Muhammad Ali Pasha Biography

Is recognized as Wali after Cairo's political leaders demand his appointment.

Expands state control over agricultural land and tax collection.

Eliminates leading Mamluk rivals during a ceremony at the Cairo Citadel.

Sends Egyptian forces to restore Ottoman authority in the Hijaz.

Receives news that Ibrahim Pasha has captured Diriyah and ended the first Saudi state.

Muhammad Ali transfers Egypt's modern military school to Aswan for officer training.

Establishes the Bulaq Press to publish government, educational and technical works.

Sends Ibrahim Pasha and Egyptian forces to support Ottoman operations in Greece.

Loses much of the Egyptian fleet when Allied warships destroy the Ottoman-Egyptian force at Navarino.

Orders Ibrahim Pasha to invade Ottoman Syria after disputes with Sultan Mahmud II.

Gains leverage over the Ottoman government after Ibrahim Pasha defeats its army at Konya.

Receives authority over Syria and Adana under the Convention of Kutahya.

Suppresses a major revolt against taxation, conscription and Egyptian administration in Palestine.

Reorganizes central departments to strengthen state control over finance, education and the military.

Defends Egypt's state trading monopolies against British pressure for freer commerce.

Receives another major victory over Ottoman forces at the Battle of Nezib.

Accepts hereditary rule in Egypt while surrendering most territories gained from the Ottoman Empire.

Accepts Ottoman and European limits on Egyptian autonomy after the Eastern Crisis, shaping later canal sovereignty questions.

Receives an Ottoman firman establishing hereditary succession within his family.