Conspiracy
A common plan or conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes or crimes against humanity.
International justice · 1945–1949
Nuremberg Trials
A searchable chronology of the International Military Tribunal and the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, covering defendants, witnesses, testimony, judgments, sentences and the development of post-war international criminal law.
509historical records
221named people
475event labels
1945–49coverage
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Crawlable Nuremberg collectionsBrowse the Nuremberg Trials by topicexpand / collapse
Open dedicated HTML pages that can be followed without JavaScript. These indexes lead to individual people, events, years and trials throughout the collection.
34 main participantsMain participantsPrincipal IMT defendants, prosecutors, judges and major witnesses with dedicated static profile pages.
221 peoplePeople A–ZDefendants, prosecutors, judges, witnesses, military officers and other participants.
475 event topicsEvents A–ZTestimony, evidence, indictments, judgments, sentences and major trial milestones.
37 sentence recordsSentencesBrowse IMT verdicts, prison terms, death sentences and sentencing decisions from the subsequent trials.
22 execution recordsExecutionsFollow the condemned IMT defendants, the 16 October 1946 hangings and Goering's suicide before execution.
1945–1949Browse by yearFollow the chronology of the IMT and the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings.
14 proceedingsTrials & proceedingsExplore the IMT, Doctors Trial, Justice Trial, Einsatzgruppen Trial and other cases.
International Military TribunalThe four categories of chargeexpand / collapse
The Tribunal Charter framed the principal case around conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Crimes against peace
Planning, preparing, initiating or waging aggressive war.
War crimes
Violations of the laws or customs of war, including unlawful treatment of civilians and prisoners.
Crimes against humanity
Murder, deportation, persecution and other inhumane acts directed against civilian populations.
The searchable record archive is derived from the supplied World History Database dataset. External research sources are listed separately below.
Selected milestonesNuremberg chronologyexpand / collapse
- Ribbentrop Appears at Opening of IMT
Ribbentrop appeared in the defendants' dock when the International Military Tribunal opened proceedings against the principal surviving leaders of Nazi Germany.
- Goering Pleads Not Guilty before IMT
Goering entered a plea of not guilty when the defendants were individually called upon to answer the charges set out in the indictment.
- Ohlendorf Testifies about Einsatzgruppen Killings
Ohlendorf testifies about Einsatzgruppe operations and acknowledges that mobile killing units carried out systematic mass executions in occupied Soviet territory.
- Hoess Testifies about Auschwitz Extermination Operations
Former Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Hoess testifies about mass killing procedures, deportations and the operation of the extermination camp.
- Jackson Delivers Final Prosecution Argument
Jackson delivers a final prosecution address summarising the American case for individual responsibility and judgment on the charged crimes.
- Goering Gives Final Statement to Tribunal
Goering uses his final opportunity to address the judges after the close of evidence and argument.
- Judgment Reading Begins
Lawrence opens the public reading of the Tribunal's judgment, which continues into the following day.
- IMT Verdict for Hermann Wilhelm Goering
The Tribunal convicts Goering and sentences him to death for his leading role in aggressive war and other crimes.
- Execution of von Ribbentrop
At 01:16 on 16 October 1946, von Ribbentrop was hanged in the prison gymnasium by U.S. Army executioner John C. Woods after identifying himself and making a final statement.
- Doctors Trial Opens
Taylor opened the prosecution of physicians and administrators in the first Subsequent Nuremberg Proceeding.
- Justice Trial Opens
The Justice Case opened against former judges and Justice Ministry officials accused of using the legal system for persecution.
- Nuremberg Code
The Doctors Trial judgment set out ten principles for permissible human experimentation, later known as the Nuremberg Code.
- IG Farben Trial Opens
Military Tribunal VI opened the IG Farben Case against company executives.
- Einsatzgruppen Trial Opens
The Einsatzgruppen Case opened before a United States military tribunal.
- High Command Trial Opens
The High Command Case opened against senior German commanders and staff officers.
- Ministries Trial Sentence
The tribunal announced sentences in the Ministries Case after delivering its judgment.
JudgmentsSelected IMT defendants and verdictsexpand / collapse
Generated directly from verdict records in the supplied collection. Defendant names link to crawlable static profile pages.
Albert Speer
Speer is convicted and receives twenty years imprisonment for forced-labour exploitation and his senior role in the German war economy.
Alfred Jodl
Jodl is convicted and condemned to death for his participation in aggressive planning and criminal military operations.
Alfred Rosenberg
Rosenberg is convicted and condemned to death for his role in Nazi ideology, occupation policy and persecution.
Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Seyss-Inquart is convicted and sentenced to death for occupation policies, deportations and other crimes in the Netherlands and elsewhere.
Baldur von Schirach
Schirach is convicted of crimes against humanity for deportations from Vienna and is sentenced to twenty years imprisonment.
Erich Raeder
Raeder is convicted and given life imprisonment for his role in naval planning and participation in aggressive war.
Ernst Kaltenbrunner
Kaltenbrunner is convicted and sentenced to death for war crimes and crimes against humanity connected with the security apparatus.
Franz von Papen
Von Papen is acquitted because the Tribunal does not find the evidence sufficient to establish guilt under the charged international crimes.
Fritz Sauckel
Sauckel is sentenced to death after conviction for the mass deportation and exploitation of forced labourers.
Hans Frank
Frank receives a death sentence after conviction for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in occupied Poland.
Hans Fritzsche
Fritzsche is acquitted after the Tribunal finds that his propaganda activities do not meet the criminal threshold of the indictment.
Hermann Wilhelm Goering
The Tribunal convicts Goering and sentences him to death for his leading role in aggressive war and other crimes.
Hjalmar Schacht
Schacht is acquitted after the Tribunal concludes that the charges proved against him do not establish criminal responsibility under the indictment.
Joachim von Ribbentrop
Ribbentrop is convicted and sentenced to death for his central diplomatic role in aggression and related crimes.
Julius Streicher
Streicher is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death for sustained incitement to anti-Jewish persecution.
Karl Doenitz
Doenitz is convicted on selected counts and sentenced to ten years imprisonment for his wartime leadership and participation in aggressive war.
Konstantin von Neurath
Von Neurath is convicted and sentenced to fifteen years for participation in aggression and occupation policies, including his rule in Bohemia and Moravia.
Martin Bormann
Bormann is convicted in absentia and sentenced to death for his role in persecution and the Nazi Party leadership.
Subsequent proceedingsCases beyond the main trialexpand / collapse
Open the dedicated static page for each case represented in the Nuremberg collection.
Doctors Trial
Medical experimentation, euthanasia policy and the responsibilities of physicians and administrators.
Open case →Milch Trial
The prosecution of Erhard Milch for forced labour, deportation and related wartime conduct.
Open case →Justice Trial
Judges and Justice Ministry officials accused of turning legal institutions into instruments of persecution.
Open case →Pohl Trial
SS economic and concentration-camp administration, forced labour and crimes connected with the WVHA.
Open case →Flick Trial
Industrialists prosecuted over forced labour, plunder and financial support for criminal organizations.
Open case →IG Farben Trial
IG Farben executives prosecuted for forced labour, plunder and other wartime offences.
Open case →Hostage Trial
German commanders tried over reprisals, hostage killings and occupation warfare in southeastern Europe.
Open case →RuSHA Trial
SS racial policy, forced population transfers, kidnapping and resettlement programmes.
Open case →Einsatzgruppen Trial
Commanders and officers prosecuted for systematic mass shootings in occupied eastern Europe.
Open case →Krupp Trial
Krupp industrial executives prosecuted for forced labour, plunder and wartime exploitation.
Open case →High Command Trial
Senior German military leaders tried over unlawful orders, occupation policy and command responsibility.
Open case →Ministries Trial
Senior diplomats and government officials prosecuted for their roles in Nazi state policy and war crimes.
Open case →Other Nuremberg Proceedings
Additional Nuremberg records covering legal preparation, review and proceedings outside the principal case pages.
Open case →Research trailSources and further researchexpand / collapse
Harvard Law School — Nuremberg Trials ProjectLibrary of Congress — Nuremberg military legal resourcesUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum — International Military TribunalMemorium Nuremberg Trials — Courtroom 600
Browse the complete crawlable 509-record archive
Goering Served with IMT Indictment
Goering was personally served in German with the IMT indictment, the Tribunal Charter, procedural notice and information concerning his right to legal counsel.
Indictment Places Goering on All Four Counts
The indictment before the Tribunal charged Goering under all four counts: conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Ribbentrop Appears at Opening of IMT
Ribbentrop appeared in the defendants' dock when the International Military Tribunal opened proceedings against the principal surviving leaders of Nazi Germany.
Speer Appears as IMT Trial Opens
Speer appeared in the defendants' dock when the International Military Tribunal opened proceedings against the principal surviving leaders of Nazi Germany.
Goering Pleads Not Guilty before IMT
Goering entered a plea of not guilty when the defendants were individually called upon to answer the charges set out in the indictment.
Jackson Opening Places Goering among Principal Leaders
In the American opening case, Robert Jackson presented Goering as one of the central surviving leaders whose offices and authority connected him to the alleged Nazi conspiracy.
Ribbentrop Pleads Not Guilty before Tribunal
When called upon to answer the indictment, Ribbentrop entered a plea of not guilty to the charges brought against him before the International Military Tribunal.
Speer Pleads Not Guilty before IMT
When called upon individually by the Tribunal, Speer entered a plea of not guilty to the charges contained in the international indictment.
Industrial Mobilization Evidence Links Goering to Rearmament
The prosecution connected Goering with meetings and administrative measures that mobilized industrial resources, finance and production for the expansion of German military power.
Prosecution Presents Four Year Plan Evidence against Goering
American prosecutors introduced evidence that Goering directed the Four Year Plan and exercised broad economic powers used to accelerate German rearmament and war preparation.
Eastern Economic Planning Evidence Names Goering
Prosecutors presented records showing that Goering was informed of plans for operations in the East and held senior responsibility for economic preparations connected with the invasion.
Gestapo Formation Evidence Cites Goering
The prosecution introduced laws and statements identifying Goering as the official who created and organized the Prussian Secret State Police before its later national expansion.
Ohlendorf Testifies about Einsatzgruppen Killings
Ohlendorf testifies about Einsatzgruppe operations and acknowledges that mobile killing units carried out systematic mass executions in occupied Soviet territory.
Hoellriegel Testifies on Mauthausen Gas Chamber
Hoellriegel provides evidence concerning killing facilities and procedures at Mauthausen concentration camp.
Bach-Zelewski Testifies on Anti-Partisan Killings
Bach-Zelewski gives evidence about SS anti-partisan operations, mass shootings and the relationship between police formations and military authorities.
Forced Labour Case Connects Goering to Four Year Plan
Evidence on forced labour emphasized that Sauckel operated within the Four Year Plan structure for which Goering held overarching authority as its plenipotentiary.
Soviet Labour Directives Presented against Goering
The prosecution cited wartime directives attributed to Goering concerning the use of Soviet civilians and prisoners of war as labour within the German war economy.
Blaha Testifies on Dachau Camp Conditions
Blaha recounts conditions at Dachau, including deaths, medical abuse and his work around the camp's pathological facilities.
Heisig Testifies on Naval Conduct
Heisig gives testimony used during the prosecution's examination of German naval operations and wartime orders.
Moehle Testifies on U-Boat Orders
Moehle explains how U-boat commanders received operational orders and describes instructions relevant to the prosecution of German naval warfare.
Lampe Testifies on Concentration Camp Treatment
Lampe gives evidence about detention and mistreatment in the concentration-camp system during the French prosecution case.
Boix Testifies with Mauthausen Photographs
Boix identifies photographs connected with Mauthausen and explains how images documenting camp personnel and conditions were preserved.
Dupont Testifies in French Prosecution Case
Dupont gives evidence during the French presentation concerning persecution and conditions imposed under German occupation.
Vaillant-Couturier Testifies on Auschwitz and Ravensbrueck
Vaillant-Couturier recounts deportation, imprisonment and conditions she witnessed at Auschwitz and Ravensbrueck concentration camps.
Veith Testifies on Mauthausen
Veith recounts his imprisonment at Mauthausen and describes conditions experienced by prisoners under the concentration-camp regime.
Balachowsky Testifies on Camp Experiments
Balachowsky recounts imprisonment and discusses medical experimentation conducted on concentration-camp inmates.
Cappelen Testifies on Occupied Norway
Cappelen provides evidence concerning German occupation policies and conditions experienced in Norway under wartime rule.
Vorrink Testifies on German Occupation of Netherlands
Vorrink provides evidence about German occupation policy, political repression and treatment of Dutch civilians.
Van der Essen Testifies on Occupation Policy
Van der Essen gives evidence concerning German occupation practices and the historical record of policies applied in western Europe.
Buschenhagen Testifies on Invasion Planning
Buschenhagen answers Soviet prosecution questions about German military planning and cooperation connected with operations against the Soviet Union.
Paulus Testifies on Planning against Soviet Union
Paulus gives evidence about German military planning for the attack on the Soviet Union and the role of senior commanders in preparations.
Orbeli Testifies on Cultural Destruction
Orbeli describes damage and destruction affecting cultural institutions and historic property during the German invasion of the Soviet Union.
Lomakin Testifies on Leningrad Destruction
Lomakin gives Soviet evidence concerning destruction, bombardment and civilian suffering connected with the siege of Leningrad.
Rajzman Testifies on Treblinka
Rajzman recounts deportation and mass killing at Treblinka, giving direct evidence about the operation of the extermination camp.
Bodenschatz Describes Goering Peace Contacts
Karl Bodenschatz testified about Goering's pre-war contacts and statements, presenting the defence argument that Goering had attempted to preserve peaceful relations with Britain.
Bodenschatz Explains Goering Four Year Plan Position
Bodenschatz described Goering's explanation that the Four Year Plan was intended to secure strategic raw materials and reduce Germany's dependence on foreign imports.
Bodenschatz Testifies on Goering Headquarters
Bodenschatz gives evidence about Goering's headquarters, Luftwaffe leadership and contacts among senior figures of the Nazi regime.
Goering Defence Presentation Begins
Goering's defence case began with testimony from witnesses chosen to address his political intentions, Luftwaffe leadership, economic authority and relationship with Hitler.
Milch Begins Evidence for Goering Defence
Erhard Milch began evidence for Goering's defence, addressing Luftwaffe administration, wartime decision-making and the internal relationship between Goering and Hitler.
Milch Discusses Goering Opposition to Soviet War
During continued testimony, Milch described conversations indicating that Goering had reservations about attacking the Soviet Union and understood the danger of a prolonged eastern war.
Brauchitsch Gives Evidence on Goering Luftwaffe Headquarters
Bernd von Brauchitsch testified about his service around Goering's Luftwaffe headquarters and provided evidence concerning command routines and senior military communications.
Kesselring Begins Luftwaffe Evidence for Goering
Albert Kesselring gave evidence about Luftwaffe development and command, supporting parts of Goering's defence concerning air-force policy before and during the war.
Kesselring Testifies on Luftwaffe Command
Kesselring answers questions about Luftwaffe operations, command responsibility and the military decision-making process.
Koerner Testifies on Four Year Plan
Koerner gives evidence about the Four Year Plan organization, Goering's authority and economic preparations connected with the war.
Koerner Testifies on Goering Economic Authority
Paul Koerner described Goering's position within the Four Year Plan organization and the administrative machinery through which economic directives were transmitted.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Explains Early Nazi Leadership Role
His testimony described his early position in the Nazi movement and sought to explain how his political authority developed before the party entered government.
Goering Recounts Early Career and Political Rise
Goering opened his evidence with an account of his upbringing, military career, First World War service and eventual entry into Hitler's political movement.
Goering Sworn as Defence Witness
Goering took the witness stand, gave his name and repeated the oath before beginning the lengthy personal testimony presented in his own defence.
Kesselring Cross Examination Raises Goering Gestapo Role
During Kesselring's cross-examination, prosecutors drew attention to Goering's responsibility for establishing the Prussian Gestapo and questioned claims about limited knowledge of persecution.
Kesselring Identifies Goering as Luftwaffe Channel to Hitler
Kesselring stated that Goering was the principal channel through which Luftwaffe information and views could reach Hitler at the highest level of command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Addresses Nazi Party Programme
Goering discussed the Nazi Party programme, his acceptance of its broad aims and the methods by which the movement intended to obtain and exercise political power.
Goering Addresses Police and Security Powers
Goering described the early security structure under his control and defended measures taken against political opponents during the establishment of the Nazi state.
Goering Discusses German Rearmament Policy
His evidence addressed German rearmament and the rebuilding of military strength, presenting these policies as responses to Germany's strategic and political position.
Goering Explains Consolidation of Nazi Power
The defence examination moved through the consolidation of Nazi rule, with Goering explaining governmental changes and his own expanding authority after Hitler became chancellor.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Addresses Neutrality of Belgium and Netherlands
He argued that German leaders doubted whether Belgian and Dutch neutrality would remain effective during a major war in western Europe.
Goering Discusses Western Offensive Decisions
Goering testified about the military reasoning used to justify operations against the Netherlands and Belgium during the western campaign of 1940.
Goering Explains Luftwaffe Strategic Decisions
Goering described Luftwaffe planning and operational considerations while defending his conduct as commander-in-chief during the opening campaigns of the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Addresses Responsibility for Austrian Entry
Goering acknowledged that the decision to send German forces into Austria rested with Hitler and himself, irrespective of subsequent political telegrams from Vienna.
Goering Describes Reich Defence Council Role
Goering addressed his formal position connected with the Reich Defence Council and asserted that the body described in the relevant law had not functioned as alleged.
Goering Discusses Military Obedience under Hitler
Goering explained his view that senior officers could express disagreement in peacetime but were expected to obey once Hitler had made a final decision.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Admits Four Year Plan War Readiness Language
Under cross-examination, Goering acknowledged using language that described his task as placing the German economy in a state of readiness for war within four years.
Jackson Begins Cross Examination of Goering
Robert Jackson began a sustained cross-examination intended to test Goering's account of Nazi policy, rearmament, aggression and his personal responsibility within the regime.
Jackson Challenges Goering on Soviet Attack Preparations
Jackson questioned Goering about advance knowledge of plans against the Soviet Union and the economic and military preparations made before Operation Barbarossa.
Dahlerus Evidence Examines Goering Peace Diplomacy
Birger Dahlerus gave evidence about his contacts with Goering during the 1939 crisis and the unsuccessful efforts to facilitate communication between Germany and Britain.
Dahlerus Testifies on 1939 Peace Contacts
Dahlerus describes his efforts to mediate between British and German leaders during the final days before the outbreak of war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Jackson Questions Goering on Secret Mobilization Measures
Jackson pressed Goering on military preparations and secrecy, challenging attempts to characterize German mobilization measures as ordinary precautions rather than preparations for aggressive war.
Tribunal Directs Goering to Answer Cross Examination Responsively
After disputes over lengthy explanations, the Tribunal reminded Goering that he was required to answer prosecution questions directly before adding explanations through proper examination.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Confronted with Prisoner Labour Conference Record
The prosecution confronted Goering with conference records concerning the employment of prisoners of war and foreign labour, testing his explanations of responsibility and authorship.
Goering Questioned on Kristallnacht Economic Measures
Cross-examination examined Goering's participation in the post-Kristallnacht economic conference, including measures affecting Jewish property, insurance claims and the imposed collective fine.
Jackson Examines Goering Occupation Economic Directives
Jackson questioned Goering about economic directives applied in occupied territories and the authority exercised through officials responsible for carrying out Four Year Plan policies.
Jackson Questions Goering on Nuremberg Laws
Jackson questioned Goering about his role as Reichstag president when the Nuremberg racial laws were proclaimed and about the legal persecution that followed.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Maxwell-Fyfe Questions Goering on Great Escape Investigation
British prosecutor David Maxwell-Fyfe questioned Goering about Luftwaffe knowledge of investigations following the escape and subsequent killing of Allied airmen from Stalag Luft III.
Maxwell-Fyfe Tests Goering Account of Dahlerus Contacts
Maxwell-Fyfe challenged Goering's interpretation of Dahlerus's 1939 missions and questioned discrepancies concerning the purpose and handling of the Swedish intermediary's flights.
Rudenko Challenges Goering on Eastern Exploitation Policy
The Soviet cross-examination addressed Goering's economic directives for occupied eastern territories and disputed his attempts to soften the meaning of recorded extraction policies.
Rudenko Examines Goering Role in Barbarossa Preparations
Rudenko pressed Goering on Luftwaffe preparations for the attack on the Soviet Union and on his knowledge of strategic and territorial objectives in the East.
Rudenko Questions Goering on Position beside Hitler
Soviet chief prosecutor Roman Rudenko questioned Goering about his proximity to Hitler and his influence over Luftwaffe, economic and high-level political decisions.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Testimony Phase Concludes
Goering's multi-day appearance as the first defendant witness concluded after defence examination and questioning by American, British and Soviet prosecutors.
Tribunal Notes Breadth of Goering Evidence
The Tribunal observed that Goering had been permitted to give extensive evidence covering the development of the Nazi regime from its rise through Germany's defeat.
Bohle Testifies on Nazi Foreign Organization
Bohle describes the Nazi Party's Foreign Organization and answers questions about its structure, functions and dealings with Germans abroad.
Defence Witnesses Address Ribbentrop British Policy
Ribbentrop's defence presented witnesses who discussed his attempts to cultivate Anglo-German relations and his conduct while serving as ambassador in London.
Paul Schmidt Evidence Examines Ribbentrop Foreign Office Role
Interpreter Paul Schmidt gave evidence about Ribbentrop's work in the Foreign Office, his diplomatic style and his relationship with senior officials and Hitler.
Paul Schmidt Testifies on Foreign Policy Meetings
Schmidt describes diplomatic conferences and conversations he interpreted for senior German leaders before and during the war.
Ribbentrop Defence Evidence Turns to Anglo German Diplomacy
The defence used testimony concerning the 1935 Naval Agreement and later diplomatic contacts to present Ribbentrop as an advocate of accommodation with Britain.
Ribbentrop Addresses Austrian Crisis of 1938
His testimony examined the Austrian crisis, including meetings with Chancellor Schuschnigg and Ribbentrop's claim that closer political union should be achieved through agreement.
Ribbentrop Addresses Secret Protocol Negotiations
His evidence addressed the confidential arrangements negotiated with the Soviet Union concerning spheres of interest in eastern Europe alongside the public non-aggression agreement.
Ribbentrop Describes Final August 1939 British Contacts
Ribbentrop described the final diplomatic contacts with British ambassador Nevile Henderson and the unsuccessful effort to resolve the German-Polish confrontation before hostilities began.
Ribbentrop Describes Polish Crisis Diplomatic Exchanges
Ribbentrop recounted the worsening German-Polish crisis of 1939 and presented his version of the proposals exchanged among Berlin, Warsaw and London before war began.
Ribbentrop Discusses German Soviet Non Aggression Pact
Ribbentrop testified about his mission to Moscow and the negotiations that produced the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact shortly before the invasion of Poland.
Ribbentrop Discusses Sudeten and Czechoslovak Questions
Ribbentrop described German policy toward Czechoslovakia and the Sudeten dispute while defending his role in the diplomatic steps that preceded the Munich settlement.
Ribbentrop Explains Danzig and Corridor Negotiations
The defence questioned Ribbentrop about negotiations with Poland over Danzig, minority issues and a transport connection across the Polish Corridor.
Ribbentrop Testifies on Appointment as Foreign Minister
Ribbentrop described his appointment as Foreign Minister in February 1938 and explained how he assumed control of the ministry after serving as ambassador in London.
Ribbentrop Addresses Policy toward France after 1940
His testimony reviewed German diplomatic policy toward defeated France and the limited efforts made to obtain closer political collaboration with the Vichy government.
Ribbentrop Addresses War Declaration on United States
His defence testimony examined Germany's declaration of war on the United States and Ribbentrop's account of the legal and strategic considerations discussed after Pearl Harbor.
Ribbentrop Discusses Balkan Neutrality Policy
Ribbentrop stated that German diplomacy sought to keep the Balkans out of the wider war while monitoring British and French military activity in southeastern Europe.
Ribbentrop Explains Second Moscow Mission
He described his September 1939 return to Moscow, where German and Soviet representatives negotiated a new boundary arrangement following the defeat of Poland.
Ribbentrop Responds to Foreign Office Jewish Policy Document
Ribbentrop was questioned about a Foreign Office circular concerning the Jewish question and denied treating the document as an important statement of his own policy.
Ribbentrop Testifies on Memel Settlement
Ribbentrop gave evidence about the return of Memel to Germany and portrayed the settlement with Lithuania as a negotiated solution to a longstanding territorial dispute.
Ribbentrop Testifies on Tripartite Pact Purpose
Ribbentrop characterized the Tripartite Pact with Italy and Japan as a diplomatic measure intended to strengthen Germany's position and discourage United States intervention.
Cross Examination Tests Ribbentrop Soviet Pact Account
Questions from defence counsel for other defendants and prosecutors tested Ribbentrop's description of the German-Soviet agreements and his part in negotiating their secret provisions.
Maxwell Fyfe Begins Cross Examination of Ribbentrop
British prosecutor David Maxwell-Fyfe began cross-examining Ribbentrop about his diplomatic career, relations with Britain and knowledge of German plans for expansion and war.
Maxwell Fyfe Challenges Ribbentrop on British Intentions
Maxwell-Fyfe challenged Ribbentrop's account of Anglo-German relations and questioned whether he had understood before the war that Britain would resist further German expansion.
Amen Questions Ribbentrop Loyalty to Hitler
American prosecutor John Amen questioned Ribbentrop about his pledge not to create difficulties for Hitler and his willingness to carry out decisions even after voicing disagreement.
French Prosecution Questions Ribbentrop on Occupied Europe
French prosecutor Edgar Faure questioned Ribbentrop about Foreign Office involvement in occupied European territories and the diplomatic administration of German control.
Ribbentrop Cross Examination Concludes
After questioning by British, French, American and Soviet prosecutors, Ribbentrop's extended appearance as a defendant witness came to an end.
Rudenko Questions Ribbentrop on Soviet Invasion Policy
Soviet chief prosecutor Roman Rudenko challenged Ribbentrop over the attack on the Soviet Union and his claim that the invasion should be regarded as preventive rather than aggressive.
Lammers Testifies on Hitler Government Machinery
Lammers explains the Reich Chancellery's role, Hitler's working methods and the transmission of decisions through the Nazi government.
Lammers Returns for Extended Defence Testimony
Lammers continues detailed evidence about cabinet procedure, Hitler's decrees and the functioning of central government under the Nazi dictatorship.
Wielen Testifies on Stalag Luft III Murders
Wielen testifies about the investigation and aftermath of the killing of escaped Allied airmen from Stalag Luft III.
Riecke Testifies on Eastern Food Policy
Riecke answers questions about food administration and agricultural policy in territories occupied by Germany in eastern Europe.
Hoess Testifies about Auschwitz Extermination Operations
Former Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Hoess testifies about mass killing procedures, deportations and the operation of the extermination camp.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Frank testified before the Tribunal about his rule in occupied Poland.
Buehler Testifies on General Government
Buehler gives evidence about administration in occupied Poland and the authority exercised within Hans Frank's General Government.
Witness Testimony at Nuremberg
Gisevius testified as a defence witness about opposition circles and the Nazi leadership.
Witness Testimony at Nuremberg
Gisevius testified as a defence witness about opposition circles and the Nazi leadership.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Streicher testified before the Tribunal about his propaganda activities and political career.
Witness Testimony at Nuremberg
Gisevius testified as a defence witness about opposition circles and the Nazi leadership.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Streicher testified before the Tribunal about his propaganda activities and political career.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schacht testified in his defence about economic policy, rearmament and his break with the Nazi leadership.
Wurzbacher Testifies during Schacht Defence
Wurzbacher appears during Schacht's case and gives evidence concerning economic and financial matters examined by the defence.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schacht testified in his defence about economic policy, rearmament and his break with the Nazi leadership.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schacht testified in his defence about economic policy, rearmament and his break with the Nazi leadership.
Hayler Testifies on Wartime Economic Administration
Hayler answers questions about wartime economic administration and the responsibilities of officials working under the Reich Economics Ministry.
Gerhard Wagner Testifies on Naval Command
Wagner gives evidence about German naval command relationships, operational planning and issues raised in the defence of senior admirals.
Godt Testifies on U-Boat Operations
Godt gives evidence about U-boat command, operational orders and naval practices considered during the defence of Doenitz.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Severing Testifies on Pre-Nazi Politics
Severing provides evidence about German political conditions before 1933 and the destruction of democratic institutions under National Socialism.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schirach testified before the Tribunal concerning his political and wartime activities.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schirach testified before the Tribunal concerning his political and wartime activities.
Naujocks Testifies on Security Service Operations
Naujocks gives evidence concerning covert Security Service operations and activities carried out by special units before and during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schirach testified before the Tribunal concerning his political and wartime activities.
Hoepken Testifies during Schirach Defence
Hoepken gives evidence concerning youth administration and political responsibilities examined during Baldur von Schirach's defence.
Lauterbacher Testifies on Nazi Party Leadership
Lauterbacher answers questions concerning Party leadership structures and responsibilities within the Nazi political organization.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Timm Testifies in Sauckel Defence
Timm appears for Sauckel's defence and addresses labour administration, recruitment practices and the operation of wartime manpower offices.
Hildebrandt Testifies in Sauckel Case
Hildebrandt appears during Sauckel's defence and addresses the organization and operation of wartime labour administration.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Winter Testifies for High Command Defence
Winter gives evidence concerning staff procedures and command relationships relied upon by the defence of the German High Command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Seyss-Inquart began testimony concerning his political roles in Austria and the occupied Netherlands.
Glaise-Horstenau Testifies on Austrian Politics
Glaise-Horstenau gives evidence concerning Austrian political developments, the Anschluss period and figures connected with Seyss-Inquart.
Rainer Testifies on Austrian Nazi Administration
Rainer gives evidence concerning Austrian Nazi politics, regional administration and issues raised in the defence of Seyss-Inquart.
Guido Schmidt Testifies on Austrian Diplomacy
Schmidt gives evidence about Austrian foreign policy and relations with Germany during the political crisis preceding the Anschluss.
Skubl Testifies on Vienna Police during Anschluss
Skubl answers questions about Austrian police activity and public order during the German takeover of Austria.
Wimmer Testifies on Netherlands Administration
Wimmer discusses civil administration under German occupation and matters connected with Seyss-Inquart's government in the Netherlands.
Speer Acknowledges Knowledge of Involuntary Foreign Labour
Speer acknowledged that he knew foreign workers were being used in Germany against their will while his ministry continued to demand manpower for war production.
Speer Addresses Central Planning Responsibilities
Speer discussed his role in central economic planning and the relationship between his armaments responsibilities, industrial production and requests for labour.
Speer Addresses Subterranean Armaments Factories
The defence questioned Speer about underground armaments plants, and he described their scale, technical requirements and the composition of the labour force used there.
Speer Denies Using Terror to Increase Factory Output
He denied that his ministry had promoted terror as a normal method for increasing output and argued that sustained industrial production depended on effective working conditions.
Speer Describes Appointment as Armaments Minister
Speer described how he moved from architecture into wartime administration and succeeded Fritz Todt as Reich Minister responsible for armaments and munitions in 1942.
Speer Describes Mauthausen Inspection
Speer described a wartime visit to Mauthausen undertaken while inspecting industrial projects and explained what he said he knew about work and construction around the camp.
Speer Discusses Concentration Camp Labour in Industry
Speer testified about the employment of concentration-camp prisoners in armaments factories and described the conditions he claimed to have observed during industrial inspections.
Speer Discusses Labour Allocation Demands
The defence examined how Speer's offices submitted labour requirements for armaments production while the actual recruitment and allocation machinery operated through other agencies.
Speer Explains Armaments Production Organization
Speer outlined the industrial committees, ministry offices and production controls through which his administration attempted to increase armaments output during the later war years.
Speer Explains Expansion of Armaments Authority
His testimony traced the enlargement of his ministry's authority over armaments production and explained the administrative structure used to coordinate German war industry.
Speer Rejects Extermination by Work as Industrial Policy
Speer rejected the suggestion that deliberate exhaustion or destruction of workers could serve armaments industry, arguing that such turnover would undermine production itself.
Speer Takes Oath for Defence Testimony
Speer took the witness stand, stated his full name and swore the Tribunal's oath before beginning his evidence in his own defence.
Speer Accepts Responsibility for Orders He Carried Out
He stated that he accepted responsibility for directives issued within his own sphere and for Hitler's orders that he personally implemented, while distinguishing actions he did not execute.
Speer Accepts Share of Reich Leadership Responsibility
Speer told the Tribunal that, as an important member of the Reich leadership from 1942, he accepted a share of responsibility for the catastrophe produced by the war.
Speer Calls Final Months of Fighting Senseless
Speer told the Tribunal that the sacrifices made after January 1945 were senseless and argued that continued fighting only increased deaths and destruction after defeat had become inevitable.
Speer Dates Full Armaments Commitment to January 1945
Speer testified that he devoted his full efforts to maximizing German armaments production until the middle of January 1945, when his conduct began to change.
Speer Describes Attempts to Shorten the War
His testimony described measures taken during the final months of the conflict that he said were intended to reduce destruction and bring an already lost war to an earlier end.
Speer Describes Efforts to Preserve Bridges and Transport
Speer explained efforts to limit demolition of bridges and communications infrastructure, including discussions with military commanders as Allied forces advanced into Germany.
Speer Describes Opposition to Industrial Destruction in the West
Speer described intervening against proposed destruction of industrial facilities in western occupied territories and said he accepted personal responsibility for preventing some demolitions.
Speer Describes Resistance to Scorched Earth Orders
Speer testified that he opposed Hitler's scorched-earth policy because destruction of factories, utilities and transport systems would leave the German population without a viable economic base.
Speer Explains Measures to Protect Mines and Industry
He recounted issuing unauthorized instructions intended to preserve coal mines, ore facilities and other productive assets as German forces withdrew from western areas.
Speer Presents March Memorandum Opposing Destruction
The defence introduced Speer's March 1945 memorandum warning Hitler that systematic destruction of industry, transport and supply facilities would make post-war survival and reconstruction far more difficult.
Jackson Cross Examines Speer on Wartime Responsibility
Robert Jackson cross-examined Speer about the reach of his authority, his knowledge of labour conditions and the extent to which ministerial responsibility followed from wartime decisions.
Soviet Prosecution Questions Speer on Economic Plunder
Soviet prosecutor Mikhail Raginsky questioned Speer about exploitation of occupied territories and sought to connect his economic administration with wartime plunder and removal of resources.
Speer Clarifies Historical and Criminal Responsibility
On redirect examination, Speer explained that his acceptance of common responsibility referred to leadership responsibility before Germany and history, while leaving criminal liability for the Tribunal to decide.
Speer Defence Evidence Concludes
After final questions and submission of supporting documents, Speer's counsel closed the evidentiary presentation of his defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Grothmann Gives Commission Evidence
Grothmann provides evidence for the defence concerning SS administration and his service within Heinrich Himmler's personal staff.
Ahrens Testifies on Katyn Issue
Ahrens gives evidence during proceedings addressing competing allegations concerning the killings of Polish officers at Katyn.
Defence Final Arguments Enter Closing Phase
The Tribunal begins the final phase of defence argument after months of evidence from defendants, witnesses and documentary exhibits.
Horn Opens Final Defence Plea for Ribbentrop
Defence counsel Martin Horn began his final plea for Ribbentrop, arguing that the former Foreign Minister's diplomatic activities did not establish criminal responsibility for aggressive war.
Horn Continues Final Argument on Ribbentrop Responsibility
Horn continued the final defence argument, addressing Ribbentrop's relationship with Hitler, the limits of Foreign Office authority and allegations concerning war crimes and persecution.
Wahl Gives Commission Testimony on Party Leadership
Wahl gives evidence concerning Gauleiter responsibilities and the structure of the Nazi Party leadership organization.
Speer Defence Final Argument Presented
Defence counsel Hans Flachsner delivered the final argument for Speer, disputing charges of aggressive-war responsibility and addressing forced labour, concentration camps and Speer's late-war opposition to destruction.
Jackson Delivers Final Prosecution Argument
Jackson delivers a final prosecution address summarising the American case for individual responsibility and judgment on the charged crimes.
French Prosecution Gives Final Address
Champetier de Ribes presents France's concluding argument on the evidence and responsibility of the defendants.
Soviet Prosecution Concludes Final Argument
Rudenko completes the Soviet closing case, asking the Tribunal to convict the principal defendants and criminal organizations.
Hoeppner Testifies on Security Administration
Hoeppner appears during the organizational defence and gives evidence about Security Service administration and responsibilities.
Schlegelberger Testifies on Justice Ministry
Schlegelberger explains Justice Ministry administration and legal policy during the Nazi period in testimony before the Tribunal.
Eberstein Testifies on SS and Police Structure
Eberstein gives evidence concerning the organization of SS and police commands during the defence case on alleged criminal organizations.
Hausser Testifies on Waffen-SS
Hausser describes the Waffen-SS command structure and argues distinctions between military formations and other branches of the SS.
Morgen Testifies on SS Camp Investigations
Morgen describes investigations he conducted into corruption and killings within concentration camps while serving as an SS judicial officer.
Roessner Testifies in SS Organization Case
Roessner appears during defence evidence concerning the SS and answers questions about institutional structure and individual functions.
Manstein Testifies for German High Command
Manstein appears for the defence of the General Staff and High Command, describing senior command structure and military decision-making.
Gruss Testifies in Organizations Case
Gruss appears during the defence evidence concerning indicted organizations and answers questions about membership and institutional responsibility.
Juettner Testifies on SS Main Office
Juettner gives evidence concerning the SS Main Office, Waffen-SS administration and issues raised in the organizational case.
Schreiber Testifies on Military Medical Research
Schreiber gives evidence about German military medical administration and research discussed during the late stages of the IMT.
Goering Gives Final Statement to Tribunal
Goering uses his final opportunity to address the judges after the close of evidence and argument.
Ribbentrop Delivers Final Statement to Tribunal
Ribbentrop used his final statement to reject the prosecution's interpretation of German foreign policy and to deny that he had knowingly planned a war of aggression.
Schacht Gives Final Statement before Deliberations
Schacht makes his final courtroom statement before the Tribunal adjourns for judgment.
Seyss-Inquart Gives Final Statement
Seyss-Inquart addresses the judges for the last time before deliberations begin.
Speer Gives Final Statement before Judgment
Speer addresses the Tribunal in his last statement before the judges retire to consider the final judgment.
Tribunal Adjourns to Prepare Judgment
Lawrence adjourns the court after final statements so the judges can complete deliberations on guilt, organizations and sentences.
Judgment Reading Begins
Lawrence opens the public reading of the Tribunal's judgment, which continues into the following day.
General Staff and High Command Not Declared Criminal
The Tribunal refuses to designate the General Staff and High Command as a criminal organization, while leaving individual responsibility unaffected.
Gestapo Declared Criminal Organization
The Tribunal declares the Gestapo criminal within the limits stated in its judgment, enabling later proceedings against qualifying members.
IMT Verdict for Albert Speer
Speer is convicted and receives twenty years imprisonment for forced-labour exploitation and his senior role in the German war economy.
IMT Verdict for Alfred Jodl
Jodl is convicted and condemned to death for his participation in aggressive planning and criminal military operations.
IMT Verdict for Alfred Rosenberg
Rosenberg is convicted and condemned to death for his role in Nazi ideology, occupation policy and persecution.
IMT Verdict for Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Seyss-Inquart is convicted and sentenced to death for occupation policies, deportations and other crimes in the Netherlands and elsewhere.
IMT Verdict for Baldur von Schirach
Schirach is convicted of crimes against humanity for deportations from Vienna and is sentenced to twenty years imprisonment.
IMT Verdict for Erich Raeder
Raeder is convicted and given life imprisonment for his role in naval planning and participation in aggressive war.
IMT Verdict for Ernst Kaltenbrunner
Kaltenbrunner is convicted and sentenced to death for war crimes and crimes against humanity connected with the security apparatus.
IMT Verdict for Franz von Papen
Von Papen is acquitted because the Tribunal does not find the evidence sufficient to establish guilt under the charged international crimes.
IMT Verdict for Fritz Sauckel
Sauckel is sentenced to death after conviction for the mass deportation and exploitation of forced labourers.
IMT Verdict for Hans Frank
Frank receives a death sentence after conviction for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in occupied Poland.
IMT Verdict for Hans Fritzsche
Fritzsche is acquitted after the Tribunal finds that his propaganda activities do not meet the criminal threshold of the indictment.
IMT Verdict for Hermann Wilhelm Goering
The Tribunal convicts Goering and sentences him to death for his leading role in aggressive war and other crimes.
IMT Verdict for Hjalmar Schacht
Schacht is acquitted after the Tribunal concludes that the charges proved against him do not establish criminal responsibility under the indictment.
IMT Verdict for Joachim von Ribbentrop
Ribbentrop is convicted and sentenced to death for his central diplomatic role in aggression and related crimes.
IMT Verdict for Julius Streicher
Streicher is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death for sustained incitement to anti-Jewish persecution.
IMT Verdict for Karl Doenitz
Doenitz is convicted on selected counts and sentenced to ten years imprisonment for his wartime leadership and participation in aggressive war.
IMT Verdict for Konstantin von Neurath
Von Neurath is convicted and sentenced to fifteen years for participation in aggression and occupation policies, including his rule in Bohemia and Moravia.
IMT Verdict for Martin Bormann
Bormann is convicted in absentia and sentenced to death for his role in persecution and the Nazi Party leadership.
IMT Verdict for Rudolf Hess
Hess is convicted and receives life imprisonment for conspiracy and crimes against peace.
IMT Verdict for Walter Funk
Funk is convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for his economic role in the Nazi regime and exploitation of occupied Europe.
IMT Verdict for Wilhelm Frick
Frick is convicted and sentenced to death for his part in Nazi state policy, occupation administration and persecution.
IMT Verdict for Wilhelm Keitel
Keitel is found guilty on all four counts and receives a death sentence for his role in criminal military orders and aggressive war.
Nazi Leadership Corps Declared Criminal
The Tribunal finds specified levels of the Nazi Party Leadership Corps to constitute a criminal organization.
SA Not Declared Criminal Organization
The Tribunal declines to declare the SA criminal as an organization under the Charter.
SS and SD Declared Criminal Organizations
The Tribunal declares the SS, including the SD, criminal subject to the qualifications set out in the judgment.
Execution of Goering
At about 22:45 on 15 October 1946, Goering bit a concealed potassium-cyanide capsule in his Nuremberg Prison cell and died before his scheduled hanging; guards and medical staff found him moments later.
Goering Dies by Suicide before Execution
Goering kills himself with cyanide on the night before the scheduled executions, avoiding the death sentence by hanging.
Execution of Frank
At about 01:58 on 16 October 1946, Frank was hanged after quietly thanking his captors for their treatment and asking God for mercy before the trap was released.
Execution of Frick
At 02:08 on 16 October 1946, Frick was hanged in the prison gymnasium after stating 'Long live eternal Germany'; contemporary accounts record him being pronounced dead at about 02:20.
Execution of Jodl
At 02:34 on 16 October 1946, Jodl was hanged after giving a brief final greeting to Germany; he remained on the gallows while the last condemned prisoner was brought in.
Execution of Kaltenbrunner
At 01:39 on 16 October 1946, Kaltenbrunner was hanged after giving a final statement; contemporary reporting records the trap being sprung while Keitel remained on the adjacent gallows.
Execution of Keitel
At about 01:20 on 16 October 1946, Keitel was hanged in the Nuremberg Prison gymnasium shortly after von Ribbentrop, having delivered a final statement before the trap was released.
Execution of Rosenberg
At 01:49 on 16 October 1946, Rosenberg was hanged at Nuremberg Prison; he declined to make a final statement before the hood and noose were placed and the trap released.
Execution of Sauckel
At 02:26 on 16 October 1946, Sauckel was hanged after declaring his innocence and speaking about Germany and his family; the trap was released while Streicher's execution was still being completed.
Execution of Seyss-Inquart
At 02:45 on 16 October 1946, Seyss-Inquart became the last of the ten men hanged, after making a final statement expressing hope that the execution would close the war's tragedy.
Execution of Streicher
At 02:14 on 16 October 1946, Streicher was hanged after shouting from the scaffold and addressing his wife; eyewitnesses reported movement and groaning after the trap opened.
Execution of von Ribbentrop
At 01:16 on 16 October 1946, von Ribbentrop was hanged in the prison gymnasium by U.S. Army executioner John C. Woods after identifying himself and making a final statement.
Frank Executed following IMT Conviction
Frank is hanged after receiving a death sentence for crimes committed under his rule in occupied Poland.
Frick Executed at Nuremberg Prison
Frick is executed by hanging after conviction for his participation in Nazi state policy, aggression and persecution.
Jodl Executed following IMT Death Sentence
Jodl is hanged after conviction for crimes connected with aggressive war and criminal military operations.
Kaltenbrunner Executed after Judgment
Kaltenbrunner is hanged following conviction for war crimes and crimes against humanity connected with the Nazi security apparatus.
Keitel Executed at Nuremberg Prison
Keitel is executed by hanging for the crimes on which the International Military Tribunal convicted him.
Ribbentrop Executed after IMT Sentence
Ribbentrop is hanged after the Tribunal's death sentence becomes final and clemency petitions fail.
Rosenberg Executed at Nuremberg
Rosenberg is put to death by hanging after the Tribunal condemns his role in Nazi occupation policy and persecution.
Sauckel Executed for Forced Labour Crimes
Sauckel is hanged at Nuremberg Prison after the judgment fixes personal responsibility for directing the wartime forced-labour programme.
Seyss-Inquart Executed at Nuremberg Prison
Seyss-Inquart is executed by hanging after conviction for aggression, occupation crimes and persecution.
Streicher Executed after Crimes against Humanity Conviction
Streicher is hanged after the Tribunal finds him guilty of crimes against humanity arising from sustained incitement to persecution.
General Order 301 Supports Subsequent Trial Programme
United States Forces issue General Order 301 as part of the administrative authority supporting the later Nuremberg military tribunals.
Taylor Assigned Leadership of Subsequent U.S. Trials
Taylor assumes responsibility for the American programme of subsequent Nuremberg prosecutions against professional and institutional groups beyond the principal Nazi leaders.
Beals Adopts Medical Tribunal Rules
Beals presided when Military Tribunal I formally adopted procedural rules governing the Medical Case before the doctors' trial opened.
Crawford Joins Medical Tribunal Rules Meeting
Crawford participated in the pre-trial meeting at which Military Tribunal I settled the procedural framework for the forthcoming prosecution of medical defendants.
Sebring Signs Medical Tribunal Procedure Rules
Sebring joined the tribunal in approving rules that established how motions, evidence and courtroom procedure would be handled in the Medical Case.
Swearingen Serves as Alternate at Medical Tribunal Rules Session
Swearingen attended as alternate judge when the Medical Tribunal approved its rules and prepared the court for the first Subsequent Nuremberg proceeding.
Milch Trial Indictment
Milch was indicted on charges involving forced labour, medical experiments and crimes against humanity.
Lahousen Testifies on Abwehr Criminal Orders
Lahousen describes discussions and orders within German military intelligence concerning sabotage, executions and criminal methods used during the war.
Beals Opens Doctors Trial as Presiding Judge
Beals opened the Medical Case and directed the first trial session against physicians and officials accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Doctors Trial Opens
Taylor opened the prosecution of physicians and administrators in the first Subsequent Nuremberg Proceeding.
Medical Case Tests Responsibility for Human Experimentation
The first subsequent proceeding examines physicians and administrators accused of criminal medical experiments and other abuses committed under state authority.
Doctors Trial High-Altitude Evidence Presented
The prosecution introduces evidence on Dachau high-altitude experiments and the use of concentration-camp prisoners in lethal aviation research.
Doctors Trial Freezing Experiment Evidence Presented
The prosecution presents evidence concerning freezing experiments at Dachau and the suffering imposed on prisoners used as human test subjects.
Doctors Trial Malaria Experiment Evidence Presented
The prosecution turns to malaria experiments conducted on prisoners and the medical responsibility of officials connected with the programme.
Doctors Trial Seawater Experiment Evidence Presented
Evidence is introduced about seawater experiments intended to test survival methods while prisoners endured dangerous deprivation.
Doctors Trial Sterilization Evidence Presented
The prosecution presents the programme of sterilization experiments designed to develop methods for suppressing reproduction among targeted populations.
Doctors Trial Skeleton Collection Evidence Presented
The court hears evidence about the plan to murder selected Jewish prisoners for an anatomical skeleton collection.
Doctors Trial Sulfanilamide Experiment Evidence Presented
The prosecution details wound and drug experiments in which prisoners were deliberately injured to test sulfanilamide treatment.
Milch Trial Arraignment
Milch was arraigned before Military Tribunal II and pleaded not guilty.
Subsequent Trials Extend Accountability beyond Top Leaders
The American programme targets doctors, judges, industrialists, SS administrators, diplomats and military commanders whose conduct was not resolved by the IMT.
Milch Trial Opens
Military Tribunal II opened the trial of former Luftwaffe Field Marshal Erhard Milch.
Musmanno Begins Service in Milch Case
Musmanno began hearing the Milch prosecution as one of the three sitting judges responsible for evaluating testimony, documentary evidence and the defendant's legal responsibility.
Phillips Takes Seat on Milch Tribunal
Phillips took his place as a member of Military Tribunal II when proceedings opened against Erhard Milch at the Palace of Justice.
Speight Serves as Alternate Judge for Milch Case
Speight served as the designated alternate for Military Tribunal II, available to replace a sitting judge if illness or incapacity interrupted the Milch Case.
Toms Presides as Milch Trial Opens
Toms presided as the Milch Case began, placing former Luftwaffe field marshal Erhard Milch before Military Tribunal II on forced-labour and wartime responsibility charges.
Doctors Trial Typhus Vaccine Evidence Presented
The prosecution presents evidence on typhus and vaccine experiments carried out on concentration-camp prisoners under coercive conditions.
Doctors Trial Biological Warfare Evidence Presented
The prosecution examines alleged biological-warfare research and the involvement of medical officials in experimentation on prisoners.
Doctors Trial Euthanasia Evidence Presented
Evidence is presented on the Nazi euthanasia programme and the killing of patients and other persons classified as unfit to live.
Pohl Trial Indictment
Pohl and other WVHA officials were indicted for war crimes, crimes against humanity and SS membership.
Karl Brandt Defence Case Begins
Brandt begins his defence against charges involving medical experiments, euthanasia policy and responsibility within the Nazi health system.
Karl Brandt Testifies in Doctors Trial
Karl Brandt took the stand in his own defence and addressed his authority in the German medical system, euthanasia policy and allegations concerning human experimentation.
Speer Gives Sworn Interrogation for Milch Case
Speer was examined under oath in connection with the Milch Case, answering questions about Milch's position, armaments administration, labour matters and wartime organizational relationships.
Gutzeit Testifies on Karl Brandt Medical Reputation
Gutzeit testified about Karl Brandt's professional standing and discussed wartime medical administration in support of the lead defendant's case.
Hippke Testifies in Milch Defence
Former Luftwaffe medical inspector Erich Hippke gives defence evidence concerning medical administration and responsibility for wartime experiments.
Lammers Testifies for Karl Brandt Defence
Lammers gave evidence about Karl Brandt's access to Hitler, governmental responsibilities and the administrative setting in which Brandt exercised medical authority.
Handloser Defence Case Begins
Handloser's defence addresses command responsibility within the German armed forces medical service and his connection to wartime experimentation.
Handloser Testifies on Military Medical Command
Handloser testified about the structure of the armed-forces medical service and disputed that his senior position gave him operational control over every experimental programme.
Richter Testifies in Milch Case
Karl Richter appears for the defence as the Milch proceedings examine responsibility for aviation medicine and forced labour.
Neff Appears in Milch Trial
Walter Neff gives evidence in the Milch Case concerning matters already examined in connection with concentration-camp medical experiments.
Blair Appointed Judge of Tribunal III
Blair received appointment to Military Tribunal III, giving him responsibility for hearing evidence about the use of German courts as instruments of persecution.
Brand Appointed Judge of Tribunal III
Brand was appointed a member of Military Tribunal III and joined the judicial panel created to hear the prosecution of Nazi-era legal officials.
Harding Named Alternate Judge of Tribunal III
Harding was named alternate judge for the Justice Case, providing the tribunal with a replacement member if one of the regular judges became unable to continue.
Marshall Appointed Presiding Judge of Tribunal III
Marshall was designated presiding judge of Military Tribunal III, the court constituted to hear the Justice Case against judges and Justice Ministry officials.
Ruff Testifies in Milch Case
Siegfried Ruff is called in the Milch defence to address aviation research and questions surrounding high-altitude experimentation.
Speer Testifies for Milch Defence
Albert Speer testifies about Milch's wartime position, armaments administration and relations within the German war economy.
Wolff Testifies in Milch Case
Karl Wolff appears as a defence witness while the Tribunal considers Milch's connections with senior Nazi and SS officials.
Wuerfler Testifies for Handloser Defence
Wuerfler described the armed-forces medical hierarchy and offered evidence intended to define the practical limits of Handloser's command authority.
Bernhard Schmidt Testifies on Military Medical Organization
Schmidt explained military medical organization and responsibilities, supplying the Tribunal with evidence relevant to the defence of Siegfried Handloser.
Hartleben Testifies on Handloser Command Structure
Hartleben testified about reporting relationships within German military medicine and the channels through which research and administrative decisions were communicated.
Rostock Defence Case Begins
Rostock opens his defence against allegations concerning the organisation and coordination of criminal medical research.
Rostock Testifies on Medical Research Administration
Rostock described his work in medical research administration and challenged the prosecution's claim that his office coordinated criminal experiments on concentration-camp prisoners.
Christensen Testifies for Rostock Defence
Christensen gave evidence about the Office for Medical Science and Research and supported Rostock's argument that the organization did not centrally direct criminal experiments.
Karlstetter Testifies in Rostock Defence
Karlstetter testified about administrative matters surrounding Rostock's office and supplied evidence concerning its daily work and personnel relationships.
Schroeder Defence Case Begins
Schroeder's defence examines his Luftwaffe medical responsibilities and the evidence connecting him to experiments on concentration-camp prisoners.
Schroeder Testifies on Luftwaffe Medical Service
Schroeder testified about Luftwaffe medical responsibilities, research requests and his knowledge of experiments involving seawater, aviation medicine and infectious disease.
Jentsch Testifies for Schroeder Defence
Jentsch described Luftwaffe medical administration and offered testimony concerning Schroeder's responsibilities, communications and involvement in wartime research programmes.
Augustinick Testifies on Luftwaffe Medical Work
Augustinick gave evidence about Luftwaffe medical operations and sought to clarify how research proposals and orders moved through the service during Schroeder's tenure.
Genzken Defence Case Begins
Genzken begins answering charges arising from his senior medical role in the Waffen-SS and alleged participation in experimentation.
Genzken Testifies on Waffen SS Medical Authority
Genzken explained the organization of Waffen-SS medical services and responded to allegations linking his command position with experiments performed on prisoners.
Witt Testifies for Schroeder Defence
Witt appeared for Schroeder's defence and provided evidence about the administrative context of Luftwaffe medical work examined by the Tribunal.
Gebhardt Defence Case Begins
Gebhardt opens his defence concerning surgical experiments, SS medical authority and operations conducted on prisoners at Ravensbrueck.
Gebhardt Testifies on Ravensbrueck Experiments
Gebhardt defended the surgical experiments conducted at Ravensbrueck and described the medical reasoning he claimed lay behind wound-treatment and bone-transplant procedures.
Raeder Testifies in Milch Case
Erich Raeder gives defence testimony concerning Milch's standing within the German leadership and wartime command structure.
Justice Case Tests Criminal Use of Courts
The Justice Case examines whether judges and ministry officials used legal institutions as instruments of persecution and unlawful punishment.
Justice Trial Opens
The Justice Case opened against former judges and Justice Ministry officials accused of using the legal system for persecution.
Fischer Defence Case Begins
Fischer begins his defence over his work as Gebhardt's assistant and his participation in experimental surgery on prisoners.
Fischer Testifies on Experimental Surgery
Fischer testified about his work as Gebhardt's assistant and described his participation in surgical experiments carried out on women imprisoned at Ravensbrueck.
Pohl Trial Arraignment
Pohl and the other WVHA defendants were arraigned before Military Tribunal II.
Milch Begins Personal Defence Testimony
Milch takes the stand in his own defence and addresses allegations involving forced labour and his responsibilities in the Luftwaffe war economy.
Blome Defence Case Begins
Blome answers allegations involving biological warfare, medical research administration and the Nazi euthanasia programme.
Kosmehl Testifies before Blome Defence
Kosmehl testified about medical research and administrative matters before Blome's own testimony began, providing background for the biological-warfare allegations.
Blome Testifies on Biological Warfare Research
Blome gave evidence about biological-warfare research, plague and vaccine work, while denying that he personally conducted criminal experiments on concentration-camp inmates.
Behl Testifies in Justice Case
Conrad Behl testifies as the prosecution develops its case concerning the use of German courts as instruments of political persecution.
Flick Amended Indictment Filed
An amended indictment refines the charges against Flick and five associates concerning forced labour, plunder and financial support for the SS.
Flick Trial Indictment
Flick and five executives were indicted for offences including slave labour, plunder and support for the SS.
Pieck Testifies during Blome Defence
Pieck appeared during Blome's defence and gave evidence used to challenge parts of the prosecution's account of wartime medical and biological research.
Meine Testifies for Rudolf Brandt Defence
Meine described work within Himmler's staff and helped explain the administrative environment in which Rudolf Brandt handled correspondence concerning SS medical matters.
Rudolf Brandt Defence Case Begins
Rudolf Brandt begins his defence concerning administrative support for SS medical programmes and correspondence handled for Heinrich Himmler.
Rudolf Brandt Testifies on Himmler Correspondence
Rudolf Brandt described his administrative work for Heinrich Himmler and attempted to distinguish clerical transmission of orders from responsibility for the medical programmes discussed in correspondence.
Mrugowsky Defence Case Begins
Mrugowsky's defence addresses vaccine research, camp experiments and his leadership role in the Waffen-SS Hygiene Institute.
Mrugowsky Testifies on SS Hygiene Institute
Mrugowsky testified about the Waffen-SS Hygiene Institute, vaccine research and his relationship to typhus, poison and other experiments examined by the prosecution.
Seiler Testifies in Justice Case
Irene Seiler gives evidence about Nazi racial law enforcement and the human consequences of politically controlled judicial proceedings.
Ferber Testifies in Justice Case
Karl Ferber begins testimony concerning judicial practice under National Socialism and the operation of special political courts.
Horn Testifies in Mrugowsky Defence
Horn testified about medical and laboratory matters relevant to Mrugowsky's defence against allegations involving vaccines, poisons and the Waffen-SS Hygiene Institute.
Oberheuser Defence Case Begins
Oberheuser begins her defence concerning medical experiments performed on women imprisoned at Ravensbrueck.
Oberheuser Testifies on Ravensbrueck Medical Work
Oberheuser described her duties at Ravensbrueck and answered evidence concerning treatment of prisoners subjected to wound, drug and surgical experiments.
Pohl Trial Opens
The Pohl Case opened against officials of the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office.
Poppendick Defence Case Begins
Poppendick opens his defence against charges connected with SS racial institutions and criminal medical experimentation.
Poppendick Testifies on SS Medical Administration
Poppendick testified about SS medical administration and denied exercising the degree of control over experimental programmes alleged by the prosecution.
Doebig Testifies in Justice Case
Friedrich Doebig gives evidence on the transformation of German judicial institutions and pressures placed on judges under the Nazi regime.
Sievers Defence Case Begins
Sievers begins his defence over the Ahnenerbe's role in medical experiments and the Jewish skeleton collection project.
Sievers Testifies on Ahnenerbe Medical Projects
Sievers gave evidence about Ahnenerbe research, its links with SS medical projects and the administrative chain behind experiments and the Jewish skeleton collection.
Borkenau Testifies during Sievers Defence
Borkenau testified during the Sievers case and supplied background evidence intended to assist the defence in interpreting the defendant's political and institutional circumstances.
May Testifies for Sievers Defence
May gave evidence concerning the Ahnenerbe and the institutional setting in which Sievers carried out administrative duties connected with research projects.
Hielscher Testifies for Sievers Defence
Hielscher described his contacts with Sievers and provided personal and political evidence that the defence used to characterize Sievers's conduct under the Nazi regime.
Topf Testifies on Sievers Activities
Topf gave evidence about Sievers's wartime activities and relationships, adding testimony to the defence case concerning the Ahnenerbe administrator.
Block Testifies for Gerhard Rose Defence
Block testified about infectious-disease research and professional circumstances relevant to Gerhard Rose's defence against charges connected with typhus and malaria experimentation.
Milch Trial Judgment Delivered
Military Tribunal II delivers judgment, acquitting Milch on medical-experiment allegations but convicting him on forced-labour charges.
Rose Defence Case Begins
Rose opens his defence concerning typhus research, vaccine testing and experiments carried out on concentration-camp prisoners.
Toms Presides over Milch Judgment
Toms presided when Military Tribunal II announced its judgment in the Milch Case after completing the evidentiary and argument stages of the trial.
Hoering Testifies on Rose Medical Research
Hoering discussed scientific work associated with Rose and addressed medical research practices that the defence argued were distinct from coercive camp experimentation.
Milch Trial Sentence
Milch was sentenced to life imprisonment after conviction on two counts.
Rose Testifies on Typhus and Malaria Research
Rose testified about infectious-disease research and defended his actions concerning typhus and malaria work that prosecutors connected with experimentation on prisoners.
Flick Arraigned before Military Tribunal IV
Flick is arraigned with the other defendants and enters a plea as the industrialist prosecution moves into open court.
Flick Trial Opens
The fifth Subsequent Nuremberg Proceeding opened against Friedrich Flick and five associates.
Christianson Takes Seat on Flick Tribunal
Christianson took his seat on the tribunal at the opening of the Flick Case and began hearing evidence concerning industrial conduct during the war.
Dixon Serves as Alternate Judge in Flick Case
Dixon served as alternate judge for the Flick Tribunal, standing ready to preserve continuity of the trial if a regular member could no longer sit.
Richman Joins Flick Tribunal
Richman joined the sitting judicial panel as the Flick proceedings commenced and the prosecution began presenting its case against the industrial defendants.
Sears Presides as Flick Trial Opens
Sears presided when the Flick Case opened against industrialist Friedrich Flick and five associates accused of wartime exploitation and support for criminal organizations.
Ruff Defence Case Begins
Ruff begins his defence regarding aviation medicine and the high-altitude experiments conducted at Dachau.
Ruff Testifies on High Altitude Research
Ruff described aviation-medicine research and sought to separate his scientific work from the lethal high-altitude experiments conducted on prisoners at Dachau.
Romberg Testifies on Dachau Aviation Experiments
Romberg testified about his participation in aviation experiments and explained the role he claimed to have played during high-altitude research at Dachau.
IG Farben Trial Indictment
Krauch and other IG Farben executives were indicted for aggressive war, plunder, slave labour and related crimes.
Weltz Testifies on Aviation Medicine Institute
Weltz described the Institute for Aviation Medicine and denied responsibility for criminal experimentation carried out outside the research activities he supervised.
Hederich Testifies during Brack Defence
Hederich gave evidence about administrative and political matters relevant to Viktor Brack's role in the Chancellery and the programmes examined at trial.
Pfannmueller Testifies on Euthanasia Programme
Pfannmueller testified about the euthanasia programme and institutional medical practices, providing evidence during the defence phase of Viktor Brack's case.
Hostage Trial Indictment
List and other German commanders were indicted over reprisals, hostage killings and crimes in southeastern Europe.
Brack Testifies on Euthanasia and Sterilization
Brack testified about his role in the Chancellery, the euthanasia programme and proposals for mass sterilization, while disputing aspects of the prosecution's account.
Becker-Freyseng Testifies on Seawater Research
Becker-Freyseng described Luftwaffe research into making seawater drinkable and answered allegations concerning the design and approval of experiments at Dachau.
Jaeger Testifies for Becker-Freyseng Defence
Jaeger appeared for Becker-Freyseng and discussed aviation-medicine research and scientific questions associated with the defendant's work.
Schaefer Testifies on Seawater Treatment Methods
Schaefer explained competing methods for treating seawater and denied that his scientific work made him responsible for coercive testing performed on prisoners.
Vollhardt Testifies in Schaefer Defence
Vollhardt testified during Schaefer's defence about scientific work on seawater treatment and the research context in which the competing methods were evaluated.
Dorn Testifies before Beiglboeck Defence
Dorn gave evidence concerning medical research and procedures relevant to the seawater experiments before Beiglboeck's own extended testimony began.
Beiglboeck Testifies on Dachau Seawater Experiments
Beiglboeck defended his conduct during the Dachau seawater experiments and addressed the treatment, observation and condition of the prisoners used as test subjects.
Ivy Gives Expert Testimony on Human Experimentation
Ivy presented expert evidence on accepted medical research standards, voluntary consent and the ethical distinctions between legitimate experimentation and coercive testing on prisoners.
Milch Sentence Affirmed by Military Governor
The United States Military Governor affirms Milch's life sentence after review of the judgment in the second Subsequent Nuremberg Proceeding.
Tschofenig Testifies on Seawater Experiments
Tschofenig gave prosecution testimony concerning the Dachau seawater experiments and described conditions surrounding the prisoners who were used as experimental subjects.
Brand Becomes Presiding Judge of Tribunal III
Brand became presiding judge after Carrington Marshall was relieved because of illness, while Harding moved from alternate status to a full judicial seat.
Hoven Testifies on Buchenwald Medical Activity
Hoven testified about his duties at Buchenwald and answered charges involving typhus experiments, killings by injection and participation in the euthanasia programme.
Justice Case Defence Phase Addresses Rothaug
The defence phase begins as Rothaug and other judicial defendants answer allegations that courts were deliberately used for persecution and unlawful punishment.
Pokorny Testifies on Sterilization Proposal
Pokorny defended the memorandum in which he discussed a possible sterilization method and argued that he had not taken part in experiments on prisoners.
Altstoetter Defence Case Presented
Altstoetter's defence contests allegations arising from his Justice Ministry position and his membership in the SS.
Flick Defence Case Opens
The defence opens its case and Flick begins giving evidence about his companies, wartime labour practices and relations with Nazi institutions.
Flick Cross-Examination Begins
Prosecutors begin cross-examining Flick about corporate decisions, forced labour, occupied property and payments connected with the SS.
Burke Takes Seat on Hostage Tribunal
Burke took his place on the Hostage Tribunal as the prosecution began presenting evidence about command responsibility and retaliatory measures against civilians.
Carter Joins Hostage Tribunal
Carter joined the judicial panel at the start of the Hostage Case and participated in examining the legality of German occupation orders and reprisals.
Hostage Trial Opens
The Hostage Case opened before Military Tribunal V.
Oeschey Defence Evidence Presented
Oeschey's defence addresses his work in special courts and the prosecution's claim that judicial authority became an instrument of persecution.
Wennerstrum Presides as Hostage Trial Opens
Wennerstrum presided when the Hostage Case opened against German commanders charged over reprisals, hostage killings and occupation warfare in southeastern Europe.
Schacht Testifies in Flick Trial
Hjalmar Schacht appears as a defence witness during the industrialist trial and gives evidence concerning German economic policy and Flick's position.
Einsatzgruppen Trial Indictment
Ohlendorf and other Einsatzgruppen leaders were indicted for mass murder, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Steinbrinck Begins Flick Trial Testimony
Otto Steinbrinck takes the stand in his defence and addresses his corporate activities and links with SS financial circles.
IG Farben Defendants Arraigned
Krauch and other IG Farben executives enter pleas as Military Tribunal VI formally brings the industrial defendants before the court.
Doctors Trial Verdict
The tribunal found Brandt guilty as it delivered the Doctors Trial verdicts.
Nuremberg Code
The Doctors Trial judgment set out ten principles for permissible human experimentation, later known as the Nuremberg Code.
Doctors Trial Sentence
Brandt received a death sentence after conviction in the Doctors Trial.
Hebert Begins Service on IG Farben Tribunal
Hebert began service as a judge in the IG Farben Case, hearing allegations involving aggressive war, economic plunder and forced labour.
IG Farben Trial Opens
Military Tribunal VI opened the IG Farben Case against company executives.
Lautenschlaeger Arraigned in IG Farben Case
Friedrich Lautenschlaeger is separately arraigned as the prosecution formally opens the IG Farben case.
Merrell Serves as Alternate Judge in IG Farben Case
Merrell served as the alternate member of Military Tribunal VI throughout the opening phase of the lengthy prosecution of IG Farben executives.
Morris Takes Seat on IG Farben Tribunal
Morris joined the bench when the IG Farben trial began and shared responsibility for assessing a vast documentary record concerning the wartime chemical conglomerate.
Shake Presides as IG Farben Trial Opens
Shake presided as Military Tribunal VI opened the IG Farben Case against senior company executives accused of offences including plunder and slave labour.
Hans Wagner Testifies in IG Farben Case
Hans Wagner gives testimony as prosecutors develop documentary evidence about IG Farben's wartime organisation and activities.
John Morgan Testifies in IG Farben Case
General John Morgan appears as a prosecution witness during presentation of evidence concerning industrial operations in occupied Europe.
Einsatzgruppen Trial Arraignment
Blobel pleaded not guilty during his arraignment in the Einsatzgruppen Case.
Hanneken Testifies in IG Farben Case
Hermann von Hanneken gives evidence about wartime industrial administration and the relationship between the German state and major companies.
Crawford Joins Einsatzgruppen Tribunal
Crawford served on the three-judge panel that heard the Einsatzgruppen prosecution against senior members of the mobile killing formations.
Einsatzgruppen Case Targets Mobile Killing Commanders
The Einsatzgruppen proceeding prosecutes commanders and officers accused of directing systematic mass shootings in occupied eastern Europe.
Einsatzgruppen Trial Opens
The Einsatzgruppen Case opened before a United States military tribunal.
O'Connell Takes Seat in Einsatzgruppen Case
O'Connell joined the bench at the opening of the Einsatzgruppen trial and began hearing documentary and testimonial evidence concerning systematic mass murder.
Wyatt Presides as Einsatzgruppen Trial Opens
Wyatt presided when the Einsatzgruppen Case opened against commanders and officers of mobile killing units responsible for mass shootings in occupied eastern Europe.
Elias Testifies in IG Farben Case
Nathaniel Elias testifies as the Tribunal hears evidence concerning wartime corporate operations and occupied property.
RuSHA Tribunal Constituted
Military Tribunal I was reconstituted to hear the RuSHA Case against racial and resettlement officials.
Schmidt Testifies in IG Farben Case
Paul Otto Schmidt appears as a witness while prosecutors explore diplomatic and governmental aspects of German economic expansion.
Einsatzgruppen Trial Testimony
Ohlendorf testified in his own defence during the Einsatzgruppen Trial.
Rothaug Final Defence Arguments Heard
Defence counsel presents final arguments for Rothaug as the Justice Case approaches the end of its evidentiary and argument phase.
Justice Trial Final Statements
The Justice Case concluded its evidentiary phase with final statements from the defendants.
Crawford Joins RuSHA Tribunal
Crawford joined the RuSHA judicial panel as prosecutors opened a case centred on racial resettlement programmes and the removal of children from occupied populations.
O'Connell Takes Seat on RuSHA Tribunal
O'Connell took his place on the RuSHA Tribunal and began hearing evidence concerning SS racial administration and forced population policies.
RuSHA Trial Opens
The RuSHA Case opened against officials involved in Nazi racial and resettlement policies.
Wyatt Presides as RuSHA Trial Opens
Wyatt presided when the RuSHA Case opened against SS officials charged in connection with racial policies, population transfers, kidnapping and persecution.
Wirsich Testifies in RuSHA Case
Kuno Wirsich testifies as prosecutors present evidence about forced resettlement, Germanization and SS racial policy.
Bach-Zelewski Testifies in RuSHA Case
Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski gives evidence concerning SS structures and policies connected with population transfers and racial persecution.
Heinze-Wisswede Testifies in RuSHA Case
Maria Heinze-Wisswede gives testimony relating to racial selection, family policy and the administration of SS resettlement programmes.
Hitzfeld Testifies in RuSHA Case
Ernst Hitzfeld testifies while the Tribunal examines the machinery used to classify and displace populations in occupied territories.
Roegner Testifies in RuSHA Case
Adolf Roegner appears as a prosecution witness during evidence on resettlement operations and treatment of occupied populations.
Ehlich Testifies in RuSHA Case
Hans Ehlich gives evidence concerning SS population policy and the institutions responsible for resettlement and Germanization.
Pancke Testifies for RuSHA Defence
Guenther Pancke appears for the defence and addresses the organisation and authority of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office.
Hanfova Testifies about Nazi Racial Policies
Maria Hanfova gives evidence as the prosecution documents the human effects of racial selection and occupation policy.
RuSHA Trial Testimony
Dolezalova, a child abducted after the destruction of Lidice, was sworn as a prosecution witness.
Pohl Trial Judgment and Sentence
Pohl was convicted and sentenced to death in the WVHA trial.
Krupp Trial Arraignment
Krupp and the other defendants were arraigned before the United States military tribunal.
Ministries Trial Indictment
Weizsaecker and other senior officials were indicted in the Ministries Case.
Flick Prosecution Closing Statement
The prosecution delivers its closing argument, summarising allegations of slave labour, plunder and support for criminal SS organisations.
Greifelt Begins RuSHA Defence Testimony
Ulrich Greifelt begins his own testimony and disputes prosecution claims about his responsibility for coercive resettlement policy.
Flick Defence Closing Arguments Begin
Defence counsel begins final argument for Flick and his co-defendants, challenging the legal and factual basis of the prosecution case.
Diels Testifies in IG Farben Case
Former Gestapo chief Rudolf Diels gives evidence during the IG Farben proceedings concerning political and economic relationships in the Nazi state.
High Command Case Examines Senior Military Responsibility
The High Command prosecution addresses the responsibility of senior commanders for unlawful orders, occupation practices and crimes committed by forces under their authority.
High Command Trial Indictment
Leeb and other senior Wehrmacht commanders were indicted in the High Command Case.
Flick Prosecution Rebuttal Delivered
The prosecution answers the defence closing submissions before the Tribunal withdraws to consider the industrialist case.
Ohlendorf Testifies in IG Farben Case
Otto Ohlendorf appears as a witness as the industrial trial considers links between corporate activity and Nazi state institutions.
Justice Case Judgment Begins
Military Tribunal III begins reading its judgment on the criminal responsibility of judges and Justice Ministry officials.
Justice Trial Judgment
Military Tribunal III began delivering judgment in the Justice Case.
Justice Case Sentences Announced
The Tribunal announces sentences after convicting ten defendants and acquitting others in the Justice Case.
Justice Trial Sentence
Rothaug received life imprisonment after conviction in the Justice Case.
Wolff Testifies in RuSHA Case
Karl Wolff appears as a defence witness and gives evidence concerning SS command relationships and racial-policy organisations.
Anderson Presides as Krupp Trial Opens
Anderson presided as the Krupp Case opened against industrial executives accused of exploiting forced labour and participating in the seizure of property in occupied territories.
Daly Takes Seat on Krupp Tribunal
Daly took his seat as a member of the Krupp Tribunal when proceedings began against Alfried Krupp and senior officials of the industrial concern.
Krupp Trial Opens
The Krupp Case opened against industrial managers accused of plunder and forced-labour offences.
Wilkins Joins Krupp Tribunal
Wilkins joined the judicial panel at the opening of the Krupp Case and shared responsibility for deciding the industrialists' criminal liability.
Krauch Defence Opening Presented
Counsel opens Krauch's defence, challenging allegations that senior IG Farben management bears criminal responsibility for wartime policies.
Flick Trial Judgment and Sentence
Flick was convicted on selected counts and sentenced to seven years imprisonment.
Sears Presides over Flick Judgment and Sentencing
Sears presided when the tribunal delivered judgment and imposed sentences in the Flick Case after months of testimony, documents and closing arguments.
Industrialist Cases Examine Corporate Complicity
The Flick, IG Farben and Krupp proceedings test individual responsibility for forced labour, plunder and corporate participation in the Nazi war economy
Ministries Trial Opens
The Ministries Case opened against former diplomats, civil servants and political officials.
Hornbostel Testifies in Ministries Case
Theodor Hornbostel gives testimony as prosecutors introduce evidence concerning German diplomacy and the operation of the Foreign Office.
Peters Testifies in Ministries Case
Hans Peters testifies during the early prosecution case as the Tribunal reviews the conduct of senior civil and political officials.
Rodlova Testifies in Ministries Case
Ida Rodlova gives evidence during the prosecution's presentation of occupation policies and their consequences for civilians.
Braeutigam Testifies in Ministries Case
Otto Braeutigam testifies about Eastern policy and the activities of government ministries involved in occupied territories.
Hale Takes Seat on High Command Tribunal
Hale took his seat on Military Tribunal V at the opening of the High Command Case and began hearing evidence against senior commanders.
Harding Joins High Command Tribunal
Harding joined the High Command Tribunal after earlier service in the Justice Case, participating in the prosecution of senior German military officers.
High Command Trial Opens
The High Command Case opened against senior German commanders and staff officers.
Schmidt Testifies in Ministries Case
Paul Schmidt appears as a witness while the prosecution develops evidence concerning diplomacy, policy decisions and senior government responsibility.
Young Presides as High Command Trial Opens
Young presided when the High Command Case opened against senior German military leaders accused of responsibility for unlawful orders and wartime operations.
Heusinger Testifies in High Command Case
Adolf Heusinger testifies about German operational planning and the relationships among senior army commands.
Linge Testifies in High Command Case
Kurt Linge gives evidence as prosecutors begin presenting the military command structure and documentary record of wartime orders.
Shake Signs Revised Tribunal VI Procedure Rules
Shake signed an order adopting revised uniform procedural rules for Military Tribunal VI while the IG Farben Case remained in progress.
Wagner Testifies in High Command Case
Gerhard Wagner gives evidence concerning naval planning and the role of senior commanders in German military operations.
Schemmel Testifies in High Command Case
Nikolaus Schemmel gives evidence while prosecutors develop the record of command responsibility and wartime military orders.
Westhoff Testifies on Prisoner Policy
Adolf Westhoff testifies about prisoner-of-war administration and military policies examined in the High Command prosecution.
Lahousen Testifies in High Command Case
Erwin Lahousen returns as a witness to describe criminal orders and command discussions within the German armed forces.
Busson Testifies in High Command Case
Henri Busson gives evidence concerning German military conduct in occupied territories during the High Command proceedings.
Ohler Testifies in High Command Case
Paul Ohler appears as a prosecution witness as the Tribunal examines orders, reprisals and military responsibility.
Schoenig Testifies in High Command Case
Hans Schoenig gives evidence during the prosecution case concerning senior command policies and actions on the Eastern Front.
Stumpff Testifies in High Command Case
Hans Stumpff testifies as prosecutors question witnesses about the structure, authority and conduct of Germany's senior military leadership.
Burke Joins Hostage Judgment
Burke participated in the final judicial decision in the Hostage Case after the tribunal completed its review of evidence against the German commanders.
Hostage Trial Judgment
The tribunal found List guilty on war-crimes charges in the Hostage Case.
Hostage Trial Sentence
Kuntze was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Hostage Case.
Wennerstrum Presides over Hostage Judgment
Wennerstrum presided when the tribunal issued its Hostage Case judgment, addressing military command responsibility, reprisals and the treatment of civilians in occupied territory.
O'Connell Participates in RuSHA Judgment
O'Connell participated in the tribunal's final determination of criminal responsibility in the RuSHA Case and the penalties imposed on convicted defendants.
RuSHA Trial Judgment and Sentence
Greifelt was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the RuSHA Case.
Wyatt Presides over RuSHA Judgment and Sentencing
Wyatt presided when the RuSHA Tribunal announced its judgment and sentences, resolving charges arising from SS racial and resettlement policies.
Wyatt Presides over Einsatzgruppen Judgment
Wyatt presided when the tribunal delivered its judgment in the Einsatzgruppen Case after considering responsibility for organized mass executions in the occupied Soviet territories.
Crawford Participates in Einsatzgruppen Sentencing
Crawford participated when the tribunal imposed sentences on the convicted Einsatzgruppen defendants two days after the judgment was announced.
IG Farben Trial Concludes
The evidentiary proceedings in the IG Farben Case concluded after a lengthy trial.
Flick Sentences Affirmed by Military Governor
The United States Military Governor affirms the sentences imposed in the Flick Case after post-trial review.
IG Farben Trial Sentence
Krauch received a prison sentence as the tribunal sentenced the convicted IG Farben defendants.
Anderson Participates in Krupp Judgment
Anderson participated in the final Krupp judgment, which addressed forced labour, plunder and the responsibility of industrial managers for wartime conduct.
Krupp Trial Judgment and Sentence
Krupp was convicted and sentenced to twelve years imprisonment in the Krupp Case.
Wilkins Issues Separate Opinion in Krupp Case
Wilkins issued a separate opinion in connection with the Krupp judgment, recording his individual legal reasoning alongside the tribunal's principal decision.
Young Presides over High Command Judgment
Young presided as the tribunal began delivering judgment in the High Command Case, assessing the individual responsibility of senior German commanders.
Hale Participates in Final High Command Judgment Session
Hale participated as the High Command Tribunal completed its judgment and resolved the remaining findings against the military defendants.
High Command Trial Sentence
Leeb was sentenced to three years imprisonment, effectively time served, in the High Command Case.
Ministries Trial Sentence
The tribunal announced sentences in the Ministries Case after delivering its judgment.