Einstein Ring Condition Described
Einstein showed that exact alignment of source, lens and observer produces a circular image geometry, the configuration later widely known as an Einstein ring.
Albert Einstein · Year
1936
Albert Einstein records dated 1936, drawn directly from the World History Database source collection.
Gravitational Lensing
Publishes a calculation showing how a foreground star can gravitationally lens light from a background star.
Gravitational Wave Debate
Einstein and Nathan Rosen initially question whether exact gravitational waves exist, then recognise that a troublesome singularity is a coordinate effect rather than a physical obstruction.
Gravitational-Wave Manuscript with Rosen
With Nathan Rosen, submits a manuscript questioning gravitational waves, then revises the analysis after recognising that a problematic singularity arose from the coordinates used.
Lens-Like Action of a Star Published
Einstein published a short analysis of the lens-like action of a foreground star, giving a compact treatment of image formation and magnification caused by gravitational light bending.
Mandl Prompts Einstein to Publish Gravitational Lensing
After discussions with Rudi Mandl, Einstein returned to the lensing calculation he had explored in 1912 and agreed to publish the optical effect of gravitational light bending.
Stellar Lens Magnification Relation Published
Einstein quantified the magnification produced by gravitational deflection in a simple stellar-lens geometry, linking image brightness to the angular alignment of source and lens.
Two-Image Stellar Lens Configuration Published
Einstein's lensing note described how imperfect alignment can produce two apparent images of a background star because its light reaches the observer along different curved paths.
US Declaration of Intention
Files a declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States.
Gravitational Lens Paper
Publishes a calculation of the lens-like action of a star's gravitational field, describing how general relativity can produce multiple or magnified images of a background source.