30 January 1647Arrest of Charles ICharles I
Parliament pays a 400,000 pounds ransom to Charles Scottish captors
Historical records for England in 1647, rendered directly from the World History Database and ordered by month, day and event.
Parliament pays a 400,000 pounds ransom to Charles Scottish captors
Charles I is deliverred by the Scots to the commissioners of Parliament, Fairfax meets the King beyond Nottingham, and accompanies him during the journey to Holdenby
Captures Torrington from the Royalists
Driven back to Truro, Hopton offers peace terms with the Parliamentary forces
Signs a peace Treaty with Lord Ralph Hopton who agrees to disband his forces
Signs a peace Treaty with Fairfax in Truro
Makes the Earl of Glamorgan Duke of Somerset
Astley takes up a defensive position on a hillside below Stow-on-the-Wold
Attempts to transfer forces from Wales to Oxford but is defeated by Morgan & Brereton. Astley is forced to surrender himself to the Parliamentarians
Intercepts Lord Astley & stops him marching from Wales to join Charles I in Oxford
Taken prisoner during the royalist defeat
Intercepts Lord Astley & stops him marching from Wales to join Charles I in Oxford
Sends Montreuil to Newark to prepare the Scots for his reception
The French send Montreuil to Scotland to negotiate peace with the Covenanters
The French send Montreuil to Scotland to negotiate peace with the Covenanters
Princess Henrietta is surrendered to Parliament
Princess Henrietta is surrendered to Parliament
Captures the garrison ar Exeter & Princess Henrietta becomes a prisoner of Parliament
The surrender ends Royalist resistance in the west and places Princess Henrietta in Parliamentarian hands.
The surrender at Exeter allows Fairfax to declare the western campaign effectively finished.
John Berkley surrenders & surrenders Princes Henrietta to Parliament. John Berkley surrenders & ends the war in the west
Surrenders at Exeter, Fairfax declares that the Western War is over
Ireton helps turn the soldiers' complaints over pay, indemnity and disbandment into a coordinated Army political programme.
Taken prisoner by the Army from Holmby House in Northamptonshire
Allen acts among the Agitators as elected soldier representatives help bind the Army to the Solemn Engagement against disbandment on Parliament's terms
Sexby is associated with the soldier representatives who press the Army's grievances as the New Model Army refuses disbandment until arrears, indemnity and political safeguards are secured
Cromwell is associated with the Army leadership as officers and Agitators commit the Army not to disband until soldiers' pay, indemnity and political security are addressed
The Army Council supports the Solemn Engagement of the Army, drawn up because Parliament seeks to disband the New Model Army before settling arrears, indemnity and the soldiers' grievances
Cromwell acts among the Army Grandees as the New Model Army refuses disbandment on Parliament's terms and insists that the soldiers' political and military grievances must be settled
Fairfax stands at the head of the New Model Army Grandees as officers and Agitators adopt the Solemn Engagement, resisting parliamentary disbandment until soldiers' arrears, indemnity and grievances are secured
Ireton supports the Army's Solemn Engagement, binding the soldiers together against disbandment before their grievances are settled.
Joyce's seizure of Charles I strengthens the Army Council's position by placing the King under Army control during the dispute with Parliament over the postwar settlement
Ireton helps shape the Army's political position as the Army Council issues a declaration explaining why the soldiers will not submit to disbandment on Parliament's terms
Sexby represents rank-and-file pressure within the Army Council, where Agitators insist that the Army's grievances must be treated as matters of public justice rather than mutiny
Ireton helps shape the Grandees' moderate constitutional programme, drafting the Heads of the Proposals to secure limited monarchy, parliamentary reform and protection for the Army
Lambert works with Ireton and the senior officers on the Heads of the Proposals, giving the Grandees an alternative settlement to both Parliament's Newcastle Propositions and Leveller radicalism
Ireton presents a draft settlement to the General Council of the Army, seeking a constitutional agreement after the First Civil War that would limit monarchy while avoiding the harsher Newcastle Propositions
Lambert helps shape the Army's proposed settlement, working with Ireton on terms intended to reconcile King, Parliament and Army after the defeat of Charles I
Petty takes part in the wider radical pressure around the Army Council, seeking stronger constitutional guarantees than those finally contained in the Heads of the Proposals
Walwyn is connected with the radical civilian circle consulted during the Army's settlement discussions, but the resulting Heads fall short of Leveller demands for popular sovereignty
Wildman is involved among the Army's radical civilian allies as the Heads of the Proposals are debated, but later criticises the plan for reflecting the King's interests too strongly
Ireton's Heads of the Proposals are advanced as the Army leadership's constitutional settlement, aiming to restore Charles I under limited monarchy while protecting Parliament and the Army
Cromwell supports the Heads of the Proposals as a moderate Army settlement that would preserve limited monarchy while securing parliamentary and religious safeguards
Fairfax's Army leadership approves the completed Heads of the Proposals as the New Model Army's official basis for a national settlement
Enters London with an Army & forces Parliament to take him & the other MPs back
Whalley commands guards responsible for Charles I at Hampton Court while Parliament and the Army seek a political settlement.
Charles I expresses preference for the Army's Heads of the Proposals over Parliament's Newcastle terms, hoping to use the Army settlement to gain more favourable conditions
Prince becomes associated with the London Leveller organisation, helping support the movement's petitions, publications and links with soldiers opposed to settlement without constitutional guarantees
Wildman helps Army radicals prepare a written constitutional challenge to the senior officers before the Putney discussions begin.
The Levelllers demand a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future Parliaments, which were to be regulated by an unalterable "law paramount"
The Levelllers demand a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future Parliaments, which were to be regulated by an unalterable "law paramount"
The Levellers demand a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future Parliaments, to be regulated by an unalterable law paramount. At least five regiments of cavalry elect new unofficial agitators and produce "The Case of the Army Truly Stated", which is presented to Sir Thomas Fairfax
Wildman is associated with the radical soldiers who present "The Case of the Army Truly Stated", pressing the Army leadership for constitutional reform
Everard, known as Buff Coat, speaks for the radical soldier representatives as the Agitators and New Agents bring their constitutional demands before the General Council of the Army
Weale is associated with the New Agents who help carry the soldiers' demands into the Putney Debates, where the Army Council is forced to examine the Agreement of the People
Wildman assists the Agitators and New Agents by presenting radical arguments for the Agreement of the People against the Grandees' more moderate settlement
Allen takes part among the soldiers' representatives supporting the Agreement of the People, seeking constitutional guarantees before the Army accepts any settlement with Parliament or the King
Everard, known as Buff Coat, represents the New Agents who bring the Agreement of the People into the Army Council as the soldiers' alternative to the Grandees' Heads of the Proposals
Petty supports the Agreement of the People as a written constitutional settlement, pressing the case that political authority should be founded on the birthright and consent of the people
Sexby explains that soldiers and their civilian advisers have come to the Army Council to press the Agreement of the People because the Army's sacrifices require a secure public settlement
Wildman and other radical representatives press the Agreement of the People before the Army Council during the Putney Debates
Wildman and other radical representatives press the Agreement of the People before the General Council of the Army during the Putney Debates
Wildman helps present the Agreement of the People before the General Council of the Army, arguing that England's settlement should rest on the people's consent rather than on King, Lords and Commons alone
Wildman takes part before the Army Council as radical soldiers and civilian Leveller advisers press the Agreement of the People against the more moderate Heads of the Proposals
Cromwell chairs the Army Council at Putney for the Grandees, attempting to preserve Army unity while allowing Agitators and Leveller advisers to present their constitutional demands
Everard, known as Buff Coat, presents the Agreement of the People to the General Council of the Army and helps bring Leveller constitutional demands into the Army debates
Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by The Case of the Armie Truly Stated and invite the New Agents and their civilian supporters to debate their proposals before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates
Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by "The Case of the Army Truly Stated" and order the unofficial Agitators to explain their principles before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates
Sexby represents the Army radical side of the Leveller cause, arguing that the soldiers' sacrifices in the war require a settlement based on liberty, indemnity and political security
Wildman assists the Army radicals and New Agents at Putney, helping press the Leveller Agreement of the People against the Grandees' more moderate constitutional settlement
Wildman helps present the Agreement of the People to the Army Council as an alternative constitutional settlement.
Allen takes part as one of the Agitators, helping represent soldiers who believed the Army's sacrifices entitled them to a voice in the political settlement
Clarke records the proceedings for the General Council, preserving the arguments of the officers, Agitators and civilian advisers who took part
Cromwell attends Army Council debates over political settlement, representation and the army's demands.
Cromwell argues that the meeting should receive the radicals' proposals in orderly fashion so that the Army can judge their intentions and preserve unity
Cromwell chairs the opening session because Fairfax is absent and invites officers, soldiers and civilian advisers to speak on the public settlement after the First Civil War
Everard, identified in the record as Buff Coat, presents the soldiers' request for advice on the Agreement of the People and joins the debate over the Army's political programme
Fairfax is absent through illness, but the debates take place under the authority of the Army command that sought to prevent division between officers and rank-and-file soldiers
Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by The Case of the Armie Truly Stated and invite the New Agents and their civilian supporters to explain their principles before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates
Senior officers in the Army (nicknamed "Grandees") were incensed by the "Case of the Army" and ordered the unofficial Agitators to give an account of their principles before the General Council of the Army, known as the Putney Debates
Ireton argues against immediate manhood suffrage and defends property-based political rights.
Ireton explains that The Case of the Army had been referred to a committee, creating the immediate reason for inviting the New Agents to state their principles at Putney
Ireton supports committee examination of The Case of the Army, because the Grandees want the New Agents' demands tested before the Army accepts any radical settlement
Petty takes part as a civilian adviser connected with the Army radicals, supporting proposals for a written constitutional settlement based on popular consent
The Agitators are assisted by civilians including John Wildman and Maximilian Petty, who had been connected to Army affairs as civilian advisers
The Agitators are assisted by some civilians, notably John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, who had been connected to the Army as civilian advisers
Rainsborough takes part as the highest-ranking officer sympathetic to the Leveller position and challenges continued negotiation with the King
Sexby says the Army and kingdom require speedy relief, making soldiers' arrears, indemnity and constitutional security part of the reason the debates take place
Sexby takes part for the Army radicals, explaining that soldiers and their advisers have come to present their constitutional demands to the General Council of the Army
Weale, probably the Bedfordshire Man from Whalley's regiment, is associated with the New Agents who brought the soldiers' constitutional case before the General Council
Whalley's regiment is represented through the soldier known as the Bedfordshire Man, showing that regimental agents helped force the constitutional dispute onto the Army Council's agenda
The Agitators are assisted by some civilians, notably John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, who had been connected to the Army as civilian advisers
The Agitators are assisted by civilians including John Wildman and Maximilian Petty, who had been connected to Army affairs as civilian advisers
Wildman takes part as a civilian adviser to the Army radicals, helping press the Agreement of the People as an alternative to settlement by King, Lords and Commons
Ireton opposes the Agitators' demand for a broad male franchise, warning that giving political power to men without property could endanger civil order and property rights
Petty supports the Agitators' case for a wider franchise, arguing that political voice should rest on birthright rather than property alone
Rainsborough supports the Agitators' radical position by arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey
Cromwell seeks to manage the dispute over the Agreement of the People, allowing the radicals to speak while trying to preserve Army unity and prevent a break with constitutional order
Ireton opposes the Agreement of the People's broad franchise, warning that political power without a fixed interest in the kingdom could threaten property and civil order
Rainsborough defends the broad franchise implied by the Agreement of the People, arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey
Rainsborough argues before the Army Council that political consent should not be limited to property holders, making the franchise dispute central to the Army's constitutional debate
Ireton becomes the leading spokesman for the Grandees at Putney, opposing universal or near-universal male suffrage and arguing that political power should rest with those who have a fixed interest in the kingdom
Rich supports the Grandees' concern that a broad franchise might allow men without property to vote against property, reinforcing the officer case against the Leveller Agreement
Ireton defends the Heads of the Proposals during the Army debates at Putney, presenting them as a lawful and balanced alternative to the Leveller Agreement of the People
Rainsborough challenges the moderate settlement represented by the Heads of the Proposals, arguing that the Army should secure broader political rights rather than settle mainly with King and Parliament
Ireton opposes the Leveller demand for a broad franchise, warning that political power without a fixed interest in the kingdom could threaten property and civil order
Petty argues for a broad male franchise during the Putney Debates, supporting the Leveller claim that political voice should rest on birthright rather than property alone
Rainsborough becomes the leading senior officer sympathetic to the Levellers, arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey
Captain Bishop says the Council has met to seek a way to preserve the kingdom from destruction, showing the debates' purpose as both military and constitutional
John Clarke speaks after prayer, framing the debates as a search for divine guidance before the Council continues its political deliberations
Cowling contributes to the religious and political discussion, reflecting the belief that the Army's constitutional choices should follow providential guidance
Ireton opposes the Leveller demand for a broad male franchise, arguing that political power should rest with those who have a fixed interest in the kingdom
Ireton replies that voting rights should belong to those with a permanent fixed interest in the kingdom, because otherwise property and civil order might be endangered
Peter intervenes during the franchise dispute, suggesting that a smaller group might work toward compromise after prolonged argument
Petty states that all inhabitants who have not lost their birthright should have an equal voice in elections, putting the radical franchise case plainly before the Council
Rainsborough argues at the Putney Debates that political rights should not be limited to men of property
Rainsborough argues that even the poorest man in England has a life to live and should not be bound by a government to which he has not consented
William Rainsborough supports a broader franchise by arguing that government must preserve persons as well as estates
William Rainsborough urges the Council to examine the rights and freedoms of the people before settling lesser questions of Army discipline and negotiation
Rich warns that giving equal voting power to masters and servants might allow men without property to choose representatives hostile to property
Saltmarsh's writing is requested for reading to the General Council, reflecting the religious language and providential arguments surrounding the Putney proceedings
Sexby speaks for rank-and-file soldiers pressing for a broader political settlement.
Wildman criticises the Heads of the Proposals, arguing that restoring the King's personal rights before securing the people's liberties would betray the Army's cause
Rainsborough emerges as the most prominent senior officer supporting the Army radicals' demand for a wider political settlement.
Lambert's moderate Army settlement is challenged by the Agreement of the People, which offers the radicals' alternative to the Heads of the Proposals drafted by Ireton and Lambert
Cromwell urges caution over breaking with monarchy, reflecting the Grandees' preference for a controlled settlement with Charles I rather than immediate adoption of the Leveller programme
Allen argues from his religious experience that the task before the Army is to remove the negative voice of the King and Lords
Carter says he no longer feels moved to pray that the King should become a blessing to the kingdom, showing radical distrust of Charles I during the debates
Cowling argues that the sword has recovered the people's rights, linking the soldiers' wartime service to the claim that political rights must be secured
Cromwell discusses the King's negative voice and treats kingship as contractual, while resisting proposals that would immediately overthrow the monarchy
Ireton defends the Army's earlier proposals and argues that peace must be settled through a lawful authority rather than by the Army alone
Lambert's regiment is reported to have been approached by Agitators, underlining the Grandees' fear that the debate might spread into wider Army disorder
Henry Lilburne challenges some historical claims about ancient liberties, showing that even radical religious and political arguments were disputed within the Council
Peter encourages continued discussion and possible compromise after the Council becomes stuck over the franchise and the balance between liberty and property
Rainsborough presses the case that soldiers who risked their lives in the war should not be left without political voice in the settlement
Rich seeks a middle course on representation, accepting concern for the poor while still warning that equal suffrage could threaten property
Wildman objects that restoring the King's rights would leave the people's grievances insecure and would weaken the constitutional purpose of the Agreement
Allen represents the rank-and-file demand that the Agreement be taken seriously by the General Council rather than buried by the officers' committee
Clarke's detailed transcription becomes patchier after this point, so later sessions of the Putney Debates are known less completely than the first days
Cromwell joins the effort to have proposals refined by committee, aiming to turn the dispute over the Agreement into a controlled constitutional programme
Everard's participation shows that the debates resulted from pressure by New Agents elected from radical cavalry regiments rather than from officers alone
Ireton supports modifying the Agreement rather than adopting the Leveller draft unchanged, producing a limited result short of the radicals' full programme
Petty's arguments for birthright and equal voice help define the radical side of the debate, though the result does not secure full manhood suffrage
Sexby and the Agitators remain concerned that any compromise must satisfy soldiers who believed the Army had fought for liberty as well as pay and indemnity
Cromwell supports ending the open Army Council debates after the Agitators' demands threaten discipline and expose deep division between radical soldiers and senior officers
Fairfax's authority is used as the Army Council meetings are suspended, leaving the Agreement of the People unadopted as the Army's official constitutional programme
Fairfax's authority is used as the Army Council meetings are suspended and the Agitators are ordered back to their regiments, limiting the Leveller challenge to the officer leadership
Fairfax's authority is used by the Grandees to suspend the Army Council meetings and send Agitators back to their regiments, ending the open phase of the Putney Debates
Cromwell backs suspension of the Army Council meetings because the Grandees fear that continued debate over the King and the Agreement will damage military discipline
Fairfax's authority is used as the Army leadership orders Agitators and representative officers back to their regiments, bringing the debates to a temporary close
Ireton's moderate constitutional line prevails over the Leveller demand for the Agreement to become the Army's official settlement programme
Sexby and the Agitators fail to secure adoption of the Leveller Agreement, but the debates leave a lasting record of soldiers demanding political consent
Wildman's radical constitutional programme is not adopted at Putney, and the result is a modified officer-led approach rather than immediate popular sovereignty
Hosted by the Governor of Carisbrooke Castle
Escapes to the Isle of Wight
Fairfax's authority is used at the Ware rendezvous to suppress Leveller-influenced Agitator resistance, restore Army discipline and end the immediate challenge to the Grandees
Cromwell helps restore discipline at the Corkbush Field rendezvous after soldiers resist the Army Council's settlement, resulting in arrests and the execution of a mutineer
Arnold is executed after soldiers at the Corkbush Field rendezvous resist the Army leadership and display papers supporting soldiers' rights and Leveller demands
Cromwell helps enforce the Grandees' settlement at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, suppressing Leveller-influenced resistance and restoring discipline within the New Model Army
Cromwell suppresses Leveller-influenced resistance at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, restoring Army discipline after soldiers reject the Grandees' settlement and display slogans for England's freedom and soldiers' rights
The Scots promise to restore Charles if he restores Presbyterianism. Signs a secret Treaty at the Isle of Wight with the Scots. Promises to impose Presbyterianism for 3 yrs to gain Scottish support
Parliament renounces its allegiance to the King
Promises to impose Presbyterianism for 3 yrs to gain Scottish military support
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North for Parliament
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North for Parliament
Orders the abduction of Charles II at Holmby
Leads the Parliaments cavalry
Birth of George Fox
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North for Parliament
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North for Parliament
A radical group within the New Model Army, the Levellers, calls for constitutional reform
Appointed to command Parliamentarian forces in eastern Ulster after leaving Royalist captivity.
Takes up exile in France
The Levellers call for a broader franchise under a republican government
Impeached by the Parliamentary Army
The Levellers call for a broader franchise under a republican government. The Levellers emphasise popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law and religious toleration, ideas expressed in the manifesto "Agreement of the People". A radical group within the New Model Army calls for constitutional reform
Takes senior command in Ulster as Parliament reorganises its Irish military position.
The Levellers, a political movement during the English Civil Wars which emphasised popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance, all of which were expressed in the manifesto "Agreement of the People"
Flees Parliament & joins an Army with 100 members of the House of Commons
Offers to repeal all the penal laws if the Vatican assists him to victory
Offers a seperate peace with the Independents in Parliament but they do not respond
Founds the "Friends of the Truth", later becomes the Quakers
The Levellers call for a broader franchise under a republican government
Appointed Speaker of the House of Lords
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