Pioneer 10 Bow Shock Crossing26 November 1973
Pioneer 10 crosses Jupiter's bow shock, beginning direct sampling of the Jovian magnetospheric boundary.
Historical person
Charles Hall Biography
Historical biography and chronological timeline for Charles Hall, based on 12 World History Database records associated with United States of America.
12 records1973–197812 events4 places
Chronological biography
1973
Pioneer 10 Close-Up Imaging1 December 1973
Pioneer 10 begins returning Jupiter images surpassing the best Earth-based views then available.
Pioneer 10 Jupiter Flyby3 December 1973
Pioneer 10 makes humanity's first close spacecraft encounter with Jupiter.
1974
Pioneer 11 Saturn RetargetingMay 1974
Mission planners retarget Pioneer 11 to use Jupiter's gravity for a later encounter with Saturn.
First Jupiter Polar Images3 December 1974
Pioneer 11 returns the first close spacecraft views of Jupiter's polar regions.
Pioneer 11 Great Red Spot Imaging3 December 1974
Pioneer 11 obtains the most detailed spacecraft images then available of Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
Pioneer 11 Jupiter Flyby3 December 1974
Pioneer 11 passes closer to Jupiter than Pioneer 10 and surveys high latitudes.
1978
Pioneer Venus Orbiter Launch20 May 1978
Pioneer Venus Orbiter launches to study Venus's atmosphere, ionosphere, gravity field and cloud-hidden surface.
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Launch8 August 1978
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe launches carrying one large and three small atmospheric probes toward Venus.
Pioneer Venus Orbiter4 December 1978
Pioneer Venus Orbiter becomes the first American spacecraft to enter orbit around Venus.
Pioneer Venus Probe Entry9 December 1978
The Pioneer Venus probes enter the atmosphere at widely separated locations to sample Venus simultaneously.
Pioneer Venus Surface Transmission9 December 1978
One Pioneer Venus small probe survives impact and continues transmitting from the surface for more than an hour.
Titles and roles
NASA Scientist
Record provenance
This biography is assembled from World History Database records filtered by country and personal-name fields. Exact duplicate display records are removed. The database is an index rather than a complete narrative biography; formal research should verify entries against relevant primary or specialist sources.