Explore 99 historical events and records for France in 1798.
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The constitution's annual replacement of one third of each council continued to alter parliamentary coalitions. This mechanism was intended to prevent wholesale legislative upheaval but repeatedly generated contested elections.
Bonaparte examined the prospects for invading Britain and judged a direct expedition problematic. Discussion increasingly turned toward operations against British interests in the Mediterranean and Egypt.
Inspection duties involved checking port facilities and the quality of warship construction. Its wider importance lay in lowering variation between warship types.
Commands at the Battle of Cairo
French infantry formations repulsed Mamluk cavalry near Shubra Khit during the advance toward Cairo. The action illustrated the tactical differences between the invading army and its opponents.
Bonaparte defeated Mamluk forces near Cairo by organizing his infantry into defensive squares. The victory opened the capital to French occupation but did not secure control of all Egypt.
Birth of Trehouard de Beaulieu
A major revolt broke out against French occupation in Cairo. Bonaparte's troops used force to suppress the insurrection, exposing the limits of efforts to secure cooperation through proclamations.
Malta succumbs within 2 days without a shot being fired. Arrives off Malta, which belongs to the Order of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem
The lower chamber discussed the cost and structure of public schooling under the Directory. Financial constraints prevented many educational reforms from functioning as originally envisioned.
Appointed Chief of Staff in Switzerland
Appointed Chief of Staff in Switzerland
Measures concerning religious congregations, public worship and clerical influence continued to reach the legislature. The Council of Ancients served as the final parliamentary checkpoint before such policies could take legal effect.
Appointed "Commander of the army against England"
Appointed "Commander of the army against England"
Deputy Pierre Delbrel worked with Jourdan on the legislation that organized military obligations by age. The measure aimed to replace ad hoc mass mobilization with a permanent statutory system.
Nelson's victory over the French fleet left Bonaparte's land army largely isolated from France. The loss changed the strategic position of the Egyptian expedition despite earlier successes on land.
The Directory sent Sieyes to represent France at the Prussian court, where preventing Prussia from joining hostile coalitions was a central concern.
The costs of war and administration put persistent pressure on the French treasury. Barras and his colleagues relied on contested taxation and military successes to maintain their government.
Elections in several departments were invalidated or replaced during the Floréal purge. The Five Hundred became both a participant in the dispute and a beneficiary of the removal of unwanted challengers.
Bonapartes expedition to Egypt launched during La Revelliere Lepeauxs directorial tenure and expanded French military ambitions into the eastern Mediterranean.
Bonaparte launched the Egyptian campaign while Talleyrand remained in France. The operation created diplomatic challenges when its military ambitions exceeded prospects for regional agreement.
Bonaparte sailed with a large French expedition intended to threaten British influence through Egypt. The operation combined a military campaign with a commission of scholars and specialists.
The Directory approved Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt as part of its struggle with Britain. Barras shared executive responsibility for the decision, although the overseas campaign increasingly enhanced the general's independent profile.
The election cycle of Year VI again raised disputes over who could take seats in the legislative councils. Political factions sought procedural methods to prevent opponents from turning electoral victories into parliamentary power.
Bonaparte entered Cairo and attempted to establish French authority through proclamations and local councils. Egyptian opposition persisted despite the defeat of Mamluk forces.
Expensive military operations in Europe and overseas strained public finance. The Ancients weighed revenue and expenditure measures submitted through the lower council as the Directory searched for solvency.
The Directory oversaw another disputed legislative election cycle, and the annulment of unwanted results again damaged representative legitimacy.
The Law of 22 Floréal annulled or altered election results that favored neo-Jacobins. Legislative approval enabled the Directory's supporters to blunt an unwelcome political shift through electoral invalidation.
The Law of 22 Floréal invalidated numerous election results favorable to neo-Jacobins. Barras benefited from the executive's ability to blunt legislative opposition through exceptional electoral measures.
The Law of 22 Floréal led to the exclusion of numerous newly elected deputies linked to the neo-Jacobin opposition. The measure demonstrated that electoral results were vulnerable to legislative annulment.
Talleyrand was involved in discussions of a French expedition to Egypt. Supporters viewed the campaign as a way to challenge British influence in eastern trade.
Talleyrand served while French power helped reshape the political order in Switzerland and Italy. Diplomacy increasingly had to manage governments established under French military pressure.
The Directory intervened in neighboring republics and relied on French soldiers to sustain political settlements abroad. Barras was among the Directors responsible for this ambitious and costly foreign policy.
Appointed General of the Brigade
Appointed General of the Brigade
Bonaparte sponsored the Institut d'Égypte as a forum for scientific and scholarly work during the occupation. Its members examined Egyptian antiquities, geography, economy and natural history.
The legislative process produced the Jourdan-Delbrel law establishing military service obligations for young French men. Approval through the two councils gave the Directory a more durable recruitment framework.
The legislation of 19 Fructidor Year VI established a framework for compulsory military service. Passage through the councils transformed citizen military duty into a continuing republican institution.
Bonaparte's forces landed on the Egyptian coast and captured Alexandria. The landing established a foothold for the inland advance against Mamluk forces.
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