January 1900Empress Dowager changed her long policy of suppressing Boxers, and issuedCixi
The Empress Dowager changed her long policy of suppressing Boxers, and issued edicts in their defence, causing protests from foreign powers
Historical records for China in 1900, rendered directly from the World History Database and ordered by month, day and event.
The Empress Dowager changed her long policy of suppressing Boxers, and issued edicts in their defence, causing protests from foreign powers
With a majority of conservatives in the imperial court, Empress Dowager Cixi changed her long standing policy of suppressing Boxers, and issued edicts in their defence, causing protests from foreign powers
Foreign diplomats call on China to suppreess anti-foreigner activities of the Boxers
Foreign diplomats call on China to suppreess anti-foreigner activities of the Boxers
Organises Boxer groups around Tianjin.
The court moves toward open support for anti-foreign forces.
Warns against war with all foreign powers.
Brings Muslim troops into Beijing to oppose foreigners.
Backs the court faction favouring the Boxers.
The Boxers raise their standard of revolt on the railway line to Hankow
Boxers march with the slogan, "death & destruction to the foreigner & all his works"
The Boxers raise their standard of revolt on the railway line to Hankow
Birth of Chang Hsueh-Liang
The railway line to Tianjin was cut by Boxers in the countryside and Beijing was isolated
His soldiers kill Japanese legation secretary Sugiyama Akira.
The first Boxer, dressed in his finery, was seen in the Legation Quarter. The German Minister, Clemens von Ketteler, and German soldiers captured a Boxer boy and inexplicably executed him. In response, thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city, burning some victims alive
Soldiers at the British Embassy and German Legations shot and killed several Boxers, alienating the Chinese population of the city and nudging the Qing Government toward support of the Boxers
The first Boxer, dressed in his finery, was seen in the Legation Quarter. The German Minister, Clemens von Ketteler, and German soldiers captured a Boxer boy and inexplicably executed him. In response, thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city, burning some victims alive
The Boxers enter Peking & destroy most of the foreign owned buildings
The Boxers enter Peking & destroy most of the foreign owned buildings
Defends the Beitang cathedral and Christian refugees.
During the war, Imperial Chinese forces deployed a weapon called "electric mines" on June 15, at the river Beihe (Peiho) before the Battle of Dagu Forts to prevent the Eight-Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack
Qing imperial forces deployed electric mines in the River Beihe (Peiho) to prevent the Eight-Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack
Cixi received an ultimatum demanding that China surrender control of its military and financial affairs to foreign powers.
On 17 June they took the Dagu Forts commanding the approaches to Tianjin, and from there brought increasing numbers of troops on shore.
She told the Grand Council that the powers had begun aggression and that the nation's extinction was imminent.
The allied nations took steps to reinforce their military presence significantly.
The event that tilted the Qing imperial Government irrevocably toward support of the Boxers and war with the foreign powers was the attack of foreign navies on the Dagu Forts near Tianji
Commands Qing defenders at the Taku Forts.
The event that tilted the Qing imperial Government irrevocably toward support of the Boxers and war with the foreign powers was the attack of foreign navies on the Dagu Forts near Tianji
The event that tilted the Qing imperial Government irrevocably toward support of the Boxers and war with the foreign powers was the attack of foreign navies on the Dagu Forts near Tianji
Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, posted in southern Beijing at Hunting Park, attacked and defeated the Eight Nation Alliance led by the British Admiral Seymour at the Battle of Langfang
Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, posted in southern Beijing at Hunting Park, attacked and defeated the Eight Nation Alliance led by the British Admiral Seymour at the Battle of Langfang
Kansu troops help defeat Seymour near Langfang.
Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, posted in southern Beijing at Hunting Park, attacked and defeated the Eight Nation Alliance led by the British Admiral Seymour at the Battle of Langfang
Helps defeat Seymour's relief column near Langfang.
Leads Muslim cavalry against Seymour's force.
Oversees Chinese forces during the Langfang fighting.
Supervises Chinese forces opposing Seymour near Langfang.
Restrains Dong Fuxiang and keeps channels open with foreign diplomats.
The German envoy, Klemens Freiherr von Ketteler was murdered on 20 June, and the foreign powers immediately demanded redress
Kills German minister Clemens von Ketteler.
The German envoy, Klemens Freiherr von Ketteler was murdered on 20 June, and the foreign powers immediately demanded redress
The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium, The Netherlands, the United States, Russia and Japan were located in the Beijing Legation Quarter south of the Forbidden City. The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter from 20 June to 14 August 1900
His Kansu troops attack foreign positions in Beijing.
Maintains contacts useful for later peace negotiations.
Declares war against all foreign powers
Shanghais Chinese elite supported the provincial governors of southeastern China in resisting the Imperial declaration of war. Empress Dowager Cixi, urged by the conservatives of the Imperial Court, supported the Boxers and declared war on foreign powers. A number of regional governors including Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong quietly refused to cooperate
Issues the imperial declaration against the foreign powers.
Backs war against the foreign powers.
Empress Dowager Cixi declares war against all Foreign powers
Empress Dowager Cixi, urged by the conservatives of the Imperial Court, supported the Boxers and declared war on foreign powers
In response to reports of an armed invasion to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were placed under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days
Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing
Chinese soldiers and Boxers set fire to areas north and west of the British Legation, using it as a "frightening tactic" to attack the defenders
Opposes the court's drift toward war with foreigners.
Urges the court not to declare war on the powers.
Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Japan announces, "no more communication with China - except war"
Supports the hardline court faction during the crisis.
Diplomats, foreign civilians and soldiers, and Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days. Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Commands Qing forces while restraining attacks on the legations.
The Boxers bombard the Russian town of Blagoveshchensk that lies across the Amur River
Diplomats, foreign civilians and soldiers, and Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days. Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Clashes were reported between Chinese factions favoring war and those favoring conciliation, the latter led by Prince Qing
The Roman Catholic Church is burnt to the ground
The Boxers blow up the railway line under Russian construction to Port Arthur
Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Supports provincial neutrality during the Boxer crisis.
Helps keep the lower Yangtze from joining the war.
Keeps Shandong out of the court's war against foreigners.
Joins provincial leaders avoiding war with foreign powers.
The Boxers bombard the Russian town of Blagoveshchensk that lies across the Amur River
The Boxers blow up the railway line under Russian construction to Port Arthur
Boxer fighters attack foreign positions near Tianjin.
Is killed resisting allied forces near Tianjin.
Dies resisting allied forces near Tianjin.
An armistice is declared by the Chinese
Declines to press the siege of the foreign legations.
Limits pressure on the legations despite hardliner demands.
Is executed for opposing war with the powers.
Is executed after warning against war.
The armistice, although occasionally broken, endured until 13 August when, with an allied army led by the British Alfred Gaselee approaching Beijing to relieve the siege, the Chinese launched their heaviest fusillade on the Legation Quarter. As the foreign army approached, Chinese forces melted away
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing on August 14, lifting the siege of the Legations
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing on August 14, lifting the siege of the Legations
Flees Beijing after allied troops enter the city.
Leaves Beijing with the imperial court.
Commands Qing resistance during the Russian Manchurian campaign.
Is appointed to negotiate with the foreign powers.
Acts as Qing negotiator with Li Hongzhang.
The Allies capture Peking & impose stricter conditions on China
China is fined war reparations of 450,000,000 taels of fine silver (1 tael = 1.2 troy ounces) for the loss that it caused
China paid 668,661,220 taels of silver from 1901 to 1939, equivalent in 2010 to ~US$61 billion on a purchasing power parity basis.
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 ended the uprising and provided for severe punishments, including an indemnity of 67 million pounds (450 million taels of silver), more than the Governments annual tax revenue.
The protocol orders the execution of 10 high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of Westerners in China.
The reparation would be paid within 39 years, and would be 982,238,150 taels with interests (4 percent per year) included.
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of Government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silver—more than the Government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved
The Boxer Protocol orders the execution of 10 high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of Westerners in China
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 ended the uprising and provided for severe punishments, including an indemnity of 67 million pounds (450 million taels of silver), more than the Governments annual tax revenue
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of Government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silver—more than the Government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved
The siege was raised when the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing
The siege was raised when the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing
Issues edicts blaming selected officials for the disaster.
The siege was raised when the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing
Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan "Support Qing Government and exterminate the foreigners."
The anti-western Boxer (Yihetuan) rebellion is crushed by foreign troops (Russia, Britain, France, Japan, USA) and Tsu Hsi flees to the mountains
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