Quintessence Equation of State
Caldwell studies a cosmic component with negative pressure and a general equation of state, helping establish quintessence as an alternative to a constant vacuum energy.
Historical biography archive · Updated 2026-11-03
Robert R. Caldwell Biography and Timeline
Follow Robert R. Caldwell through 3 dated historical records for United States of America.
Robert R. Caldwell, historical timeline
A chronological timeline drawn from matching World History Database records.
3Distinct records
1 of 1Page
1998–2003Years on this page
1998
2002
Phantom Dark Energy Proposed
Caldwell examines dark energy with an equation-of-state value below minus one, introducing the phantom-energy possibility beyond conventional quintessence.
2003
Big Rip Scenario
Caldwell and collaborators show that sufficiently strong phantom dark energy could eventually tear apart bound structures in a future Big Rip.
Records, sources and methodology
These dates and descriptions come from the historical_events database. Exact duplicate records have been collapsed. Names are grouped by the country, Name 2 and Name 1 fields; records with missing Name 2 cannot be reliably assigned to an individual biography. Check the underlying sources before formal citation.