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European integration ยท permanent subject timeline

Economic and Monetary Union

From the Delors Report and intergovernmental negotiations to the single currency. This page combines historical context with 92 matching records drawn directly from the World History Database EEC archive.

92 matching archive records 1986โ€“1999 record span Open full 936-record archive

Historical context

Economic and Monetary Union: overview and significance

What happened?

Economic and Monetary Union developed through exchange-rate coordination, the Delors Report, intergovernmental negotiations and the Maastricht Treaty.

Why was it important?

EMU required member states to coordinate economic policy and created the institutional path toward a common monetary policy and the euro.

World History Database records

Economic and Monetary Union timeline

The records below are selected from the 936-record EEC and European integration archive and rendered as static HTML in chronological order.

1986
1986

Delors Commission

President of European Commission Jacques Delors ยท France ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

The Delors Commission accelerated completion of the single market and strengthened plans for economic and monetary union.

1986

Delors Commission

President of European Parliament Jacques Delors ยท France ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

The Delors Commission gave a new momentum to the process of European integration. They 'completed' the internal market and laid the foundations for the single European currency. European Economic and Monetary Union was based on the three stage plan drawn up by a committee headed by Delors (the Delors Report)

1986

Delors Report

President of European Parliament Jacques Delors ยท France ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

The Delors Commission gave a new momentum to the process of European integration. They 'completed' the internal market and laid the foundations for the single European currency. European Economic and Monetary Union was based on the three stage plan drawn up by a committee headed by Delors (the Delors Report)

1988
1988 27th June

Hanover European Council

Taoiseach of Ireland Charles James Haughey ยท Ireland ยท Hanover ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Ireland as leaders establish the Delors Committee to study monetary union.

1988 28th June

EMU Committee Chairmanship

President of European Commission Jacques Delors ยท France ยท Hanover ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

European leaders asked Delors to chair a committee examining practical steps toward economic and monetary union.

1988 28th June

Hanover European Council

President of France Francois Mitterrand ยท France ยท Hanover ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Mitterrand backed the decision to study a staged path toward European Economic and Monetary Union.

1988 28th June

Delors Committee Mandate

Foreign Minister of Germany Hans-Dietrich Genscher ยท Germany ยท Hanover ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the decision to establish the Delors Committee to study concrete steps toward economic and monetary union.

1988 28th June

Delors Committee Mandate

Foreign Minister of Greece Karolos Papoulias ยท Greece ยท Hanover ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports work examining concrete stages toward economic and monetary union.

1988 28th June

Delors Committee Mandate

Foreign Minister of Ireland Brian Lenihan ยท Ireland ยท Hanover ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports work on concrete stages toward economic and monetary union.

1988 28th June

Delors Committee Mandate

Foreign Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti ยท Italy ยท Hanover ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the decision to study concrete stages toward economic and monetary union.

1989
1989 17th April

Three-Stage Monetary Union Plan

President of European Commission Jacques Delors ยท France ยท Brussels ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

The Delors Committee recommended a three-stage route to Economic and Monetary Union.

1989 26th June

Madrid European Council

Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl ยท Germany ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Germany as leaders approve launching the first stage of economic and monetary union in July 1990.

1989 26th June

Madrid European Council

Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou ยท Greece ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Papandreou backs the Madrid timetable beginning the first phase of monetary union in July 1990.

1989 26th June

Madrid European Council

Taoiseach of Ireland Charles James Haughey ยท Ireland ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Ireland as leaders approve launching the first stage of economic and monetary union.

1989 26th June

Madrid European Council

Prime Minister of Italy Ciriaco De Mita ยท Italy ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Italy as leaders approve launching the first stage of economic and monetary union in July 1990.

1989 27th June

Madrid EMU Decision

President of France Francois Mitterrand ยท France ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Mitterrand supported starting the first stage of Economic and Monetary Union in July 1990.

1989 27th June

First Stage of EMU Agreed

Finance Minister of Germany Theodor Waigel ยท Germany ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the Madrid decision setting 1 July 1990 as the start of the first stage of economic and monetary union.

1989 27th June

Madrid EMU Decision

Foreign Minister of Greece Karolos Papoulias ยท Greece ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the timetable for beginning the first stage of economic and monetary union in July 1990.

1989 27th June

Madrid EMU Decision

Finance Minister of Ireland Albert Reynolds ยท Ireland ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the timetable beginning the first phase of economic and monetary union in July 1990.

1989 27th June

Madrid EMU Decision

Foreign Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti ยท Italy ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the Madrid timetable for beginning the first stage of economic and monetary union.

1989 8th December

Strasbourg European Council

Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl ยท Germany ยท Strasbourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Germany as leaders consider monetary union, political change in Europe and future treaty negotiations.

1989 8th December

Strasbourg European Council

Prime Minister of Greece Xenophon Zolotas ยท Greece ยท Strasbourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Greece as leaders consider monetary union and political transformation in Europe.

1989 8th December

Strasbourg European Council

Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti ยท Italy ยท Strasbourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Italy as leaders consider monetary union and the political changes reshaping Europe.

1989 9th December

Strasbourg European Council

President of France Francois Mitterrand ยท France ยท Strasbourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Mitterrand hosted European leaders as they agreed to convene negotiations on Economic and Monetary Union.

1989 9th December

EMU Intergovernmental Conference Decision

Foreign Minister of Germany Hans-Dietrich Genscher ยท Germany ยท Strasbourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the Strasbourg decision to convene an intergovernmental conference on treaty changes needed for monetary union.

1989 9th December

Strasbourg Treaty Preparations

Foreign Minister of Greece Antonis Samaras ยท Greece ยท Strasbourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports preparations for future intergovernmental negotiations on economic and monetary union.

1989 9th December

EMU Intergovernmental Conference Preparations

Treasury Minister of Italy Guido Carli ยท Italy ยท Strasbourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports work toward treaty negotiations required for economic and monetary union.

1989

Delors Report

President of European Commission Jacques Delors ยท France ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

The Delors Report proposed a three-stage process for achieving European Economic and Monetary Union.

1989

Report

Jacques Delors ยท France ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Publication of the Delors Report into further EU monetary & economic union

1990
1990 25th June

Dublin European Council

Taoiseach of Ireland Charles James Haughey ยท Ireland ยท Dublin ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Hosts the European Council as leaders agree to launch conferences on political union and monetary union.

1990 June

Dublin Political Union Initiative

President of France Francois Mitterrand ยท France ยท Dublin ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Mitterrand supported parallel negotiations on political union alongside plans for economic and monetary union.

1990 1st July

EMU Stage One

President of European Commission Jacques Delors ยท France ยท Brussels ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

The first stage of Economic and Monetary Union began under the programme developed by the Delors Committee.

1990 27th October

Rome European Council on EMU

Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl ยท Germany ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Germany as leaders advance preparations for the second stage of economic and monetary union.

1990 27th October

Rome Special European Council

Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti ยท Italy ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Hosts the special European Council that advances plans for political union and monetary union.

1990 28th October

Rome EMU Timetable

Finance Minister of Germany Theodor Waigel ยท Germany ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports work on the timetable and institutional design for economic and monetary union.

1990 28th October

Rome Monetary Union Discussions

National Economy Minister of Greece Efthymios Christodoulou ยท Greece ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Greek economic policy during negotiations on the institutional design of monetary union.

1990 28th October

European Monetary Union

Treasury Minister of Italy Guido Carli ยท Italy ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the Rome conclusions advancing the second stage of economic and monetary union.

1990 14th December

Political Union Intergovernmental Conference

Foreign Minister of Germany Hans-Dietrich Genscher ยท Germany ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports opening treaty negotiations on political union alongside the parallel conference on monetary union.

1990 14th December

Rome European Council

Prime Minister of Greece Konstantinos Mitsotakis ยท Greece ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Greece as leaders open intergovernmental conferences on political union and monetary union.

1990 14th December

Rome European Council

Taoiseach of Ireland Charles James Haughey ยท Ireland ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Ireland as the intergovernmental conferences on political and monetary union formally open.

1990 14th December

Rome European Council

Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti ยท Italy ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Hosts the European Council that opens intergovernmental conferences on political union and monetary union.

1990 15th December

Rome Intergovernmental Conferences

President of France Francois Mitterrand ยท France ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Mitterrand joined European leaders opening formal negotiations on political union and Economic and Monetary Union.

1990 15th December

Rome European Council on Political Union

Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl ยท Germany ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Backs simultaneous negotiations on political union and economic and monetary union.

1990 15th December

Monetary Union Intergovernmental Conference

National Economy Minister of Greece Efthymios Christodoulou ยท Greece ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Helps launch negotiations on treaty provisions for economic and monetary union.

1990 15th December

Monetary Union Intergovernmental Conference

Treasury Minister of Italy Guido Carli ยท Italy ยท Rome ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Helps launch the intergovernmental conference on economic and monetary union.

1991
1991 28th June

Treaty of Maastricht

Prime Minister of Belgium Wilfried Martens ยท Belgium ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Leads Belgium's delegation as the Luxembourg European Council reviews progress toward political and monetary union.

1991 28th June

Luxembourg European Council

Prime Minister of Denmark Poul Schluter ยท Denmark ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Denmark as Community leaders review preparations for the intergovernmental conferences on political union and economic and monetary union.

1991 28th June

Luxembourg European Council

Prime Minister of Greece Konstantinos Mitsotakis ยท Greece ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Greece as leaders review progress in the political and monetary union conferences.

1991 28th June

Treaty of Maastricht

Prime Minister of Portugal Anibal Cavaco Silva ยท Portugal ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Leads Portugal at Luxembourg while the Twelve review treaty work on political and monetary union.

1991 29th June

Treaty of Maastricht

Finance Minister of Belgium Philippe M.P.J. Maystadt ยท Belgium ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Develops Belgium's monetary position as negotiations continue on the path toward economic and monetary union.

1991 29th June

Treaty of Maastricht

Minister of Economy and Finance Pierre Beregovoy ยท France ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports France's economic negotiating line as the proposed monetary union takes shape.

1991 29th June

Luxembourg Monetary Union Negotiations

National Economy Minister of Greece Efthymios Christodoulou ยท Greece ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Advances Greek positions on convergence and the future monetary-union framework.

1991 29th June

Treaty of Maastricht

National Economy Minister of Greece Efthymios Christodoulou ยท Greece ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Advances Greece's financial interests while the Twelve examine the design of economic and monetary union.

1991 29th June

Luxembourg Monetary Union Negotiations

Finance Minister of Ireland Bertie Ahern ยท Ireland ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Advances Ireland's position on convergence and the design of economic and monetary union.

1991 29th June

Treaty of Maastricht

Treasury Minister of Italy Guido Carli ยท Italy ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Works to reconcile Italy's fiscal interests with the emerging economic and monetary union settlement.

1991 29th June

Treaty of Maastricht

Finance Minister of the Netherlands Wim Kok ยท Netherlands ยท Luxembourg ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Shapes Netherlands's financial position during discussions on the future monetary union.

1991 26th November

Economic and Monetary Union Negotiations

Economic Affairs Minister of Denmark Anders Fogh Rasmussen ยท Denmark ยท Copenhagen ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Answers parliamentary scrutiny as Denmark prepares its position on economic and monetary union before the Maastricht summit.

1991 9th December

Belgian Support for European Union

Prime Minister of Belgium Wilfried Martens ยท Belgium ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports stronger European institutions and movement toward monetary union.

1991 9th December

Maastricht Economic Negotiations

Economic Affairs Minister of Denmark Anders Fogh Rasmussen ยท Denmark ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Danish economic interests as leaders negotiate the structure and timetable for economic and monetary union.

1991 9th December

Economic and Monetary Union

President of European Commission Jacques Delors ยท France ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Delors promoted the staged programme for economic and monetary union agreed by European leaders.

1991 9th December

Economic and Monetary Union

President of European Commission Jacques Delors ยท France ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Promotes the staged programme leading toward economic and monetary union.

1991 9th December

Luxembourg Treaty Agreement

Prime Minister of Luxembourg Jacques Santer ยท Luxembourg ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports stronger European institutions and the route toward monetary union.

1991 9th December

Treaty of Maastricht

Prime Minister of Spain Felipe Gonzalez ยท Spain ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Joins the Maastricht summit as Spain works toward a settlement on political and monetary union.

1991 10th December

Maastricht Monetary Union Settlement

President of European Commission Jacques Delors ยท France ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Delors supported agreement on treaty provisions establishing the route toward a single European currency.

1991 10th December

German Support for Monetary Union

Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl ยท Germany ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the final Maastricht settlement establishing the route toward economic and monetary union.

1991 10th December

Maastricht EMU Negotiations

Finance Minister of Germany Theodor Waigel ยท Germany ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Helps negotiate convergence requirements and institutional arrangements for the planned economic and monetary union.

1991 10th December

Greek Treaty Agreement

Prime Minister of Greece Konstantinos Mitsotakis ยท Greece ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the final Maastricht settlement establishing European Union and the framework for economic and monetary union.

1991 10th December

Maastricht Monetary Union Agreement

National Economy Minister of Greece Efthymios Christodoulou ยท Greece ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the final economic and monetary provisions agreed at Maastricht.

1991 10th December

Treaty of Maastricht

National Economy Minister of Greece Efthymios Christodoulou ยท Greece ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports Greece's approach to convergence criteria and the timetable for monetary union.

1991 10th December

Irish Treaty Agreement

Taoiseach of Ireland Charles James Haughey ยท Ireland ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Accepts the final Maastricht settlement expanding European cooperation, citizenship rights and economic and monetary union.

1991 10th December

Maastricht Monetary Union Agreement

Finance Minister of Ireland Bertie Ahern ยท Ireland ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the final economic and monetary provisions agreed at Maastricht.

1991 10th December

Italian Treaty Agreement

Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti ยท Italy ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Accepts the final political settlement establishing European Union and the framework for economic and monetary union.

1991 10th December

Maastricht Monetary Union Negotiations

Treasury Minister of Italy Guido Carli ยท Italy ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Helps negotiate the monetary-union provisions and convergence framework agreed at Maastricht.

1991 10th December

Treaty of Maastricht

Minister of Economy and Finance Carlos Solchaga ยท Spain ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Helps conclude the financial provisions governing Spain's participation in economic and monetary union.

1992
1992 7th February

Belgian Monetary Union Signature

Finance Minister of Belgium Philippe M.P.J. Maystadt ยท Belgium ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports convergence rules leading toward the common European currency.

1992 7th February

French Monetary Union Signature

Minister of Economy and Finance Pierre Beregovoy ยท France ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the timetable and convergence provisions for monetary union.

1992 7th February

Luxembourg Monetary Union Signature

Finance Minister of Luxembourg Jean-Claude Juncker ยท Luxembourg ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports convergence requirements and the planned common European currency.

1992 7th February

Economic and Monetary Union Signature

Finance Minister of the Netherlands Wim Kok ยท Netherlands ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Commits the Netherlands to the treaty's monetary-union framework.

1992 7th February

Spanish Monetary Union Signature

Minister of Economy and Finance Carlos Solchaga ยท Spain ยท Maastricht ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports monetary convergence and greater economic cohesion within Europe.

1992 30th October

Danish EMU Reservation Proposal

Economic Affairs Minister of Denmark Anders Fogh Rasmussen ยท Denmark ยท Copenhagen ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the Danish demand for a special arrangement concerning participation in the third stage of economic and monetary union.

1992 30th October

Denmark in Europe

Prime Minister of Denmark Poul Schluter ยท Denmark ยท Copenhagen ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

The government submits Denmark in Europe, identifying defence, monetary union, citizenship and justice issues requiring special arrangements.

1992 12th December

Danish Treaty Opt-Out Settlement

Foreign Minister of Denmark Uffe Ellemann-Jensen ยท Denmark ยท Edinburgh ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Negotiates the settlement applying special arrangements to Denmark in defence, monetary union, citizenship and justice cooperation.

1992 12th December

Economic and Monetary Union Opt-Out

Economic Affairs Minister of Denmark Thor Pedersen ยท Denmark ยท Edinburgh ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the arrangement allowing Denmark not to participate in the third stage of economic and monetary union.

1993
1993 May

EMU Opt-Out Referendum Campaign

Economic Affairs Minister of Denmark Marianne Jelved ยท Denmark ยท Denmark ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Explains the economic implications of Denmark's special position on the third stage of economic and monetary union.

1993 3rd November

EMU Third Stage Notification

Economic Affairs Minister of Denmark Marianne Jelved ยท Denmark ยท Copenhagen ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

The Danish government notifies the Council that Denmark does not intend to participate in the third stage of economic and monetary union.

1995
1995 26th June

Cannes European Council

President of France Jacques Chirac ยท France ยท Cannes ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Chirac hosted European leaders at Cannes as they addressed enlargement, Mediterranean policy and preparations for monetary union.

1995 15th December

Madrid European Council

Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl ยท Germany ยท Madrid ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Represents Germany as leaders agree the timetable for monetary union and choose euro as the single currency's name.

1996
1996 1st July

Fifth Irish EU Presidency

Taoiseach of Ireland John Bruton ยท Ireland ยท Dublin ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Begins Ireland's fifth Council Presidency with monetary union and treaty reform as major priorities.

1996 14th December

Dublin Stability Pact Agreement

Finance Minister of Germany Theodor Waigel ยท Germany ยท Dublin ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports the Dublin agreement on the essential elements of the Stability and Growth Pact for monetary union.

1996 14th December

Dublin Stability Pact Agreement

Treasury Minister of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi ยท Italy ยท Dublin ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Supports agreement on key elements of the Stability and Growth Pact for monetary union.

1999
1999 1st January

Euro Monetary Union Begins

Finance Minister of Germany Oskar Lafontaine ยท Germany ยท Berlin ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Serves as finance minister when Germany enters the third stage of economic and monetary union.

1999 1st January

Euro Monetary Union Begins

Finance Minister of Ireland Charlie McCreevy ยท Ireland ยท Dublin ยท European Economic Community (EEC)

Oversees Irish fiscal policy as Ireland enters the third stage of economic and monetary union.

Editorial provenance

Sources and editorial review

Compiled and edited by World History Database.

Historical context is editorial material; the chronology is generated from World History Database EEC records.

Last reviewed: September 2026.

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