Mahmud II Biography and Timeline — Page 2

Invasion of Turkey

Diebitsch advances within 68 kilometers of Constantinople, causing panic on the streets of the capital

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Invasion of Turkey

The Sultan has no other choice but to sue for peace, which was concluded in Edirne

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Rule of Armenia

Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Rule of Georgia

Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Treaty of Adrianople

Forced to sign the Treaty granting Grece its independence.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Treaty of Adrianople

The Treaty of Adrianople gives Russia most of the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Treaty of Adrianople

Under the Treaty of Adrianople Serbia achieves autonomy and Russia is allowed to occupy Moldova and Walachia (guaranteeing their prosperity, and full "liberty of trade" for them) until Turkey had paid a large indemnity.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Treaty of Adrianople

Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Battle of Kulevicha

The Sultan sent a 40,000-strong contingent to the relief of Varna, but the latter was annihilated by Diebitsch in the Battle of Kulevicha

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Conference of London

Turkey surrenders Moldova & Wallachia to Russia. The London Agreements end the wars between Russia & Turkey of Nov 1828 & March 1829. Establishes the Greek borders & its independence for the 1st time in 4 centuries. Establishes the borders of Greece. Ends the war between Russia & Turkey

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Siege of Varna

The Sultan sent a 40,000-strong contingent to the relief of Varna, but the latter was annihilated by Diebitsch in the Battle of Kulevicha

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Independence of Greece

Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire

Role range: 1821-1832 – 1808-1839

Independence of Turkey

Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire

Role range: 1821-1832 – 1808-1839

Rule of Greece

As a result of years of negotiation, Greece is finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832

Role range: 1808-1839

Treaty of Constantinople

Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire

Role range: 1821-1832 – 1808-1839

Rule of Samos

Turkish suzerainty over Samos Begins & lasts 80 yrs. The Sultan recognizes Samos as a principality with its own Parliament

Role range: 1821-1832 – 1808-1839

Ottoman Army Mobilizes For Anatolia

Sultan Mahmud II sent another army to confront Egyptian troops who had entered Anatolia from Syria.

Convention

Halts hostilities, Egypt is allowed to have sovereignty over Syria & Cilicia

Role range: 1808-1839

Alliance Agreement at Unkiar Skelessi

The Treaty brought about an alliance between the two powers, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

The British Government will hold itself at liberty to

The British Government will hold itself at liberty to act upon such an occasion.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Treaty Negotiations at Unkiar Skelessi

The British protested the Treaty, claiming that it violated the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1809, which set forth terms that no foreign warship would be allowed to enter the straits.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Treaty Negotiations at Unkiar Skelessi

The Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empire'gs foreign relations, especially with Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Treaty Negotiations at Unkiar Skelessi

Their formal protest concluded if the stipulations of that Treaty (Unkiar Skelessi) should hereafter lead to the armed interference of Russia in the internal affairs of Turkey.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Treaty Signed at Unkiar Skelessi

The Treaty of "the Royal Pier" or "the Sultan's Pier" was signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Mehmed Ali that same year.

Role range: 1828-1829 – 1808-1839

Declaration of War

Declares war on Egypt

Role range: 1808-1839

Sultan Requests Russian Assistance

Mahmud II sought Russian military assistance as Egyptian advances created a serious threat to the Ottoman capital.

Ottoman Government Opens Peace Negotiations

Mahmud II accepted negotiations to end the war with Muhammad Ali rather than continue a dangerous confrontation.

Sultan Accepts Syrian Concessions

Mahmud II agreed to allow Muhammad Ali's family to administer Syrian territories in order to end the Egyptian advance.

Kutahya Settlement Ends Campaign

The Kutahya settlement halted the Egyptian advance and brought the immediate Ottoman Egyptian military confrontation to a close.

Ottoman Sovereignty Formally Retained

Although the sultan conceded provincial administration to Muhammad Ali, the territories formally remained within the Ottoman imperial framework.

Hunkar Iskelesi Treaty Follows Crisis

After the Kutahya settlement, Mahmud II's government concluded a separate defensive agreement with Russia at Hunkar Iskelesi.

Invasion of Samos

The Turkish Admiral Hassan Bey landed troops at Vathy

Rule of Samos

The Sultan imposes the system of "the Hegemony" on Samos

Role range: 1808-1839

Renewed War Undermines Kutahya Settlement

Mahmud II resumed military conflict with Egypt in 1839, revealing the inability of the Kutahya agreement to secure lasting peace.