Margaret Kivelson Biography and Timeline

Ganymede Magnetic Field Discovery

Galileo data establish Ganymede as the first moon known to possess its own magnetic field.

Role range: 1928-2020

Ganymede Magnetosphere Identified

Galileo magnetic measurements show that Ganymede has its own magnetosphere within Jupiter's much larger magnetic environment.

Europa Induced Magnetic Field

Galileo magnetic data support the presence of an electrically conducting layer, consistent with a salty subsurface ocean.

Role range: 1928-2020

Europa Conductive Layer Evidence

Galileo magnetic observations strengthen the interpretation that Europa contains an electrically conductive layer beneath its icy exterior.

Europa Ocean Evidence

Magnetic measurements support a salty ocean beneath Europa's ice.

Role range: 1995-2003

Ganymede Subsurface Ocean Evidence

Galileo magnetic data support the possibility of a conductive saltwater layer beneath Ganymede's surface.

Callisto Conductive Ocean Evidence

Galileo magnetic measurements support a conductive subsurface layer inside Callisto, consistent with a buried salty ocean.

Ganymede and Callisto Subsurface Water Evidence

Galileo magnetic measurements strengthen evidence for conductive saltwater layers inside Ganymede and Callisto.

Role range: 1928-2020

Io Plasma Interaction

Galileo measurements reveal complex electrical currents and plasma interactions linking Io with Jupiter's magnetosphere.