to China

For every 5,000 free males there will be a legislature & Governor. For every 5,000 free males there will a non-voting delegate in Congress. A population of 60,000 can form a State of the Union

A population of 60,000 can form a State of the Union

The Federal Confederation produces the Constitution of the USA. The Federal Confederation must be endorsed by at least 9 of the 13 States

New Hampshire becomes the 9th State to ratify the Constitution

Appointed First Chief justice of the USA

Elected after the Federal Convention is created for organizing the Union of States

Elected after the Federal Convention is created for organizing the Union of States

All 13 states approve the Bill of Rights. A Bill of Rights is added to the new Constitution of the United States

All 13 states approve the Bill of Rights. A Bill of Rights is added to the new Constitution of the United States

1st USA Cabinet meeting, department heads in Washingtons House

Congress votes to forbid participation in the slave trade with foreign nations

Settles disputes between the United States & Britain

Passes the Alien & Sedition Acts

Moves the Presidential seat of Government to the Whitehouse in Washington

Ends the alliance with France signed in 1778

The Republican Party splits between Jefferson & Hamilton

The Embargo Act halts most foreign trade in an unsuccessful effort to protect neutral rights.

Madison declares war on Britain, in an attempt to gain Canada from the British

Madison declares war on Britain, in an attempt to gain Canada from the British

Madison recommends war against Britain in Congress

Declares war on Britain. America is subject to British coastal raids & the destruction of Washington

America is subject to British coastal raids & the destruction of Washington

Retaliates on fire from the British & delays their entry into Washington by 2 hours

President James Madison exchanges ratification papers with a British diplomat in Washington

Madison signs the charter creating the Second Bank of the United States.

The President & the Senate are to appoint Government offices every 4 yrs

The President & the Senate will appoint Government offices every 4 yrs. Put through Congress by William Crawford. Constitutional changs are put through Congress by William Crawford

Appointed Speaker of Congress

Appointed Member of US Senate

Adams signs a protective tariff that provokes strong opposition in the agricultural South.

Builds the basis of the modern Democratic Party & initiates the spoils system

Opposes federal removal policy and defends Cherokee treaty rights.

Argues for states' rights during the Senate debate with Daniel Webster.

Delivers his famous Second Reply to Hayne in the United States Senate.

Declares that the federal Union must be preserved during the Jefferson Day dinner.

Responds at the Jefferson Day dinner with a toast emphasizing liberty and states' rights.

The Preemption Act offers settlers cultivating land $1.25 an acre

The United States signs a commerce and navigation treaty with the Ottoman Empire.

Vetoes federal funding for the Maysville Road project in Kentucky.

Signs the Indian Removal Act authorizing removal treaties with Indigenous nations east of the Mississippi.

The Indian Removal Act removes Indians to lands west of the Mississippi

Signs the Preemption Act allowing qualifying settlers to buy public land at the minimum federal price.

A commercial Treaty is concluded with Mexico

A commercial Treaty is concluded with Mexico

Champions the rights of South Carolina to "nullify" legislation passed by Congress

Resigns after President Jackson threatens to send 50,000 into South Carolina

Seminole Chiefs cede land in Florida & agree to move west of the Mississippi River

A Treaty of trade & peace is signed with Chile

A Tariff Act is passed favouring Northern manafacturers over Southern cotton growers

A Tariff Act is passed favouring Northern manafacturers over Southern cotton growers

A Tariff Act is passed favouring northern manafacturers over southern cotton growers

A Tariff Act is passed favouring northern manafacturers over southern cotton growers

Jackson vetoes legislation renewing the Second Bank's federal charter.

Taney begins transferring federal deposits from the Second Bank to selected state banks.

Known as the "little magician" for his political manipulation

Receives United States patent number 132 for an electromagnetic motor.

Secures the first United States patent issued for an electric motor.

Inaugurated President of the USA, 8th

Passes the Independent Treasury Act to help deal with a financial crisis

Passes the Independent Treasury Act to help deal with a financial crisis

Passes the Independent Treasury Act to help deal with a financial crisis

The Government notifies Texas that it will not be admitted to the union

Proposes separating federal funds from unstable private banks.

Convenes a special congressional session to address the financial crisis.

Introduces 350 petitions against slavery into the House of Representitives

Introduces 350 petitions against slavery into the House of Representitives

Issues a second neutrality proclamation directed toward Canada

Issues a second neutrality proclamation directed toward Canada

Issues a second neutrality proclamation directed toward Canada

Appointed Vice President

Tyler signs legislation restoring higher protective duties after the compromise tariff period.

Walker designs a tariff reducing duties and classifying imports by value.

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Takes his seat as a United States representative from Massachusetts.

Chairs the House Committee on Elections during the Civil War Congresses.

The Morrill Tariff raises import duties shortly before Lincoln takes office.

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Congress authorises United States notes not immediately redeemable in specie.

The Homestead Act offers public land to settlers who improve and occupy it.

The Pacific Railway Act supports construction of a transcontinental railroad with land and bonds.

The National Banking Act creates federally chartered banks and a uniform banknote system.

Assassinates President Lincoln by shooting him in the back at Fords Theatre

Captured by the Union cavalry led by Benjamin Pritchard

Officially ends the civil war

Chairs the House Appropriations Committee during the Forty-first Congress.

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Chairs the House Ways and Means Committee in the early 1870s.

The Coinage Act ends standard silver-dollar production and strengthens the movement toward gold.

The Coinage Act ends standard silver-dollar coinage and strengthens the country's movement toward gold.

The Act schedules redemption of Civil War greenbacks in gold from January 1879.

Begins service as a Republican senator from Massachusetts.

Chairs the Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Congress requires Treasury silver purchases while gold remains the principal redemption standard.

Garfield is the only person who was elected President directly from the United States House of Representatives

Inaugurated as President

Becomes chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs.

Begins the vice presidency that ends with Garfield's death.

Is inaugurated as the twentieth President of the United States.

Begins his presidency after winning the 1880 election.

Takes office as Vice President under President Garfield.

Authorities detain him for the attack on the president.

Is shot by Charles Guiteau at a Washington railroad station.

Is arrested immediately after shooting President Garfield.

Survives the shooting initially but remains gravely wounded.

Exclaims, "I am a stalwart of the stalwarts..Arthur is president now"

Participates in a formal presidential swearing-in ceremony in Washington.

Begins organizing the new administration after Garfield's death.

The proceedings focus heavily on his disputed insanity defense.

His trial for President Garfield's murder begins in Washington.

Signs the Edmunds Act targeting polygamy in United States territories.

The legislation strengthens federal penalties against plural marriage.

Signs the Chinese Exclusion Act into law.

Federal law suspends immigration of Chinese labourers for ten years.

Is executed for assassinating President James Garfield.

Guiteau is hanged after conviction for Garfield's murder.

The law creates a federal head tax on arriving immigrants.

Signs the Immigration Act of 1882.

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Inaugurated President of the USA, 22nd President

The Interstate Commerce Act creates federal regulation of railroad rates and practices.

The Dawes Act authorizes division of reservation land into individual allotments.

Senator Henry Dawes sponsors the General Allotment Act, authorizing allotment of tribal lands to individual Native Americans.

The General Allotment Act is named for Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts.

The Dawes Act seeks assimilation through individual landholding and changes in tribal land tenure.

The Dawes Act permits reservation land to be broken into allotments while surplus land can pass from tribal control.

Appointed Vice President of the USA

The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits combinations that restrain interstate trade.

The Act expands government silver purchases and increases pressure on Treasury gold reserves.

Cleveland secures repeal of compulsory silver purchases to defend gold convertibility.

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Wilson Gormon Tariff Act, 1st graduated income tax

The US & Japan sign a commercial Treaty in Washington

The US & Japan sign a commercial Treaty in Washington

The US & Japan sign a commercial Treaty in Washington

Cleveland authorises a bond sale to replenish the Treasury's dangerously depleted gold reserve.

Calls for citizens not to aid Cuban insurgents who are rising up against Spanish rule

At the request of the President Congress authorizes the Venezuelan Boundary Commission

Reforms national banking administration while serving as Comptroller of the Currency.

Appointed Comptroller of the Currency by President McKinley.

McKinley asks Congress for a declaration of war against Spain

Congress declares war against Spain

Spain accepts McKinleys peace terms

The Gold Standard Act defines the dollar by gold and protects currency redemption.

The Gold Standard Act legally defines the dollar by gold and protects currency redemption.

Sends American forces to join the relief expedition.

Calls for preserving China's territorial integrity.

Leaves the Comptroller's office and returns to banking.

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Roosevelt convenes miners and operators to resolve the prolonged anthracite coal strike.

Presides over the Peace negotiations

Appointed Secretary of State

The Hepburn Act expands federal authority over railroad rates and related businesses.

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Gives evidence to the Senate investigation about ownership, operations and communications involving Titanic and White Star Line.

Leads the move for a Senate investigation immediately after news of Titanic's loss reaches the United States.

Continues the Senate investigation after hearings move from New York to Washington.

Serves on the Senate investigation examining crew testimony and the circumstances of Titanic's loss.

Participates in the Senate inquiry into the causes of the Titanic disaster and related safety issues.

Serves on the Senate subcommittee reviewing evidence concerning Titanic's sinking.

Serves on the Senate Commerce subcommittee and participates in the investigation of Titanic's loss.

Serves on the Senate Commerce subcommittee examining testimony about the Titanic disaster.

Participates in the Senate investigation and questions witnesses about Titanic and maritime safety.

Speaks in the Senate when the Titanic investigation report and maritime safety issues are debated.

Presents the Senate inquiry's findings and safety recommendations after weeks of hearings.

Founds the Dept of Labor

Inaugurated President of the USA, 28th

Resumes the "State of the Union Address" to Congress after a break of 112 years

The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution allows for the popular election of senators

The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution allows for the popular election of senators

The USA declares a boycott against Mexico after the expulsion of Americans

The federal government begins collecting income tax under the newly ratified Sixteenth Amendment.

The Underwood Tariff Act reduces duties where US goods control the market. The Underwood Tariff Act reduces duties on commodities

The Underwood Tariff reduces import duties and introduces a federal income-tax schedule.

Gives President Huerta of Mexico an ultimatum to resign

Wilson signs legislation creating the Federal Reserve System.

The Federal Reserve Act requires gold reserves against Federal Reserve notes and deposits.

The USA will lend Colombia $25million for its recognition of Panamanian independence

The USA will lend Colombia $25million for its recognition of Panamanian independence

A Treaty is signed allowing Colombia certain privileges in Panama

The USA will lend Colombia $25million for its recognition of Panamanian independence

The Act creates the Federal Trade Commission to police unfair methods of competition.

The Clayton Act targets anticompetitive practices and exempts legitimate labour activity from antitrust prosecution.

The US House of Representatives rejected a proposal to give woment the vote

The US House of Representatives rejected a proposal to give woment the vote

Offers to mediate war aims of the Allies & Central Powers, the Germans fail to answer

The Act creates regional banks providing long-term mortgage credit to farmers.

Receives an Army commission after the United States enters World War I.

Says "There will be no war...it would be a crime against civilisation for us to go in"

Declares war on Germany after approval by the Senate & House of Representatives. Declares war as an "associated power" giving the US independence from France & Britain

McAdoo launches a national bond campaign to finance United States participation in the war.

Draft registration day for nearly 10 million men aged 21-31

Baruch leads federal coordination of industrial priorities, materials and production during wartime.

Hoover directs voluntary conservation and federal controls over wartime food distribution.

Wilson subjects gold exports to federal licensing to protect wartime reserves.

The War Revenue Act raises income, corporate and excess-profits taxes to fund mobilisation.

Wilson orders temporary federal control of railroads to coordinate wartime transportation.

The Senate refuses to ratify Wilson's guarantee of the French frontiers

Calls for a general association of nations to preserve peace.

His Fourteen Points influence Allied peace and armistice discussions.

Resigns from the Army after wartime service in France.

The United States removes wartime controls and again permits unrestricted gold exports.

Leads Senate opposition to Versailles and League membership.

The Act returns railroads to private operation and strengthens federal rate regulation.

The Senate rejects League membership after the Versailles dispute.

Takes charge after the Budget and Accounting Act creates the Bureau of the Budget.

Appointed first Director of the United States Bureau of the Budget.

Begins organizing the new Bureau of the Budget under President Harding.

Wants return to "normalcy", favors protective tariffs & high taxes on war profits

Presses departments to reduce spending and follow central budget discipline.

Gains publicity for blunt testimony about wartime spending investigations.

Opposes the League of Nations

Wants return to "normalcy", favors protective tariffs & high taxes on war profits

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Kisses the same bible used in the inauguration of George Washington

Inaugurated Vice President of the USA

Emergency Quota Act, restricts immigration to 3% of the nationality within the US

Presents Marie Curie with radium bought by American donors.

Emergency Tariff Act, increases duties on farm products & other goods

Emergency Tariff Act, increases duties on farm products & other goods

The Act creates an executive budget system and the General Accounting Office.

Budget & Accounting Act, creates the Bureau of the Budget & Manual Accounting Office

Budget & Accounting Act, creates the Bureau of the Budget & Manual Accounting Office

War with Germany is declared to be at an end by joint resolution of Congress

Opening day, the US wants peace in the Pacific

Observes radio reflections from aircraft during naval experiments.

Works with Taylor on early aircraft detection by radio reflections.

Leaves the Budget Bureau after establishing strict early budget procedures.

Respects the territory of China, a formal endorsement of the "Open Door" policy

Respects the territory of China, a formal endorsement of the "Open Door" policy

Provides for a 10 year moratorium on building large vessels

Respects the territory of China, a formal endorsement of the "Open Door" policy

US, British, Japanese, French & Italian ships remain 5.5, 3, 1.75 & 1.75. The Washington Disarmament Conference comes to an end with the signature of a final Treaty forbidding fortification of the Aleutian Islands for 14 years. The US, Britain, France & Japan agree to the naval status quo. Signed by the US, Britain, Japan, France & Italy. Signed at the Washington Conference

The tariff raises duties on many agricultural and manufactured imports.

A supreme court decision to ban alcohol at sea is approved by President Harding

A supreme court decision to ban alcohol at sea is approved by President Harding

Supports federal agricultural credit measures during a period of farm distress.

Promotes business cooperation, standardisation and federal support for economic data collection.

Continues efforts to stabilize postwar diplomacy while keeping the United States outside the League of Nations.

Serves as Republican floor leader in the House of Representatives.

Leads House Democrats as minority leader in the 68th Congress.

Remains Attorney General as criticism of Harding administration scandals grows.

Continues as Secretary of Labor during the Harding-Coolidge transition.

Faces rising scrutiny over naval oil reserve leases connected with Teapot Dome.

Serves as Postmaster General under Harding and then Coolidge.

Serves as president pro tempore of the Senate during the vice-presidential vacancy.

Advocates budget surpluses to reduce the federal public debt after World War I.

Presses for clearer federal authority over the rapidly expanding radio industry.

Serves as a major Republican Senate organizer and party whip.

Continues as Senate Republican leader during the Harding-Coolidge transition.

Represents the federal government before the Supreme Court during the Harding-Coolidge transition.

Continues as Chief Justice while the Court hears major due process and citizenship cases.

Promotes tax reduction and debt retirement as central Treasury policies.

Supports Senate investigation into naval oil reserve leases and executive-branch corruption.

Leads Senate scrutiny of oil reserve leases that become known as the Teapot Dome scandal.

Is appointed to restore administration of the Veterans Bureau after scandal.

Continues postwar management of the Army and military demobilisation policy.

Becomes Coolidge's secretary and helps manage the White House after Harding's death.

Resigns amid allegations of corruption and mismanagement in the Veterans Bureau.

Writes the opinion requiring federal review of mob-dominated state criminal proceedings.

Takes his seat as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.

Writes the opinion denying naturalization eligibility to Bhagat Singh Thind under racial citizenship rules.

Urges United States participation in the Permanent Court of International Justice.

Signs the Agricultural Credits Act, expanding federal credit facilities for farmers.

Signs the Classification Act, standardising federal civil-service grades and pay schedules.

Leaves office as Secretary of the Interior before the Teapot Dome scandal fully emerges.

Writes the majority opinion invalidating a District of Columbia minimum-wage law for women.

Takes office as Comptroller of the Currency during the Harding administration.

Writes the majority opinion protecting language instruction against a Nebraska restriction.

Begins a western speaking tour intended to explain administration policies and promote national unity.

Keeps Harding's cabinet in office temporarily to signal continuity after the presidential succession.

Begins his first presidential term after succeeding Warren Harding.

The vice presidency becomes vacant after Coolidge succeeds to the presidency.

Repeats the presidential oath before a federal judge after returning to Washington.

The United States recognizes the government of Alvaro Obregon after negotiations over claims and property rights.

Supports continued reduction of federal expenditure and public debt.

Backs Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon's programme for lower taxes and federal economy.

Continues support for American participation in the World Court.

Is reelected Speaker after Progressive Republican opposition delays House organization.

Delivers his first annual message to Congress, emphasizing economy, tax reduction and limited government.

Introduces the proposed Equal Rights Amendment in Congress.

The Immigration Act establishes national-origin quotas that restrict labour migration.

The Revenue Act reduces top income-tax rates while retaining a progressive structure.

Shares the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on the Dawes Plan.

Campaigns for Senate rules changes to curb filibusters and procedural delay.

Uses his vice-presidential inaugural speech to attack Senate procedural obstruction.

Begins presiding over the United States Senate as Vice President.

Sworn in as Vice President of the United States under Calvin Coolidge.

Supports international efforts associated with outlawing war as an instrument of policy.

When the depression spreads to Europe Hoover accepts a moratorium on debts

Appointed Vice President of the USA

Leaves the vice presidency at the end of Coolidge's administration.

Hoover signs legislation raising duties on thousands of imported products.

A wave of bank failures intensifies contraction, deflation and public demand for currency.

Oversees early emergency lending to banks, railroads and businesses.

Creates the Reconstruction Finance Company

Accepts chairmanship of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation during the Great Depression.

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation begins lending to banks, railroads and other institutions.

The Act broadens eligible collateral and expands Federal Reserve emergency lending powers.

Announces it is time to abolish prohibition

Appointed President of the USA, 32nd President, 1st term

Roosevelt suspends banking transactions while authorities examine institutions before reopening them.

The Act provides federal procedures for reopening solvent banks and supporting financial institutions.

The order requires most privately held monetary gold to be delivered to authorised institutions.

Executive Order 6102 requires most privately held monetary gold to be surrendered for currency.

Roosevelt prohibits gold exports and redemption, formally suspending the United States gold standard.

The Act seeks higher farm prices through production controls and benefit payments.

The TVA begins integrated development of electricity, navigation and flood control.

The Securities Act requires disclosure for many securities offered to the public.

The Act separates major commercial and investment-banking activities and creates deposit insurance.

Steagall's deposit-insurance provision creates federal protection for eligible bank deposits.

Johnson administers industry codes governing prices, wages, hours and competitive practices.

The Act transfers monetary gold to the Treasury and changes the official gold value.

The Gold Reserve Act transfers monetary gold to the Treasury and prohibits dollar redemption in gold.

The Act regulates securities exchanges and creates continuing reporting requirements.

Kennedy becomes the first SEC chairman and begins federal oversight of securities markets.

Concentrates on social security & sets up a works progress administration

Concentrates on social security & sets up a works progress administration

Hopkins directs a large federal programme providing jobs on public projects.

The Act protects collective bargaining and establishes the National Labor Relations Board.

The Act creates federal old-age benefits and cooperative unemployment-insurance programmes.

The Act strengthens central direction of monetary policy through a redesigned Federal Reserve Board.

Federal loans support cooperatives extending electricity to underserved rural communities.

The United States joins Britain and France in coordinating exchange stability without restoring classical gold convertibility.

The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies

The Act establishes federal minimum wages, overtime rules and restrictions on child labour.

Hull supported Roosevelt's appeal for peaceful negotiation without committing the United States to the settlement.

Roosevelt appealed to the governments involved to continue negotiations and avoid a European war.

Criticises the German Government at a press conference

Appointed Chairman of the War Resources Board

President Franklin Roosevelt calls on Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards to head "The Uranium Committee" to undertake nuclear research, as a result of the Einstein-Szilard letter

President Franklin Roosevelt calls on Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards to head "The Uranium Committee" to undertake nuclear research, as a result of the Einstein-Szilard letter

Requests Congress to amend the Neutrality Act to sell arms. The outbreak of war & the Russo-German non-aggression pact change US attitudes

Requests Congress to amend the Neutrality Act to sell arms

Requests Congress to amend the Neutrality Act to sell arms

Requests Congress to amend the Neutrality Act to sell arms

Authorises creation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium.

Roosevelt authorizes the creation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium

Delivers the uranium warning letter to Roosevelt.

Roosevelt authorizes the creation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium. Economist Alexander Sachs meets with President Roosevelt and delivers the Einstein-Szilard letter

First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments

First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments

First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments

First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments

First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments

Chairs the first Uranium Committee meeting.

Arms can be shipped to belligerent powers if they pay cash & US ships transport them

Signs an amendment to the Neutrality Act

Signs an amendment to the Neutrality Act

Signs an amendment to the Neutrality Act

Signs an amendment to the Neutrality Act

Provides for a shipbuilding program for entry into the 2nd World War

Congress authorizes the President to call the National guard & other reserves for 1 yr

Congress authorizes the President to call the National guard & other reserves for 1 yr

Congress agrees to lend 50 destroyers to Britain for 99 yr leases on naval bases

Congress agrees to lend 50 destroyers to Britain in return for 99 yr naval base leases

Congress agrees to lend 50 destroyers to Britain in return for 99 yr nave base leases

Burke-Wadsworth Bill, passed to provide for limited conscription

Burke-Wadsworth Bill, passed to provide for limited conscription

Burke-Wadsworth Bill, passed to provide for limited conscription

Makes a speech pledging more aid to Britain & declares the Axis will not win the war

Appointed Assistant Secretary of State

The "Four Freedoms", a commitment to freedom of speech, worship, from want & from fear

Appointed Administrator of Lend-Lease

Relations break down when Roosevelt demands Japanese withdrawal from China & Indochina

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan

The Act authorises material assistance to countries considered vital to American defence.

Approves the British support of the Free French in capturing Madagascar

Approves the British support of the Free French in capturing Madagascar

Issues the joint declaration later known as the Atlantic Charter.

Publicly sets out eight common principles with Churchill.

Declares, "When Germany is defeated, the collapse of Italy & Japan will follow"

Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods

Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods

Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods

Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods

Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods

Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods

Organises accelerated American uranium research.

The USA declares War on Japan

The USA declares war on Germany

OSRD research includes radar, guided missiles and fission weapons.

Directs wartime scientific projects including radar and early-warning systems.

OSRD sponsors radar, proximity fuze and nuclear research during the war.

OSRD coordinates weapons research while radar projects expand separately.

Helps transform the charter's principles into a wider Allied commitment.

Signs the Declaration by United Nations incorporating Atlantic Charter principles.

An allied pact becomes the United Nations

Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice. An allied pact becomes the United Nations

Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice, the pact becomes the UN

Declaration 26 by Allies not to conclude a separate armistice becomes basis for the UN

Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice, the pact becomes the UN. Declaration 26 by Allies not to conclude a separate armistice becomes basis for the UN

Nelson coordinates conversion of civilian factories and allocation of strategic materials.

Promoted to temporary Major General while serving on the War Department General Staff.

Appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the Operations Division for Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall.

The OPA imposes broad price ceilings to restrain wartime inflation.

Brigadier General Wilhelm Styer directs Colonel James C. Marshall to organise an Army Corps of Engineers district to consolidate atomic bomb development.

Declares the Allied war aims of world peace, freedom & self-determination

Conant's status report, relayed through Vannevar Bush to the Secretary of War, reports encouraging results from Oppenheimer's bomb-design group.

Takes command of the Manhattan Project.

Groves is promoted to brigadier general shortly after taking command of the Manhattan Engineer District.

Conant recommends sharply restricting atomic information exchange with Britain; Bush forwards the recommendation to Roosevelt.

The centrifuge method for uranium isotope separation is abandoned after persistent technical difficulties.

Groves places DuPont in charge of engineering and construction for the plutonium-production project.

The Act greatly expands the number of Americans subject to federal income tax.

Supports Operation Torch, which opens a western front in North Africa and eases pressure on Egypt and Suez.

The Military Policy Committee decides to bypass pilot stages for major production methods and proceed directly toward industrial-scale plants.

Roosevelt approves a greatly increased Manhattan Project cost estimate of about 400 million dollars submitted through Vannevar Bush.

Roosevelt approves detailed plans for full-scale production facilities and atomic-weapon development.

Invites Russia to attend the Casablanca Conference but Stalin refuses

Churchill refuses to participate in an Allied invasion of France

Roosevelt agrees to the British request to invade North Africa, Operation Torch

The Allies adopt unconditional surrender as their declared objective for Germany, Italy and Japan.

Roosevelt & Churchill demand the unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy & Japan

The US airforce bombs Germany for the 1sr time

Roosevelt opens strategic discussions with Churchill at the Trident Conference in Washington

The Trident Conference confirms planning for a cross Channel invasion while continuing Mediterranean operations

Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944

Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944

The Act establishes payroll withholding for federal income-tax payments.

The US Senate recognizes the need for an international peacekeeping organisation. Senate voting is 85-5 in favour

Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans unconditional surrender. Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans return to its 1894 boundaries

The GI Bill provides education, housing and unemployment benefits to returning veterans.

Proposes meeting Stalin and Churchill in Scotland to coordinate the next stage of Allied strategy.

Tells Stalin he hopes the three Allied leaders can meet as early as possible.

Suggests Malta, Athens or Cyprus as alternatives to a meeting on the Soviet Black Sea coast.

Offers Piraeus, Salonica or Constantinople as alternatives to the difficult Black Sea conference route.

Suggests postponing the Big Three meeting until after his January presidential inauguration.

Proposes a late January or early February meeting while continuing to prefer a Mediterranean location.

Identifies Batum or Yalta as possible locations for the forthcoming meeting with Churchill and Stalin.

Seeks British coordination before asking Stalin to delay action on recognition of the Lublin Committee.

Asks Stalin to leave the question of recognizing the Lublin Committee unresolved until the tripartite meeting.

Appointed Associate Justice in the US Supreme Court

Plans for Harry Hopkins to visit Britain before the Malta and Yalta meetings.

Agrees with Churchill that journalists should not attend the conference sessions in Crimea.

Sends Churchill final travel arrangements for moving from the Malta talks to the Crimea conference.

Replies that the United States should insist on a genuine implementation of the Yalta agreement concerning Poland.

Truman learns of the secret atomic-bomb development programme from Secretary of War Henry Stimson shortly after becoming president.

The Target Committee holds its first meeting to evaluate potential Japanese targets and the military conditions for atomic-bomb use.

The day that marks victory in Europe for the Allies in World War II, the defining events were the Germans unconditional surrender Eisenhower at Rheims, France, and to the Soviets in Berlin on May 7, President Truman announces victory at 9 AM. Makes the announcement of Allied victory over the Axis powers in Europe at 3 PM

Stimson rules out Kyoto as an atomic-bomb target because of its cultural and historical importance.

The Interim Committee recommends using the atomic bomb against Japan as soon as possible, on a military-industrial target and without prior warning.

Groves forwards the Manhattan Project target group's recommendations to General George C. Marshall.

The Interim Committee's Scientific Panel reports that it sees no technical demonstration likely to end the war and no acceptable alternative to direct military use.

Groves drafts the directive authorising atomic attacks when bomb availability and weather permit, listing Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki.

Authorises the use of atomic weapons against Japan.

Truman orders that no additional atomic bombs be used without further presidential authority.

Oppenheimer warns Stimson that atomic weapons will improve, defenses will remain inadequate, and the United States cannot expect a permanent nuclear monopoly.

Designated Chief of Staff of the United States Army.

The Act declares federal responsibility for promoting maximum employment, production and purchasing power.

His wartime five-star rank of General of the Army is made permanent.

Legislation places uranium and atomic energy under civilian control.

Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act establishing civilian control through the new Atomic Energy Commission.

The new commission controls uranium production and nuclear materials.

Nourse becomes the first chairman of the new Council of Economic Advisers.

1st sworn in as member of Congress, 18th Congress

Congress overrides Truman's veto and enacts restrictions on union practices and strikes.

The Manhattan Engineer District is formally abolished, ending the Army organisation that built the first atomic bombs.

Appointed Head the US Economic Cooperation Administration

Appointed Head the US Economic Cooperation Administration

Leaves active Army leadership to take up the presidency of Columbia University.

Marshall Plan assistance begins supporting European reconstruction and American export markets.

Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance

Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance

Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance

Appointed Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court

Hunt joined the Office of Policy Coordination, where his work focused on covert political action, influence, and psychological operations.

Hunt entered CIA service and began a career in covert operations and political action that continued until his retirement in 1970.

Directs the United States Atomic Energy Commission to continue work on developing a thermonuclear hydrogen bomb.

Approves military and economic aid to French forces fighting in Indochina

Supports recognition and aid for the French-backed State of Vietnam

The House of Representitives approves enlistment of 547,000

The House of Representitives approves 547,000, requested by the US Defence Dept. Senate approves the enlistment of 547,000, as requested by the US Defence Dept

The United Nations calls for North Korean withdrawal from South Korea

Orders all US naval & airforces in Japan, Okinawa & the Philippines to be put on alert

Agrees to MacArthurs request & orders US forces into Korea

The United Nations Security Council instructs the US to appoint a Supreme Commander in Korea

The United Nations Security Council instructs the US to appoint a Supreme Commander in Korea

MacArthur is appointed as the Supreme Commander of the United Nations forces in Korea

Truman requests an increased military budget from Congress. Sends Congress an emergency appropriation of $10 billion. Increases the annual peacetime military budget to $48 billion

The Act authorises priorities, allocations and financial support for national-defence production.

Retires from active military service before entering the presidential campaign.

Appointed Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court

Hunt became involved in planning political and psychological warfare for the CIA operation that targeted the government of Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz.

Signs a truce ending the Korean War

Ends the Truman-era neutralization of the Taiwan Strait by the U.S. Seventh Fleet.

Cabinet members begin taking office on the day after Eisenhower's inauguration.

The Department of Health, Education and Welfare is created during Eisenhower's first months in office.

Delivers the Chance for Peace address, calling for reduced international tensions and warning about the economic burden of armaments.

Issues Executive Order 10450 establishing a government-wide security program for federal employment.

Announces a large-scale American food-relief programme for East Germans following the June uprising.

Signs the Small Business Act, creating the United States Small Business Administration.

The United States Information Agency begins operations as the administration consolidates overseas information programs.

Approves the NSC 162/2 framework associated with the New Look strategy, emphasizing deterrence and a strong nuclear posture.

Warns against large-scale US ground intervention in Indochina

Advocates consideration of air intervention during the Dien Bien Phu crisis

Hunt handled propaganda responsibilities for Operation PBSUCCESS as the CIA intensified political and psychological pressure against the Arbenz government.

Publicly frames Indochina in terms of the domino theory

The Act authorises American participation in constructing the Saint Lawrence Seaway.

The Supreme Court rules segregated public schools unconstitutional, creating a major civil-rights challenge for the administration.

Begins several days of talks with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on world peace and Cold War strategy.

Signs the Communist Control Act during the height of domestic Cold War anti-communism.

Social Security coverage is expanded to millions of additional workers, including farmers and many self-employed professionals.

Participates in the first televised meeting of a United States Cabinet.

The Senate censures Senator Joseph McCarthy, marking the collapse of his political influence during Eisenhower's presidency.

With Kenneth Franklin, detects strong decametric radio bursts coming from Jupiter.

Uses recurring Jovian radio bursts to improve estimates of Jupiter's rotation.

Signs the Formosa Resolution, authorizing the use of American forces to defend Taiwan and the Pescadores.

The State Department releases previously secret papers concerning the 1945 Yalta Conference.

Builds US advisory support for South Vietnam after the Geneva settlement

Meets British Prime Minister Anthony Eden in Washington for talks on international affairs.

Announces that he will seek a second presidential term.

Undergoes emergency surgery for ileitis while serving as President.

The Act launches construction of the Interstate Highway System.

Establishes the President's Council on Youth Fitness to promote physical fitness among American young people.

Dulles develops the Suez Canal Users Association proposal as a non-military alternative to confrontation.

Launches the People-to-People initiative to encourage citizen-level international exchanges.

Opposes the Anglo-French-Israeli use of force and supports a diplomatic settlement through the United Nations.

Dulles receives reports indicating that Israeli military action against Egypt may be imminent.

Eisenhower warns Israel against widening the Middle East crisis as mobilisation becomes evident.

Eisenhower publicly opposes the Anglo-French use of force and supports United Nations action.

Condemns the widening crisis and supports a United Nations ceasefire rather than Anglo-French intervention.

Opposes the Anglo-French invasion of Egypt and backs United Nations action to end the crisis.

Refuses support for Britain until the Anglo-French operation is halted and withdrawal is accepted.

Eisenhower's administration assesses Soviet threats while pressing urgently for a ceasefire.

Uses American financial leverage as Britain faces a sterling crisis during the Suez intervention.

Eisenhower withholds American financial support while Britain continues military operations.

Continues pressure for British, French, and Israeli withdrawal after the ceasefire.

Offers to admit refugees fleeing the crushed Hungarian uprising.

Winner of the Pullitzer Prize for "Profiles In Courage"

Asks Congress for authority to provide economic and military assistance to Middle Eastern states threatened by communist aggression.

Takes the public oath of office for his second presidential term.

Receives Ngo Dinh Diem during his official US visit

The United States resumes military aid to Yugoslavia during Eisenhower's second term.

Receives Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi as the two governments discuss security relations and withdrawal of American ground forces.

The United States proposes a ban on nuclear tests once an effective international inspection system is established.

The International Geophysical Year begins, supporting multinational scientific research and the American satellite effort.

Federalizes the Arkansas National Guard and directs federal forces to enforce school desegregation in Little Rock.

The Soviet launch of Sputnik intensifies Eisenhower administration efforts in science, missiles and space technology.

Suffers a mild stroke but recovers and continues his presidential duties.

Naval reactors create demand for enriched uranium fuel.

The Department of Defense establishes ARPA as the administration accelerates advanced research after Sputnik.

Restricts arms shipments to Batista's government.

Signs the Alaska Statehood Act authorizing admission of Alaska to the Union.

McCone became the fourth Chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, succeeding Lewis Strauss and beginning a term that lasted until January 1961.

Signs legislation creating NASA, the agency that later runs Apollo.

McCone discussed a proposal with Secretary John Foster Dulles for limiting nuclear tests while preserving carefully controlled underground development work.

Signs legislation strengthening the authority of the Secretary of Defense and improving unified military command arrangements.

Signs the National Defense Education Act to expand federal support for science, mathematics, languages and higher education.

The United States joins a voluntary nuclear testing moratorium while negotiations for a comprehensive test ban continue.

NASA begins operations, absorbing the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and becoming the civilian space agency.

As AEC chairman, McCone oversaw Commission responsibilities when the United States suspended nuclear weapons testing as Geneva negotiations opened.

McCone argued that any nuclear test suspension should rest on a bilateral or multilateral agreement containing effective inspection and verification safeguards.

McCone joined AEC officials in demonstrating the SNAP-3 radioisotope power technology to President Eisenhower at the White House.

McCone explained AEC concerns that proposed improvements in detecting underground nuclear tests remained theoretical and required experimental validation.

Signs the act providing for Hawaii's admission as a state.

McCone raised concerns about verifying underground nuclear explosions and supported further experiments to improve detection methods before relying on a comprehensive test ban.

McCone testified before a Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee about the Geneva nuclear test negotiations and the technical problems of verification.

Hawaii formally enters the Union as the fiftieth state during Eisenhower's presidency.

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev begins an unprecedented visit to the United States.

Departs on an eleven-nation goodwill tour intended to strengthen alliances and demonstrate personal diplomacy.

McCone transmitted guidance to the AEC after the administration decided how to handle the expiring moratorium and future Geneva negotiations.

Hunt became chief of political action for the CIA Cuba project and was tasked with organizing an exile political structure to replace Castro's government.

Warned by de Gaulle that Vietnam is a "bottomless military & political swamp". Agrees to a "neutral & independent" Laos at Geneva

Leaves office with Southeast Asia as a major Cold War concern

Increases personnel in South Vietnam to over 16,000 & permits them to go into combat

Agrees to a "neutral & independent" Laos at Geneva

The United States Navy promotes Polaris as a survivable sea based strategic deterrent

The United States continues development of the Polaris submarine launched ballistic missile as a strategic nuclear weapon

William Raborn oversees the Special Projects Office responsible for rapid Polaris missile development

Dulles establishes a specialised CIA branch to organise covert operations against Castro.

King oversees creation of a specialised CIA branch for covert operations against Castro.

King's division begins screening Cuban political figures for a future exile front and covert political programme.

Herter participates as the administration authorises covert action planning against Castro.

Eisenhower approves a covert programme supporting Cuban opposition to Castro.

Eisenhower authorises the CIA programme to organise, train and equip Cuban opponents of Castro.

Bissell receives responsibility for developing the CIA operation authorised by Eisenhower.

Esterline begins organising personnel, facilities and operational planning for the Cuban project.

After visiting Cuba, Hunt recommended disabling major radio and television transmitters around the time of an invasion to hinder government mobilization.

Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960, strengthening federal protection of voting records and enforcement procedures.

Bissell supervises the officers developing the exile invasion operation.

Esterline manages the CIA project responsible for preparing the invasion force.

Cancels a planned visit to Japan amid intense political demonstrations over the revised security treaty.

Hawkins directs detailed military planning and training for the Cuban project.

Barnes helps direct political and paramilitary planning under Bissell.

Begins a Far East trip covering the Philippines, Taiwan and Korea after the planned Japan visit becomes untenable.

McCone stated that there was no technical evidence of secret Soviet testing during the moratorium, while warning that small underground tests could escape detection.

McCone discussed the status of the test moratorium with President Eisenhower and reviewed technical questions with the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy.

Suggests the name Apollo for NASA lunar spacecraft work.

Supports United Nations involvement as the newly independent Congo descends into political and military crisis.

McCone forwarded the AEC General Advisory Committee's assessment of Soviet nuclear weapons development possibilities during the testing moratorium.

Records a message transmitted in connection with the Echo I communications-satellite experiment.

Eisenhower approves a thirteen-million-dollar budget for the covert Cuban operation.

Eisenhower approves additional funding for training, aircraft and covert facilities.

Parrott coordinates Special Group notification procedures for approved supply flights over Cuba.

Failed infiltrations lead planners to develop a larger amphibious assault by Cuban exiles.

Bissell shifts planning from small infiltrations toward a large amphibious assault.

Dulles and Bissell brief President-elect Kennedy on the developing Cuban invasion plan.

Kennedy receives his first detailed briefing on the planned Cuban exile operation.

Bissell joins Dulles in briefing President-elect Kennedy on the invasion concept.

Dulles leads the first detailed briefing of Kennedy on the Cuban project.

Eisenhower approves continued development of the amphibious invasion concept.

Eisenhower reviews the invasion concept with senior intelligence, defence and diplomatic officials.

Goodpaster joins the meeting where Eisenhower demands maximum urgency in preparations against Castro.

Lansdale participates in a Special Group briefing on the status and timing of paramilitary preparations.

Commits $20 billion to the "sister republics" in aid to Latin America over 10 yrs

Commits $20 billion to the "sister republics" in aid to Latin America over 10 yrs

Helps organise NASA management for the lunar landing goal.

Passes the Trade Expansion Act to try & establish an Atlantic Free Trade Zone

Appointed Attorney General

Commits $20 billion to the "sister republics" in aid to Latin America over 10 yrs

"The goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the moon"

Passes the Trade Expansion Act to try & establish an Atlantic Free Trade Zone

Passes the Trade Expansion Act to try & establish an Atlantic Free Trade Zone

Appointed special military adviser to President Kennedy

Appointed special military adviser to President Kennedy

The United States joins European central banks in pooling gold to defend the official price.

Announces doubled Minuteman production

Rusk supports consultation with NATO allies over nuclear strategy and alliance cohesion

Kennedy announces that the Polaris submarine missile building program will be doubled for the year

McNamara supports expansion of Polaris as part of a flexible and survivable strategic nuclear force

Kennedy administration policy treats Polaris submarines as a central part of the American strategic deterrent

After the Bay of Pigs failure, Hunt was reassigned within CIA as the Agency reviewed the operation and reorganized responsibilities.

Passes the Trade Expansion Act to try & establish an Atlantic Free Trade Zone

Co-authors recommendations for greater US support to South Vietnam

Co-authors recommendations for increased US support to South Vietnam

Increases the number of US military advisers in South Vietnam

Kennedy inherits a policy intended to remove Castro and reduce Soviet influence in Cuba.

The White House Conference on Aging opens as the administration addresses policy for an expanding elderly population.

Cabell is briefed on unresolved Defense Department support problems affecting the Cuban project.

Dulles briefs a closed Senate Foreign Relations Committee session on the Cuban exile programme.

Delivers his Farewell Address, warning of the potential influence of the military-industrial complex and emphasizing balanced national policy.

Rusk receives a CIA briefing on the basic Cuban covert-action plan before taking office.

McCone completed his service as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission at the end of the Eisenhower administration.

Inaugurated President of the USA, 35th President, youngest ever President

Kennedy enters office with the CIA Cuban invasion project already well advanced.

Barnes reports that senior Kennedy administration officials generally endorse continuation of preparations.

Cabell joins preparations for the presidential meeting on the strike-force plan and military coordination.

Kennedy directs continuation of propaganda, political action, sabotage, infiltration and overflight activities while military review proceeds.

Bowles argues that the operation threatens United States diplomatic credibility.

McNamara examines the military assumptions behind the proposed exile invasion.

Schlesinger warns that United States responsibility for an invasion would become evident.

Bowles raises objections to the invasion plan within the State Department.

Kennedy reviews a proposed landing near Trinidad at the Escambray Mountains.

Kennedy reviews the proposed landing near Trinidad and the Escambray Mountains.

McNamara receives a briefing on the proposed Trinidad invasion plan.

Rusk participates in the new administration review of the Trinidad landing proposal.

Rusk receives a briefing on the proposed Trinidad landing.

Schlesinger warns that the invasion could seriously damage United States credibility.

Hawkins gives senior CIA and military officers a detailed briefing on the proposed Cuban strike plan.

Gray receives a detailed briefing on the planned exile strike force and its operational concept.

Lemnitzer coordinates military review of the CIA invasion proposal.

Lemnitzer forwards the Joint Chiefs' favorable evaluation of the proposed exile strike plan to the CIA.

Mann urges officials to proceed cautiously while the administration considers the proposed invasion force.

Berle requests a paper assessing the consequences of disbanding the exile strike force and possible alternatives.

Bissell discusses creation of a Cuban Revolutionary Council to provide political leadership for the anti-Castro operation.

Becomes NASA administrator during Apollo expansion.

Bissell reviews Cuban civilian-military relations and links between exile political leaders, the strike force and Joint Chiefs staff.

Mann hosts an interagency review of the Joint Staff draft plan for operations against Cuba.

Mann asks that formation of the Cuban Revolutionary Council not be announced until after the Mexico City peace conference.

Mann argues that the Trinidad concept makes outside sponsorship too visible and presses for a more deniable landing site.

Bundy joins the presidential review of the Trinidad plan as Kennedy demands a less overt American appearance.

Kennedy demands a less conspicuous landing site than Trinidad.

Berle participates in the White House discussion of the Trinidad invasion concept and its political risks.

Bundy meets CIA and military officials and then briefs Kennedy on the revised invasion planning.

Bissell works with CIA planners to prepare a revised military plan meeting White House political restrictions.

Robert Kennedy participates in administration discussions about the invasion.

Lemnitzer represents the Joint Chiefs during reviews of the operation.

Burke oversees naval advice and support arrangements for the operation.

Bissell coordinates a twenty-four-hour delay in moving the strike force from Guatemala toward Nicaragua.

Braddock receives a briefing on propaganda arrangements intended to accompany the invasion.

Bissell receives a war-room briefing on the main strike force and the separate Diaz diversion.

Kennedy advisers note a Soviet broadcast predicting an imminent invasion of Cuba.

Operation Puma calls for sustained strikes against Cuban aircraft and airfields.

Cabell goes to Rusk with Bissell to challenge cancellation of the planned D-Day air strikes.

Supports caution over additional air strikes because of diplomatic and deniability concerns

Cancels or limits further overt air strikes before the landing phase of the operation

Bissell joins Cabell in arguing that cancellation of the dawn strikes leaves Castro's remaining aircraft able to attack the brigade.

Bundy informs Cabell that dawn air strikes are not to proceed until they can be launched from the beachhead.

Bundy confirms that no presidential diversion order has been issued, allowing the landing operation to proceed.

Rusk explains the political reasons preventing the planned dawn strikes before the beachhead airfield is secured.

McNamara participates in discussions as Cuban forces attack the landing area.

Gray relays the urgent request for carrier air protection after cancellation of the planned Cuban exile air strikes.

Kennedy permits the exile operation but refuses deployment of conventional United States forces.

Hunt helps organise the political component of the failed exile operation.

Wheeler orders restricted carrier air cover for Cuban Expeditionary Force shipping outside Cuban territorial waters.

Kennedy authorises a limited one-hour Navy fighter cover mission for the brigade's final B-26 operation.

Kennedy tells Khrushchev that the United States intends no military intervention while defending the aspirations of anti-Castro Cubans.

Kennedy denies intended United States military intervention while defending Cuban exiles.

Kennedy authorises limited fighter protection for the final exile B-26 mission.

Kennedy states that responsibility for the operation rests with the President.

Serves on the Cuba Study Group even as CIA leadership comes under criticism for the failed invasion

Robert Kennedy serves on the inquiry reviewing the failed operation.

Taylor chairs the presidential inquiry into the planning and execution of the invasion.

Burke serves on the presidential group examining the failed invasion.

Taylor begins examining decisions, intelligence and military assumptions behind the failure.

Defends CIA organization and planning before post-invasion reviewers

Testifies or is questioned during post-invasion reviews of CIA planning

Taylor's study group examines command, intelligence, air support and policy decisions that contributed to the Bay of Pigs defeat.

Robert Kennedy participates in the presidential inquiry examining responsibility for the failed invasion.

The Act provides loans and assistance to regions experiencing persistent unemployment.

Lynch submits an after-action report describing the landing operation and the rapid deterioration of the invasion.

Robertson submits his after-action account of the Bay of Pigs landing operation to the Taylor inquiry.

Cabell gives Taylor a detailed statement explaining the circumstances surrounding cancellation of the D-Day air strike.

Schlesinger advises Kennedy on intelligence organisation after the failure.

Commits the United States to landing a man on the Moon.

Taylor submits findings and recommendations from the presidential review.

Kennedy receives authority to impose broader trade restrictions against Cuba.

Signs a law making the Peace Corps permanent

Signs a law making the Peace Corps permanent

Signs legislation creating the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.

McCone began serving as a consultant so he could familiarize himself with CIA and the wider Intelligence Community before formally taking office.

Increases the number of US advisers sent to South Vietnam

Cabell leaves his CIA deputy-director post following the Bay of Pigs failure and the administration's leadership changes.

Dulles leaves the CIA after the Bay of Pigs failure and the administration's subsequent review of Agency leadership.

Kennedy changes senior CIA leadership after the Bay of Pigs inquiry and reassessment of covert operations.

Bissell leaves senior CIA operational leadership after criticism of the planning and execution of the Bay of Pigs invasion.

Lansdale is given a leading role in the new covert Cuba programme developed after the Bay of Pigs failure.

Kennedy authorises development of a new covert programme against Castro.

McCone was sworn in as Director of Central Intelligence and became the fourth Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

President Kennedy authorized Operation Mongoose, a covert programme directed against Fidel Castro's government.

McCone established a working group led by Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick to examine CIA organization and the case for a separate scientific directorate.

Hunt became chief of covert action in CIA's Domestic Operations Division, a position he held during the early 1960s.

Federal agencies maintained files on Fiorini because of his extensive anti-Castro activity and contacts with Cuban exile organizations.

Federal biographical material used both Frank Fiorini and Frank Sturgis when reconstructing his Cuban revolutionary background and later political activities.

McNamara concludes that Skybolt is costly and unnecessary for American forces because the United States has other strategic systems

Directs Pentagon assessments of the expanding advisory war

McCone announced that CIA would establish a new directorate focused on research and development to strengthen technical intelligence capabilities.

President Kennedy directed McCone to concentrate on coordinating the entire foreign intelligence community while delegating more detailed CIA administration.

McCone appeared before the Senate Armed Services Committee during consideration of his nomination as Director of Central Intelligence.

The United States Senate confirmed McCone as Director of Central Intelligence after debate over his appointment and the CIA oversight relationship.

Establishes Military Assistance Command Vietnam

States on TV that in space America must "be in a position 2nd to none"

States on TV that in space America must "be in a position 2nd to none"

A CIA memorandum dated July 3, 1962, reviewed information about Frank Fiorini, later known as Frank Sturgis, and his Cuban activities.

A CIA memorandum reviewed Fiorini's aliases, Cuban background, and anti-Castro activities as federal agencies continued tracking his activities.

NASA adopts lunar orbit rendezvous for Apollo lunar landing missions.

After the Geneva agreement on neutral Laos, McCone managed CIA responsibilities for supporting Hmong forces while seeking to keep the covert role limited.

An greement signed by 14 nations guarentees the neutrality & independence of Laos

McCone repeatedly warned that the Soviet buildup in Cuba might conceal plans to deploy offensive ballistic missiles.

McCone sent Gordon Gray a memorandum reviewing the history and development of the Buon Enao counterinsurgency project in South Vietnam.

Kennedy publicly warned that offensive weapons introduced into Cuba would create the gravest consequences.

Kennedy repeated that the United States would act if Cuba became a significant offensive military base.

McCone returned from France after sending warnings that Soviet defensive preparations in Cuba could be masking an offensive missile deployment.

Kennedy signed legislation authorizing measures to prevent Cuban aggression and Soviet military expansion in the hemisphere.

McCone questioned restrictions on U-2 coverage of Cuba and pressed for broader reconnaissance as evidence of the Soviet military buildup accumulated.

The Act grants authority to negotiate substantial reciprocal tariff reductions.

Photographic analysts identified missile transporters, erectors, and launch-site construction in the U-2 imagery.

Bundy learned that photographic evidence confirmed Soviet offensive missile installations in Cuba.

Rusk joined discussions of diplomatic, political, and military responses to the Soviet deployment.

Ball joined the first senior discussions and examined diplomatic consequences of attacking Soviet missile installations in Cuba.

After learning that U-2 photography confirmed Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba, McCone returned to Washington and remained there through the crisis.

McCone recommended warning Moscow and Havana, demanding prompt dismantlement, and reserving a large military strike if the offensive missile deployment remained in place.

Stevenson urged consideration of a diplomatic settlement alongside military pressure.

Rusk examined diplomatic consequences of air strikes, invasion, and quarantine while the missile discovery remained secret.

McCone briefed senior officials on expanding photographic evidence and the estimated readiness of Soviet offensive missile sites in Cuba.

At Kennedy's request, McCone briefed former President Eisenhower on the Soviet buildup and showed him U-2 photographs of developing medium-range missile sites.

Stevenson proposed exploring a negotiated settlement that could remove the Soviet missiles while avoiding a direct military confrontation.

Lundahl's analysts continued comparing new imagery to Soviet missile systems and locating additional offensive installations.

Rusk participated in preparations for the Gromyko meeting and supported maintaining secrecy about the photographic evidence.

McCone reviewed new intelligence as reconnaissance identified additional missile activity and bomber-related installations in Cuba.

Kennedy left Washington for campaign appearances while advisers continued secret deliberations about Cuba.

Robert Kennedy argued that an unannounced air strike could resemble the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Rusk supported the quarantine decision while the State Department prepared allied consultations and diplomatic notifications.

Kennedy returned to Washington and presided over a National Security Council meeting on the response.

The White House announced that Kennedy had a cold as he cancelled remaining campaign appearances.

Robert Kennedy supported the quarantine option as a measured response that preserved room for further diplomatic pressure.

McNamara organized the naval interception plan and continued preparations for air strikes and invasion.

McCone assessed the growing operational capability of the Soviet missile deployment while the administration refined its response.

McCone again briefed Eisenhower, this time explaining the administration's decision to combine a naval quarantine with demands for removal of the Soviet missiles.

Orders a weapons blockade of Cuba because of its Soviet missile sites

Ball helped coordinate diplomatic communications with allies and international organizations as the quarantine was announced.

Kennedy addressed the nation and revealed the Soviet offensive missile deployment in Cuba.

Kennedy announced a naval quarantine intended to prevent further deliveries of offensive military equipment.

Kennedy briefed congressional leaders before publicly announcing the crisis.

Kennedy demanded dismantlement of the missile sites and removal of the offensive weapons from Cuba.

Kennedy warned that a nuclear missile launched from Cuba would require retaliation against the Soviet Union.

McCone supplied intelligence judgments and photographic evidence supporting Kennedy's public disclosure of the Soviet missile deployment and the decision to impose a quarantine.

McCone reported intelligence indicating that Soviet personnel controlled the offensive missile installations in Cuba.

Kennedy signed the proclamation establishing interdiction of offensive weapons shipments to Cuba.

Kennedy approved instructions for naval forces enforcing the quarantine while seeking to avoid an unnecessary clash with Soviet ships.

McNamara reviewed rules governing interception, inspection, and possible seizure of vessels carrying prohibited military equipment.

McCone briefed congressional leaders on the missile evidence, Soviet activity in Cuba, and the intelligence basis for the administration's quarantine policy.

Rusk assessed Soviet responses to the quarantine and encouraged continued diplomatic contact while military forces remained ready.

McCone reviewed intelligence on Soviet shipping movements and continuing activity at Cuban missile sites as the quarantine took effect.

Robert Kennedy followed quarantine developments while officials debated how much force naval commanders should use against Soviet vessels.

Gilpatric assisted in coordinating military readiness and civilian control as naval quarantine operations began.

Kennedy replied to U Thant and affirmed his desire for a peaceful and verifiable settlement.

Kennedy wrote Khrushchev that Soviet assurances had been contradicted by clear evidence of offensive missile bases in Cuba.

Rusk reviewed Khrushchev's first settlement proposal and supported exploring the possibility of a non-invasion assurance.

McCone reviewed estimates showing that work continued at several missile installations while diplomatic exchanges intensified.

Scali reported a Soviet back-channel proposal linking missile removal to a United States pledge not to invade Cuba.

Robert Kennedy supported giving diplomacy more time after Khrushchev sent a message offering missile removal for a non-invasion pledge.

Rusk participated in the decision to respond to Khrushchev's earlier letter rather than accept the public Turkey-for-Cuba trade.

Ball took part in discussions over the competing Soviet proposals and the risks of linking Cuba publicly to Jupiter missiles in Turkey.

Kennedy answered Khrushchev's first proposal and offered a non-invasion assurance after verified missile removal.

Robert Kennedy met secretly with Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin at the Justice Department.

McNamara argued against automatic retaliation after the loss of Rudolf Anderson's U-2, helping preserve time for negotiation.

Rusk directed diplomatic work on verification and implementation after Moscow announced that the missiles would be removed.

McCone emphasized continued reconnaissance and verification after Khrushchev agreed to dismantle and remove the offensive missiles.

Kennedy welcomed Khrushchev's decision as an important contribution to peace.

Kennedy directed officials to continue verification and quarantine measures until Soviet offensive weapons were actually removed.

Robert Kennedy participated in discussions on implementing the agreement while maintaining secrecy around the private Turkish missile understanding.

McNamara directed the military to maintain pressure and surveillance while Soviet forces began preparing the missiles for removal.

Kennedy instructed his advisers to handle the settlement cautiously while reconnaissance monitored dismantling at Cuban missile sites.

Robert Kennedy urged continued caution as the administration moved from immediate confrontation toward verification and settlement.

McCone reviewed reconnaissance showing dismantled missile equipment moving toward Cuban ports for shipment back to the Soviet Union.

McCone sent McGeorge Bundy a memorandum outlining courses of action to follow as the administration moved from immediate crisis management toward verification and settlement.

Kennedy ordered the naval quarantine lifted after agreement on removal of the Soviet IL-28 bombers.

McNamara oversaw the military transition from quarantine operations after the remaining Soviet IL-28 bombers were scheduled for withdrawal.

McCone urged McGeorge Bundy not to give Cuba an unconditional non-invasion pledge without satisfactory arrangements for inspection, verification, and protection against subversion.

Kennedy administration legal officer Milan Miskovsky assists Donovan during the exchange negotiations.

Kennedy is informed that Castro and Donovan have signed the prisoner exchange agreement.

Introduces all-up testing to accelerate Saturn and Apollo schedules.

Delivers "I Have a Dream" speech during the March on Washington attended by 200,000 protesters, creates powerful image, builds momentum for civil rights legislation

Demands include an end to racial segregation in public school; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality & a $2 minimum wage

More than a quarter million people of diverse ethnicities attend the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool.

The Leaders and organisations comprising the Big Six were are ML King, Roy Wilkins, NAACP; Whitney Young, Jr. , Urban League; A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; John Lewis, SNCC & James Farmer of the Congress of Racial Equality.

At the time, it the largest gathering of protesters in Washingtons history, King's "I Have a Dream" speech electrified the crowd.

King, representing the SCLC, is among the leaders of the so-called "Big Six" civil rights organisations who are instrumental in the organisation of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Martin Luther King delivers "I Have a Dream" speech during the March on Washington attended by 200,000 protesters, creates powerful image, builds momentum for civil rights legislation.

Kennedy promotes alliance nuclear consultation while seeking to discourage separate national nuclear forces

McNamara favours greater allied coordination over nuclear forces and questions the military value of separate national systems

France refuses to join the Anglo-American nuclear pact

Kennedy administration officials continue work on converting the Nassau settlement into detailed supply arrangements

McCone treated the coordinated post-crisis review of intelligence performance and Cuban reconnaissance as the final Intelligence Community report for presidential advisers.

President Kennedy sent McCone a letter commending the Intelligence Community for its contribution during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

McCone rejected a pessimistic draft national estimate on South Vietnam and directed further consultation, producing a final estimate with a more optimistic assessment.

McCone warned that a proposed test ban could constrain American weapons development without adequate assurance that prohibited Soviet activity would be detected.

The United States signs the Polaris Sales Agreement with Britain to supply Polaris missile systems

The Act prohibits specified sex-based wage differentials for substantially equal work.

Responds to Birmingham events by urging federal civil rights legislation.

The State Department routinely approved Oswald's passport application; the Warren Commission later found no evidence that special intervention accelerated its issuance.

Popularises protest songwriting during the civil rights era.

Sing Dylan's Blowin in the Wind at the March on Washington.

250,000 civil rights supporters join the "March on Washington"

Makes the "I have a dream speech"

McCone resisted proposals that would weaken CIA control of its Saigon station while officials debated Ambassador Lodge's authority and possible leadership changes.

McCone wrote Henry Cabot Lodge, opposing Edward Lansdale as Saigon station chief while agreeing to find a replacement for John Richardson if required.

McCone participated in administration discussions about exploratory contacts with Fidel Castro but regarded the diplomatic initiative skeptically while covert pressure continued.

Signs the United States instrument of ratification for the Limited Test Ban Treaty.

McCone told Averell Harriman that CIA had not coordinated or endorsed the August policy cable on South Vietnam as Harriman had been led to believe.

Serves as a CIA contact point for information supplied to the Warren Commission about Oswald and related intelligence matters.

After Kennedy's assassination, Johnson requested that his longtime pilot James Cross qualify to fly the Boeing 707 used as the main presidential aircraft.

Kennedy approves a coup by South Vietnamese Army officers & Diem is assassinated

Kennedy approves a coup by Vietnamese Army officers during which Diem is assassinated. Kennedy approves a coup by South Vietnamese Army officers & Diem is assassinated

Faces the consequences of the coup against Ngo Dinh Diem

The FBI learned that Oswald had recently communicated with the Soviet Embassy in Washington and routed the information through normal Bureau channels.

Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied President Kennedy when he left Washington on November 21, 1963, for a two-day political trip through Texas.

McCone returned from Vietnam more discouraged about the war and increasingly doubtful that South Vietnamese leadership could carry its share of the burden.

Johnson's succession to the presidency left the vice presidency vacant, because existing law provided no mechanism for appointing a replacement vice president.

President Kennedy's casket lay in repose in the White House East Room while Jacqueline Kennedy and the family observed private mourning rites.

Jacqueline Kennedy prepared handwritten notes on funeral arrangements that are preserved in the Kennedy Library's assassination collections.

Mrs. Kennedy looked to Abraham Lincoln's funeral for precedent when shaping the ceremonial arrangements for President Kennedy's state funeral.

After the overnight medical examination at Bethesda, Mrs. Kennedy returned to the White House as preparations for the state funeral continued.

Jacqueline Kennedy took an active role in planning the state funeral, drawing on historical precedent and ceremonial traditions.

Mrs. Kennedy accompanied the Kennedy family during ceremonies transferring President Kennedy's casket from the White House to the United States Capitol.

Jacqueline Kennedy attended the ceremony as President Kennedy's casket was placed in the Capitol Rotunda to lie in state.

At President Johnson's early Vietnam policy conference, McCone gave a less optimistic assessment than other officials and questioned favorable forecasts from Saigon.

Mrs. Kennedy departed the Capitol with members of the Kennedy family after the formal lying-in-state ceremony.

On November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy left the White House for the final funeral procession honoring President Kennedy.

Jacqueline Kennedy stood with her children during the funeral ceremonies when John F. Kennedy Jr. saluted his father's passing casket.

Receives Nicholas Katzenbach's memorandum recommending the creation of a presidential commission to investigate the assassination.

Sends a memorandum urging that the public be satisfied that Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin and recommending a presidential commission to investigate the assassination.

Sends a memorandum urging that the public be satisfied that Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin and recommending a presidential commission to investigate the assassination.

Johnson received foreign leaders in Washington during diplomatic events and receptions associated with President Kennedy's funeral.

Following the burial, Mrs. Kennedy returned to the White House, where foreign leaders and dignitaries attended a post-funeral reception.

Mrs. Kennedy attended the Requiem Mass for President Kennedy at St. Matthew's Cathedral with her children, family members, and international dignitaries.

Jacqueline Kennedy walked in the funeral procession behind the caisson as it proceeded from the White House toward St. Matthew's Cathedral.

Addresses a joint session of Congress and asks lawmakers to carry forward John F. Kennedy’s legislative programme.

Johnson urged Congress to honor Kennedy's memory by securing the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill Kennedy had championed.

Johnson told Congress that the government must overcome uncertainty and delay after Kennedy's death and demonstrate its capacity for decisive action.

Johnson pledged that the United States would maintain its international commitments and continue seeking peace while preserving national strength.

Johnson addressed a joint session of Congress five days after Kennedy's assassination and asked legislators and the nation for their help.

Johnson told Congress that Kennedy's ideas and ideals should be translated into effective action rather than halted by the assassination.

Johnson used the phrase "let us continue" to frame his commitment to carry forward the national program begun under President Kennedy.

Johnson appealed for national unity after the assassination and said Americans could derive strength rather than weakness from their differences.

Johnson urged Americans to reject political fanaticism, bitterness, bigotry, hatred, and violence in the aftermath of Kennedy's assassination.

Johnson called for early passage of Kennedy's pending tax bill, arguing that continuing the measure would advance the late President's economic program.

McCone discussed Cuba with President Johnson, who requested firm recommendations and more aggressive options while rejecting any repetition of the Bay of Pigs failure.

Chairs the presidential commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Warren became chairman of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy when the commission was established by Executive Order 11130.

Establishes the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known as the Warren Commission.

Johnson appointed Chief Justice Earl Warren to chair the commission investigating President Kennedy's assassination.

Johnson issued Executive Order 11130 establishing the presidential commission that became known as the Warren Commission.

Johnson's executive order directed federal departments and agencies to provide the Warren Commission with services, information, and assistance needed for its investigation.

Johnson directed the Warren Commission to examine both Kennedy's assassination and the subsequent killing of accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.

Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Johnson created the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy to investigate the killing and report its conclusions to him.

Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Chief Justice Earl Warren to chair the commission investigating President Kennedy's assassination.

President Johnson created the commission chaired by Earl Warren to investigate Kennedy's assassination, including possible foreign or Cuban involvement.

Johnson appointed seven members to the Warren Commission, including legislators from both parties, former CIA Director Allen Dulles, and diplomat John J. McCloy.

Warren's commission sought CIA information concerning Oswald's foreign contacts, Mexico City activities, and possible foreign involvement in the assassination.

Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on the background investigation of Lee Harvey Oswald

Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on matters concerning Jack Ruby

Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and later examines evidence connected with the assassination sequence

Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on witness testimony and evidentiary review

Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on legal analysis of the assassination evidence

Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on presidential protection and related security evidence

Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and investigates Oswald's foreign contacts and Mexico City material

Warren's commission began reviewing investigative reports supplied by the FBI concerning President Kennedy's assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald, and related evidence.

Appointed general counsel of the Warren Commission and directs the legal staff during the investigation

Warren's commission obtained and reviewed Secret Service material concerning the Dallas motorcade, presidential protection, the assassination, and subsequent investigative work.

Warren chaired the commission's first meeting on December 5, 1963, as members began organizing an independent investigation of the assassination.

Under Warren's chairmanship, the commission decided that it would conduct an independent investigation rather than simply accept conclusions submitted by other government agencies.

The Warren Commission met formally for the first time on December 5, 1963 on the second floor of the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C. The Commission conducted its business primarily in closed sessions, but these were not secret sessions

McCone told Johnson that portraying the DCI chiefly as a covert operator impaired his broader intelligence role; Johnson agreed that the public image should change.

Warren appointed former Solicitor General J. Lee Rankin as general counsel of the assassination commission on December 8, 1963.

The commission chaired by Warren received statutory authority to compel testimony and evidence when Congress enacted Public Law 88-202.

Johnson's Warren Commission received statutory authority to subpoena witnesses and obtain evidence when Congress enacted Public Law 88-202.

McCone ordered experienced CIA officers to Saigon temporarily to develop additional covert reporting on the new government's effectiveness and public acceptance.

An FBI report transmitting entries from Oswald's address book to the Warren Commission omitted the entry containing Hosty's information.

McCone told President Johnson that there were more reasons for pessimism than optimism in South Vietnam and that the new military government had not demonstrated effective leadership.

Becomes director of the Apollo Program Office.

Provides medical testimony concerning the autopsy findings used by the Warren Commission.

Gives medical evidence concerning President Kennedy's autopsy and the wounds considered by the Commission.

Testifies about his participation in the autopsy of President Kennedy at Bethesda Naval Hospital.

Presents firearms and ballistics evidence used by the Warren Commission in evaluating the rifle and bullet evidence

Continues as a member of the Warren Commission and remains involved in questions about CIA evidence supplied to the inquiry.

Serves as assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on background investigations connected with Oswald.

Serves as assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on evidence concerning Jack Ruby.

Serves as assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and questions witnesses on assassination evidence.

Serves as assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and examines witness testimony from Dealey Plaza.

Serves as assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and examines Jack Ruby's background and actions.

Serves as assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on firearms, ballistics, and medical evidence

Works as Warren Commission staff counsel and helps organize legal analysis for the Commission report.

Serves as assistant counsel to the Warren Commission during the final report and supporting-volume work.

Serves as assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and examines witness and evidentiary material

Serves as assistant counsel to the Warren Commission during its inquiry into the assassination.

The Warren Commission examined whether foreign or Cuban influence had any connection to Ruby's shooting of Oswald and reported no evidence establishing such influence.

The Commission examined testimony and records concerning Oswald's contacts with Cuban diplomatic officials in Mexico City.

The Commission found no evidence that Oswald received a large payment from Cuban or other sources during his Mexico City trip.

The Commission determined that Oswald did not obtain Cuban permission to enter Cuba during his Mexico City trip.

Hunt continued managing covert-action responsibilities within the Domestic Operations Division during the middle of the 1960s.

Provides evidence considered by the Warren Commission concerning prior FBI knowledge of Lee Harvey Oswald

Works on Warren Commission material concerning Lee Harvey Oswald's foreign contacts and Mexico City evidence.

Examines fingerprint evidence connected with the rifle and paper bag evidence used in the Warren Commission inquiry.

Examines fingerprint evidence connected with the rifle and paper bag evidence used in the Warren Commission inquiry.

Under Warren's chairmanship, the Commission examined Oswald's Fair Play for Cuba Committee activities and his attempt to create a New Orleans chapter.

The Commission's published witness list identified James P. Hosty Jr. as an FBI agent whose testimony appeared in the assassination hearings.

The Commission reviewed information on undercover Cuban activity in New Orleans and reported that federal information revealed no anti-Castro group knowledge of Oswald before the assassination.

McCone accepted the counterintelligence view that Yuri Nosenko should not testify before the Warren Commission while the CIA continued disputing the credibility of his claims about Lee Harvey Oswald.

Warren's commission reconstructed Oswald's September 1963 travel to Mexico City and his efforts to obtain permission to enter Cuba.

Presents photographic evidence and analysis to the Warren Commission concerning assassination images and exhibits

The Commission investigated whether the Cuban government or pro-Castro organizations had encouraged Oswald and reported no evidence establishing such involvement.

Testifies about his claimed encounter with Jack Ruby at Parkland Hospital after Kennedy was shot.

The Warren Commission found no evidence supporting allegations that Oswald made a clandestine flight from Mexico to Cuba and back.

As assistant counsel, helps develop the single-bullet analysis used in the Warren Commission's explanation of the non-fatal wounds to Kennedy and Connally.

His wounds become central to the Warren Commission's reconstruction of the shooting sequence.

Gives testimony and the Zapruder film becomes central visual evidence considered by the Warren Commission.

Testifies about seeing a rifle or gunman in an upper window of the Texas School Book Depository.

Thought that the shots had come from the grassy knoll, despite already having seen a man in the southwest window of the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, holding a gun

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, three men who were standing on the front steps of the Texas School Book Depository, directly underneath the supposed sniper's nest, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll

Testifies about being on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository before the assassination.

Buell Wesley Frazier had given Oswald a lift to work on the morning of the assassination.

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, three men who were standing on the front steps of the Texas School Book Depository, directly underneath the supposed sniper's nest, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll

Frazier also claims that the bag Oswald had carried was a standard grocery store bag rather than a handmade package like the one that the Dallas police brought out of the Texas School Book Depository.

He stated that Oswald had carried a paper bag about 27 inches (69 cm) long, a length consistent with Frazier's description of Oswald holding one end of the package cupped in his right hand and the other tucked under his armpit.

States that the bag he saw was much too short to have contained the rifle, even in its disassembled state.

The only evidence that Oswald had carried anything at all resembling a rifle on the morning of 22 November 1963 was Wesley Frazier's account of Oswald carrying curtain rods.

There is no credible evidence that Oswald brought a rifle into the Texas School Book Depository himself. Either he had at least one accomplice, or the rifle was brought into the building without his knowledge.

Whether or not Oswald had actually claimed to be carrying curtain rods, Frazier's and Randle's accounts demonstrate that Oswald had not been carrying a rifle: the paper bag he was holding was much too small, and was not the same type as the package supposedly found on the sixth floor.

Gives evidence concerning activity inside the Texas School Book Depository before the shooting.

Gives Warren Commission testimony about seeing Lee Harvey Oswald in the Depository before the assassination.

Testifies to the Warren Commission about his actions during and immediately after the shooting in Dealey Plaza

Emmett Hudson, the only man identified out of the three standing on the steps leading up to the fence on the grassy knoll, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the Texas School Book Depository

Testifies about living with Jack Ruby and about Ruby's conduct around the time of the Oswald shooting.

Testifies about hearing shots and shell impacts from the floor above him in the Texas School Book Depository.

Testifies about seeing a man in the sixth-floor window of the Texas School Book Depository and about his later identification concerns.

Gives testimony concerning the motorcade, the shooting, and events inside the presidential limousine.

Testifies about his position in the Texas School Book Depository during the presidential motorcade.

Testifies about being wounded near Dealey Plaza, evidence that figured in the Warren Commission's analysis of the number and path of shots.

Testifies to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll

Testifies about being wounded near Dealey Plaza, evidence that figured in the Warren Commission's analysis of the number and path of shots.

Testifies to the Warren Commission about his wounds and his recollection of the shots fired in Dealey Plaza

Known as Little Lynn, testifies about Jack Ruby and events before Oswald was shot.

Linnie Mae Randle, Frazier's sister, also claimed to have seen Oswald holding a bag about 27 inches long

Testifies before the Warren Commission about her son Lee Harvey Oswald and challenges the official account of his role

The Dallas motorcycle officer testifies about encountering Oswald inside the Texas School Book Depository after the shooting.

Testifies before the Warren Commission about his acquaintance with Lee and Marina Oswald.

Testifies to the Warren Commission about the presidential motorcade and the shots heard in Dealey Plaza

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, three men who were standing on the front steps of the Texas School Book Depository, directly underneath the supposed sniper's nest, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll

Testifies to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll. Paul Landis was a Secret Service agent in the car immediately behind President Kennedy's car. My reaction at this time was that the [fatal] shot came from somewhere towards the front

Testifies to the Warren Commission as the Secret Service agent seated in the presidential limousine during the assassination

The Depository superintendent testifies about accompanying Officer Baker during the post-shooting search.

Testifies before the Warren Commission about Lee Harvey Oswald's visits, Marina Oswald's residence, and the period before the assassination

Victoria Adams was watching the motorcade from a window on the fourth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. She believed the sound came from toward the right of the building, rather than from the left and above as it must have been according to subsequent information disseminated by the

news services. Testifies to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll

2 months after the publication of its 888-page report, the Commission publishes 26 volumes of supporting documents, including the testimony or depositions of 552 witnesses and more than 3,100 exhibits.

In November 1964, two months after the publication of its 889-page report, the Commission published twenty-six volumes of supporting documents, including the testimony or depositions of 552 witnesses and more than 3,100 exhibits.

In its conclusion, the Warren Commission found "persuasive evidence from the experts" that a single bullet caused the President's neck wound and all the wounds in Governor Connally

The Warren Commission finds that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the murder of Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald. In late September 1964, after a 10-month investigation, the Warren Commission Report is published.

Member of Warren Commission

Member of Warren Commission

Member of Warren Commission

Just before the 1964 presidential election, President Johnson orders the Warren Commission documentation to be sealed against public availability for 75

Two months after the publication of its 888-page report, the Commission published twenty-six volumes of supporting documents, including the testimony or depositions of 552 witnesses and more than 3,100 exhibits. All of the Warren Commission's records are transferred to the National Archives. Later investigations agree with the Warren Commission's conclusion

that two shots struck JFK from the rear: the 1968 panel set by Attorney General Ramsey Clark, the 1975 Rockefeller Commission, and the 1978-79 House Select Committee on Assassinations.

years (until 2039)

Member of Warren Commission

Serves as general counsel to the Warren Commission and directs much of its staff investigation.

Johnson declares war on poverty

McCone proposed a covert method for independently checking reports on the progress of the South Vietnamese war and counterinsurgency effort.

1st Government report regarding dangers of smoking is issued by Luther Terry

1st Government report regarding dangers of smoking is issued by Luther Terry

McCone discussed Vietnam with the Joint Chiefs while questioning whether existing intelligence reporting gave policymakers a reliable picture of conditions in the field.

Welcomes ratification of the Twenty-Fourth Amendment abolishing poll taxes in federal elections.

The FBI informed the Warren Commission that Hosty's name and related information appeared in Oswald's address book.

Warren participated in commission proceedings examining Marguerite Oswald about Lee Harvey Oswald's upbringing, family background, and circumstances surrounding the assassination investigation.

Warren participated in commission proceedings examining Marina Oswald about her husband's life, activities, weapons, and conduct before the assassination.

Under Warren's chairmanship, the commission began taking sworn witness testimony on February 3, 1964.

A later FBI report to the Warren Commission included the Hosty information that had been missing from the December submission.

Following McCone's order, Soviet KGB defector Yuri Nosenko was brought to the United States for intensive questioning about his intelligence claims and Lee Harvey Oswald.

McCone joined a Special Group meeting reviewing clandestine and covert activities against Cuba while the Johnson administration reconsidered its pressure campaign.

Warren's commission reviewed the autopsy findings, Parkland Hospital evidence, medical testimony, and related material concerning President Kennedy's wounds.

Warren's commission examined firearms, bullets, cartridge cases, firearms-identification testimony, and other ballistics evidence connected with the assassination and Tippit killing.

Acts as a CIA counterintelligence contact for Warren Commission matters involving Oswald's foreign contacts, Mexico City material, and Soviet defector information.

Paine voluntarily provided the Warren Commission with correspondence and written communications that had passed between her and Marina Oswald.

Warren's commission examined Dallas Police Department records concerning Oswald's arrest, interrogation, detention, identification lineups, and the investigation of Officer Tippit's killing.

Warren's commission heard and collected testimony from eyewitnesses to the assassination, the Tippit shooting, and Oswald's subsequent movements.

Warren's commission studied the Dallas motorcade route, witness locations, presidential limousine evidence, and the circumstances surrounding the shooting in Dealey Plaza.

Paine voluntarily made her 1963 date book, calendar, address book, and telephone notation book available to the Warren Commission investigation.

Warren's commission examined the Zapruder film and other photographic evidence to analyze the timing and sequence of shots fired at the presidential motorcade.

McCone concluded that intelligence agencies had failed to anticipate the January coup by Nguyen Khanh and questioned whether warning indicators had been properly analyzed.

Truly described to the Warren Commission how he and Marrion Baker encountered Oswald on the second floor shortly after the shots.

Truly testified about hiring Oswald and described the duties Oswald performed as an order filler at the Texas School Book Depository.

Truly's testimony helped the Commission assess how quickly Baker and Truly reached the second floor after entering the building.

Truly testified that Oswald routinely went to the sixth floor many times each day while collecting books for customer orders.

Roy Truly testified before the Warren Commission on March 24, 1964, about Oswald's employment and events inside the Depository after the assassination.

McCone was persuaded that Nosenko should not appear before the Warren Commission while CIA counterintelligence officers continued challenging the defector's credibility.

The Warren Commission received Carlos Bringuier's testimony about Oswald's visits to his store, the August confrontation, and the later WDSU debate.

Hosty stated under oath that Oswald had not been his informant and that he knew of no FBI effort to recruit Oswald.

Hosty explained how his name, telephone number, office information, and automobile license number could have reached Oswald's address book.

In Commission testimony, Hosty described his responsibility for FBI internal-security cases involving Lee Harvey Oswald and Marina Oswald.

Hosty testified that he had never interviewed Oswald before President Kennedy's assassination.

Hosty explained the purpose of his early-November contacts at Ruth Paine's home and the limited nature of his conversations with Marina.

Hosty denied Revill's allegation that he had said the FBI knew Oswald was capable of assassinating President Kennedy.

Hosty's testimony addressed why Oswald had not been referred to the Secret Service under the FBI procedures then used for presidential threats.

Hosty testified that before November 22 he regarded Oswald as a security concern but had no information identifying him as potentially violent.

Hosty testified before the Warren Commission about the FBI's investigation of Oswald, his Paine-house contacts, and events on November 22.

McCone testified before the Warren Commission about CIA information relevant to Lee Harvey Oswald and possible foreign involvement in President Kennedy's assassination.

McCone challenged publication of The Invisible Government after CIA concluded that the book contained numerous security disclosures as well as many significant inaccuracies.

Jacqueline Kennedy provided testimony to the Warren Commission concerning what she saw and heard during the shooting in Dealey Plaza.

Warren's commission examined allegations involving anti-Castro Cuban groups and individuals to determine whether they had participated in the assassination.

Under Warren's chairmanship, the commission investigated allegations that the Cuban Government or pro-Castro organizations had been involved in the assassination.

Warren's commission examined Oswald's September 1963 trip to Mexico City and his contacts with the Soviet and Cuban diplomatic missions.

Warren's commission examined Jack Ruby's associations and allegations involving organized crime while investigating whether Ruby's killing of Oswald was conspiratorial.

Warren's commission reconstructed Oswald's background, education, military service, Soviet defection, return to the United States, employment, politics, and personal associations.

Warren's commission examined the circumstances and substance of Oswald's interrogations by Dallas police between his arrest and his death.

Warren's commission examined hostile right-wing political activity in Dallas and investigated whether it had any connection to President Kennedy's assassination.

Under Warren's chairmanship, the commission investigated whether the Soviet Government or Soviet intelligence had directed, encouraged, or assisted Oswald.

Warren's commission reviewed eyewitness, firearms, police-radio, and physical evidence concerning the killing of Dallas Patrolman J. D. Tippit.

Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, employment and federally assisted programs.

Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, employment and federally assisted programs.

Signs the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, expanding federal support for urban public transit.

Warren's commission reviewed the FBI-administered polygraph examination given to Jack Ruby after Ruby repeatedly requested such a test.

Warren's commission investigated numerous rumors, allegations, and theories concerning possible conspirators rather than limiting its inquiry to the physical evidence at Dealey Plaza.

Warren's commission evaluated Secret Service procedures used during the Dallas trip and developed recommendations intended to improve presidential protection.

Addresses the nation after reported attacks in the Gulf of Tonkin

Receives congressional authorization to use military force in Vietnam

Enables Johnson to use armed force to help SEATO members to "defend their freedom". Congress authorizes "measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the US"

Defends administration policy during passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Votes against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Votes against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The Act creates programmes for job training, community action and poverty reduction.

Signs the Economic Opportunity Act, creating the Office of Economic Opportunity and major War on Poverty programmes.

Signs the Food Stamp Act of 1964, making the food stamp programme permanent.

The Commission reported that Paine supplied Hosty's contact information to Oswald and that Marina supplied the license number recorded in his notebook.

The Warren Commission concludes that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Lee Harvey Oswald.

The Warren Commission used timing tests involving Truly and Baker in concluding that Oswald could have reached the second-floor lunchroom before they arrived.

The Warren Commission found that Hosty and other Dallas FBI agents did not interview Oswald between his October return to Dallas and November 22.

The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had not served as an FBI informant, consistent with Hosty's testimony and the Bureau files it reviewed.

The Warren Commission examined whether the FBI should have referred Oswald to the Secret Service and recorded Hosty's explanation of Bureau procedures.

Warren and the other commissioners completed and approved the commission's final report after reviewing the investigation, testimony, exhibits, and staff analyses.

The Warren Commission reported that it found no credible evidence that Oswald and Tippit knew each other before their encounter on November 22.

The Warren Commission reported that it found no credible evidence that Jack Ruby and Tippit knew each other before the assassination.

The Warren Commission finds that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the murder of Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald. In late September 1964, after a 10-month investigation, the Warren Commission Report is published

After reviewing eyewitness and physical evidence, the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald killed Dallas Patrolman J. D. Tippit.

McCone told the National Reconnaissance Program Executive Committee that he wanted CIA to retain its existing contracting responsibility for the CORONA satellite program.

Signs the Wilderness Act, creating the National Wilderness Preservation System.

McCone briefed reconnaissance officials on plans to strengthen CIA's West Coast component and consolidate Agency contracting and support functions for CORONA.

Warren signed the commission's letter transmitting its completed report to President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 24, 1964.

The Warren Commission reported that it found no evidence that a foreign government employed, persuaded, or encouraged Oswald to assassinate Kennedy.

The Commission concluded that Oswald's Fair Play for Cuba Committee contacts were not shown to be related to the assassination of President Kennedy.

Fears of possible Soviet or Cuban foreign involvement in the assassination necessitated the establishment of a bipartisan commission that, in turn, sought to depoliticize Oswald's role by downplaying his Communist affiliations