Weimar Republic in 1923

German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common

German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common

At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation

At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation

At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation

622,000 Marks to the pound sterling, halved in value in one month

Resigns due to the collapse of the German economy

Appointed Chancellor in the "Great Coalition"

Heads a coalition government during the 1923 crisis.

Refuses to issue additional currency, helping break the inflationary spiral.

Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation

Heads a coalition Government

Is appointed Chancellor at the head of the Great Coalition.

Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation

Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation

Wilhelm Cuno (No party affiliation) leaves office

Cuts bureaucracy while attempting to stabilise state finances.

To further stabilise the economy Stresemann reduces spending and bureaucracy while increasing taxes

Reduces government spending as part of economic stabilization.

Raises taxes as part of the government's stabilization programme.

Chancellor Stresemann ends the passive resistance in the Ruhr

Ends passive resistance in the Ruhr.

Declares a state of emergency while ending passive resistance.

New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr

New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr

Declares the resumption of reparations payments.

Resumes reparations while ending passive resistance in the occupied Ruhr.

Links the end of passive resistance to policy during the French Ruhr occupation.

Ends passive resistance during the French occupation of the Ruhr.

Declares a state of emergency in Bavaria

Declares resumption of reparations payments & a state of emergency. Declares an end to passive resistance in the Ruhr

Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr

A coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr is crushed in Thuringia.

Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr

Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr

Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr

Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr

Dr Gustav Stresemann (Peoples) forms 2nd cabinet

Creates a new cabinet on 6 October 1923.

Forms his second cabinet in October 1923.

General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover

General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover

General Otto von Lossow in Bavaria is relieved of command by Berlin; he refuses

General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover.

British disapproval contributes to the failure of the Rhineland separatist plan.

A Rhineland Republic supported by Belgium & France is declared at Aachen

French backing assists separatists seeking an independent Rhine Republic.

With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval

With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval

Popular resistance helps defeat the separatist Rhineland project.

A separatist Rhineland Republic is declared at Aachen with French and Belgian support.

With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval

Communists seize control in Hamburg during the October unrest.

Communist takeover of Hamburg

Separatists attempt to establish an autonomous Pfalz at Speyer.

French support assists the attempted separatist administration in the Pfalz.

With French support, separatists try to declare an independet "Autonomous Pfalz" in Speyer

The Hamburg uprising is suppressed.

Hamburg uprising suppressed

The Socialist/Communist Government is suppressed in Saxony

The Socialist-Communist government in Saxony is suppressed.

The Bavarian government takes direct control of local Reichswehr units.

Inflation reaches a point where one US dollar costs 40 billion marks.

War bonds (which are rated by Reichsmark, not Goldmark like the reparations) can be paid back without problems, savings on banks (or in war bonds) are lost, leading to widespread poverty. Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks

Bloody street fighting breaks out between communists and police in Hamburg.

Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks

The destruction of savings contributes to widespread poverty during hyperinflation.

The Bavarian Government takes direct control over the local parts of the Reichswehr

Bloody street riots in Hamburg between communists and the police

In Saxony and Thuringia the coalition-Governments of KPD and SPD protest against the prohibition of the communist and socialist press, the Reichwehr forces these Governments to resign

Bank savings lose their value during the inflationary collapse.

War bonds denominated in Reichsmarks become effectively worthless during hyperinflation.

War bonds can be repaid in depreciated Reichsmarks rather than Goldmarks.

Holds a meeting of Nationalists to mark the 5th anniversary of the WW1 armistice

The Beer Hall Putsch begins in Munich.

Holds a meeting of Nationalists to mark the 5th anniversary of the WW1 armistice

Beer Hall Putsch in Munich

The Beer Hall Putsch is crushed in Munich.

Supports the Beer Hall Putsch and joins the march through Munich on 9 November. Police fire at the Feldherrnhalle; 16 putschists and four police officers are killed.

Beer Hall Putsch is crushed

Dr Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht is named Reichswaehrungskommissar

The Rentenmark is introduced at one trillion paper marks, stabilising the currency without gold convertibility.

A new currency, the Rentenmark, is introduced at the rate of 1 trillion (1,000,000,000,000) Papiermark for 1 Rentenmark. At that time, 1 U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 Rentenmark

One Rentenmark equals one trillion paper marks and is valued at 4.2 Rentenmarks per United States dollar.

Is forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition.

Forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition

Leaves the chancellorship at the end of November 1923.

Dr Stresemann leaves office

Currency reform follows only days after the Munich putsch.

Arrested for his part in the Munich Beer Hall putsch

Appointed Chancellor of Germany, 1st term

Reichswehr pressure forces coalition governments in Saxony and Thuringia to resign.

Oversees a currency reform that effectively ends inflation.

The Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the Government defaulted on some payments, in response, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr. Occupation of the Ruhr leads to hyper-inflation

At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation. The Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the Government defaulted on some payments, in response, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr

Is appointed Foreign Minister, beginning a tenure that continues through 1929.

Appointed Foreign Minister

Serves as Chancellor of the Great Coalition during the national emergency.

Faces extreme hyperinflation during his chancellorship.

Occupation of the Ruhr leads to hyper-inflation

Restricting further currency issuance helps stop the inflationary spiral.

Appointed Minister of Finance, 1st term

Restores order after the Munich Beer Hall Putsch.

The Ruhr is occupied by the French & Belgians after non-payment of reparations

Helps suppress the Beer-Hall Putsch in Munich

Restores order after the Munich Beer Hall Putcsh

Appointed President of the Reichsbank, 1st term

KPD and SPD coalition governments protest restrictions on communist and socialist newspapers.

In Saxony and Thuringia the coalition-Governments of KPD and SPD protest against the prohibition of the communist and socialist press, the Reichwehr forces these Governments to resign. Puts down a communist rebellion in Thuringia

Puts down a communist rebellion in Thuringia

Appointed Reichcommissioner in Bavaria during a stae of emergency

The Rentenmark helps stabilise Germany after the hyperinflation crisis.

Serves as Chancellor during the intense political and economic crisis of 1923.

A communist rebellion in Thuringia is put down.