Hosni Mubarak Biography

Commands the Egyptian Air Force during the opening strikes of the war.

Is appointed Vice President of Egypt by President Anwar Sadat.

Wins confirmation as President in a national referendum after Sadat's assassination.

Assumes the presidency after a national referendum following Sadat's assassination.

Becomes acting President after Sadat's assassination and is confirmed by referendum.

Receives most remaining occupied Sinai territory after Israel completes its scheduled withdrawal.

Wins a second presidential term through an uncontested national referendum.

Receives referendum approval for a second six-year presidential term.

Welcomes Egypt's restoration to full Arab League membership.

Welcomes the decision to return the Arab League headquarters from Tunis to Cairo.

Wins a third presidential term through an uncontested referendum.

Receives referendum approval for another six-year presidential term.

Authorizes an intensified security campaign against al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya during Egypt's insurgency.

Strengthens Egyptian control of the disputed Halaib Triangle after tensions with Sudan.

Escapes an armed attack while travelling from the airport to an African summit.

Survives an armed assassination attempt while travelling to an African summit in Addis Ababa.

Accuses Sudanese authorities of supporting the plot to assassinate him in Addis Ababa.

Supports the Interim Agreement as Egypt encourages Israeli-Palestinian implementation and regional stability.

Maintains the constitutional system in which Parliament nominates a single presidential candidate for referendum.

Wins a fourth presidential term through an uncontested referendum.

Receives referendum approval for a fourth presidential term.

Supports the Arab League's adoption of the Arab Peace Initiative at the Beirut summit.

Endorses the Arab Peace Initiative offering normalization with Israel after withdrawal from occupied territories.

Backs the Beirut summit proposal for comprehensive Arab-Israeli peace.

Supports the Beirut summit framework later reaffirmed by Arab leaders in Riyadh.

Endorses an offer of full Arab normalization with Israel under the Arab Peace Initiative.

Supports demands for Israeli withdrawal and creation of a Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital.

Accepts Prime Minister Atef Ebeid's resignation and appoints Ahmed Nazif to form a government.

Proposes amending the constitution to permit a presidential election with multiple candidates.

Requests a constitutional amendment replacing single-candidate referendums with multi-candidate presidential elections.

Calls for a constitutional change allowing more than one candidate to contest the presidency.

Announces his candidacy for another presidential term in the country's first multi-candidate contest.

Oversees Egypt's first multi-candidate presidential election under institutions controlled by the ruling establishment.

Wins the first multi-candidate presidential election with an official majority.

Ends the previous referendum system by contesting a multi-candidate presidential election.

Wins Egypt's first presidential election allowing multiple approved candidates.

Wins the presidential election as opposition candidate Ayman Nour disputes the official result.

Backs renewed Arab League endorsement of the Arab Peace Initiative at the Riyadh summit.

Supports an Arab League delegation promoting the Arab Peace Initiative in Israel.

Former President Hosni Mubarak dies in Cairo at the age of ninety-one.