21 January 1918Operation MichaelErich von Ludendorf
Ludendorf decides on a spring offensive
Historical records for Germany in 1918, rendered directly from the World History Database and ordered by month, day and event.
Ludendorf decides on a spring offensive
Martial Law is declared in Berlin
Martial Law is declared in Hamburg
A strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning is organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD
Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike"
Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike"
Jodl serves in a staff role on the Western Front during the final year of the war.
Orders an end to the peace negotiations with Russia
Treats the breakdown of negotiations as an end of the armistice. Notifies the Russians that military operations will resume on 18 February
Lenin refuses the German armistice terms & Hoffman orders the capture of Dvinsk
Lenin refuses the German armistice terms & Hoffman orders the capture of Dvinsk
A reply to the ultimatum of 17th Feb is not received & the German invasion continues
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
German engineer Arthur Scherbius applies for a patent for a cipher machine using rotors and, with E. Richard Ritter, founds the firm of Scherbius & Ritter
Telegrams German peace terms to Moscow
Demands the Soviet Government withdraw its army from the Ukraine. Demands the Soviet Government evacuate Livonia & Estonia
Negotiates & signs on behalf of Germany with the Bolshevik Government
Launches an offensive against the Russians which forces them to sign a peace Treaty
Negotiates & signs on behalf of Germany with the Bolshevik Government. Implements the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Issues the operaion Michael order
60 infantry divisions move up to the front
1st day of Operation Michael
General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme
General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme
Albert is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Bapaume is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Albert is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Bapaume is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
1st day of the Mars offensive on Arras
Ludendorf orders operation Georgette in 10 days time
The German 8th Army heads towards Amiens
Launches a German counter-attack to within 75 miles of Paris
Defeats the British Zeebrugge Raid
The German push for Amiens is halted
1st day of the Battle of Lys, part of Operation Georgette
German forces attack near Ypres during the Lys offensive.
Ludendorff launches Operation Georgette against British and Portuguese positions in the Flanders sector.
1st day of the Battle of Lys, part of Operation Georgette
Ludendorff opens the Lys offensive near Ypres.
Offers a prototype rotor cipher machine to the German Navy as military communications security becomes a wartime concern.
German forces seize Kemmel Hill but fail to convert the gain into a decisive breakthrough in Flanders.
Launches a counter-attack in the Lys-Aisne sector, April-May
Ludendorff finalises the Flanders offensive intended to seize key railways and threaten the Channel ports.
Ludendorf orders the Aisne attack to divert the French reserves so that the BEF can be struck again in Flanders
Ludendorf orders the Aisne attack to divert the French reserves so that the BEF can be struck again in Flanders
Jodl receives the Iron Cross First Class for wartime service.
Awarded for courage beyond the call of duty
The Germans reach Meuse at Chateau-Thierry within 40 miles of Paris
1st day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
1st day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Final day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Final day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Americans attack German positions
If the Germans could make progress in the centre sector here, the indented Front Line of the bulge between these two salients could be straightened out. 1st day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
The German plan was to push the German Front Line westwards in the sector between two salients; the northern salient had been formed from the fighting towards Amiens and the southern one at the end of the previous German offensive in the Aisne sector.
The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918.
The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918
If the Germans could make progress in the centre sector here, the indented Front Line of the bulge between these two salients could be straightened out. 1st day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
The German plan was to push the German Front Line westwards in the sector between two salients; the northern salient had been formed from the fighting towards Amiens and the southern one at the end of the previous German offensive in the Aisne sector.
The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918.
Although the Germans made progress on the first day, the French organized a counter-attack on 11th June
The last German position is taken
The Germans halt their offensive
The Germans halt their offensive
Final day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
Final day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
The German advance on Paris is turned back, Bellau Wood is secured by the Allies
The German advance on Paris is stopped
June-July, launches a counter-attack in the Noyon-Marne sector
The German advance on Paris is stopped
The Marne Offensive (15th July - 5th August 1918) became the last German offensive of the war. It was intended as a diversionary attack either side of Reims to cross the river Marne and draw the Allied reserves away from Flanders, where Ludendorff was planning to make another offensive to break through the Allied line once and for all
Ludendorff throws 35 Divisions across the Marne to encircle Reims. Final thrust of the Spring Offensive. 1st day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Launched against US & French divisions from east of the Reims to the Marne
This record states: It was intended as a diversionary attack either side of Reims to cross the river Marne and draw the Allied reserves away from Flanders.
This record states: The German attack east of Reims was blocked by the French defence on the first day.
This record states: The Marne Offensive (15th July - 5th August 1918) became the last German offensive of the war.
This record states: The attack west of Reims did succeed in crossing the Marne river.
This record states: Where Ludendorff was planning to make another offensive to break through the Allied line once and for all.
1st day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Ludendorff throws 35 Divisions across the Marne to encircle Reims
Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
The Allies counter-attack capturing 12,000 PoWs, 250 guns & 14 German divisions. German forces south of the River Marne are forced to rereat
On 18th July an Allied counter-attack, comprising French, British, American and Italian troops, pushed the German forces back
1st day of the Allied "100 Days" offensives which lead to the Armistice
The British 9th Division recaptures Meteren
The British 9th Division recaptures Meteren
The Germans retreat 5 miles as the French reach the Lassery-Chateau-Thierry Road
The Allies cross the Marne near Dormans. Ludendorf orders the southern salient to be abandoned
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
The British recapture Marfaux
A French & British force advances 2 miles toward the Avre Valley
The British recapture Marfaux
Orders German retreat to Blucher position north of Vesle
The Weimar Republic is adopted. The plan to transform Germany into a constitutional monarchy similar to Britain quickly becomes obsolete as the country slid into a state of near-total chaos. The 1871 constitution is amended to make the Reich a Parliamentary democracy, which the Government had refused for half a century, the Chancellor is henceforth responsible to Parliament, the Reichstag, and no longer to the Kaiser
The Weimar Republic is adopted. The 1871 constitution is amended to make the Reich a Parliamentary democracy, which the Government had refused for half a century, the Chancellor is henceforth responsible to Parliament, the Reichstag, and no longer to the Kaiser
Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees
Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees
Soissons is re-captured on 2nd August and the Germans withdrew to entrenched positions on a line along the Vesle and Aisne rivers. As a result of the defeat of this German offensive the proposed German offensive in Flanders was called off
As a result of the defeat of this German offensive the proposed German offensive in Flanders was called off.
Soissons is re-captured on 2nd August and the Germans withdrew to entrenched positions on a line along the Vesle and Aisne rivers.
This record states: This retreat and defeat, the last in a series of offensives which each ended in an unsuccessful strategic conclusion, marked the beginning of the gradual retreat of the German forces which.
This record states: was to come over the following months to 11th November 1918.
Sees the Amiens defeat as a severe blow to German morale and confidence.
German Second Army absorbs the main shock of the Allied surprise offensive.
Recognises the scale of the defeat as German morale and defensive cohesion weaken.
Commands German Second Army facing the Allied assault east of Amiens.
The British counter-attack of 8 August at the Battle of Amiens is spectacularly successful, and amounts to what Ludendorff termed "the black day of the German Army"
The British counter-attack of 8 August at the Battle of Amiens is spectacularly successful, and amounts to what Ludendorff termed "the black day of the German Army"
Jointly commands 35 divisions in the field, the Germans are driven back by the Allies
Directs the German forces during the Battle of Bapaume
Jointly commands 35 divisions in the field, the Germans are driven back by the Allies
The Allies drive the Germans back & capture the Arras-Bapaume Road
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance
Due to the naval blockade the civilian ration is reduced to 2,000 calories daily
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance
The 2nd Australian Div captures Mont St Quentin & removes a central German strongpoint
The 2nd Australian Div captures Peronne
It is agreed to offer an armistice & form a new Government
Resigns as Chancellor at the request of the German Generals
Helps found the Thule Society, a centre of resistance to the Munich Soviet Republic
The German military leadership presses the civilian government to seek an immediate peace settlement.
Ludendorf cables the Government to transmit a peace offer wihout further delay
German forces withdraw from positions near Ypres.
Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Appoints a Government that for the first time included representatives of the Social Democrats, Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann. Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war
Appointed Foreign Minister
Forms a new Government
Germany requests an armistice
The German Government formally asks US President Wilson for a ceasfire
The Reichstag votes for equal suffrage
Woodrow Wilson says military rulers & autocratic monarchs are an obstacle to peace
Recalls U-boats to take part in a final sortie but naval mutinies end all such plans
The Kaiser signs amended constitution
Rebellion breaks out when the military command, without consultation with the Government, orders the German High Seas Fleet to sortie
Suppresses the mutiny of the Kiel Fleet
The crews of two ships in Wilhelmshaven mutiny, when the military arrest about 1,000 seamen and have them transported to Kiel, the Wilhelmshaven mutiny turns into a general rebellion that quickly swept over most of Germany
Appointed Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Driven east with the 4th Army during the Allied Courtai Offensive
Driven east with the 4th Army during the Allied Courtai Offensive
When it became clear that the war was lost, a new Government was formed by Prince Maximilian of Baden which included Ebert and other members of the SPD in October 1918
Convalesces in hospital in Pasewalk, recovers from temporary blindness
Appointed Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister Without Portfolio
When the Social Democrats are included in the cabinet for the first time in Prince Max of Badens Government Scheidemann enters the Government as a minister without portfolio
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny
A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny
A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny
Badens Government is strong enough to force Ludendorffs resignation
Badens Government is strong enough to force Ludendorffs resignation
1st day of the Kiel Mutiny
1st day of the Kiel Mutiny
The first day of the General Strike in Berlin
The first day of the General Strike in Berlin
The Allied Supreme War Council accepts Wilson's Fourteen Points as an armistice basis.
supporter of the monarchy until the abdication of the Kaiser ("If the Kaiser abdicates, the social revolution is inevitable. But I do not want it, I hate it like sin", he says to Max von Baden
The revolution reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern. "Majority Social Democrats" (MSPD, who support a Parliamentary system) put themselves at the front of the revolutionary movement & demand that Emperor Wilhelm II abdicate
The Bavarian revolution shocks Kahr, a monarchist official, as royal government collapses in Munich.
supporter of the monarchy until the abdication of the Kaiser ("If the Kaiser abdicates, the social revolution is inevitable. But I do not want it, I hate it like sin", he says to Max von Baden
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts. Bavaria is declared a republic
Leaves Munich on a day of mass demonstrations
The Demobilization office is setup
The Red flag is raised over the Imperial Palace in Berlin. In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
The Red flag is raised over the Imperial Palace in Berlin
Sailors capture Cologne
Sailors capture Cologne
Suppresses the revolution in Munich
Suppresses the revolution in Munich
The revolution had reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Addresses a demonstration of workers, peasants & soldiers
Addresses a demonstration of workers, peasants & soldiers
The revolution reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
The revolution had reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
"Majority Social Democrats" (MSPD, who support a Parliamentary system) put themselves at the front of the revolutionary movement & demand that Emperor Wilhelm II abdicate
Helps persuade the Kaiser to abdicate
Eisners Cabinet has 3 minority Socialists & 3 Majority Social Democrats. Appointed Prime Minister of Bavaria & responsible for foreign affairs
Announces the abdication of Wilhelm II during the armistice
Announces the Kaiser has abdicated
Maximilian announces the abdication without the Kaisers consent.
Maximilian, realizing that the Kaiser would not be able to retain his throne, urges him to abdicate in time to save the monarchy itself, but the Kaiser refuses to agree.
The Kaiser abdicates.
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern.
Ebert makes a pact over the phone with General Wilhelm Groener
Begins preparations for drawing up an armistice with the Allies
The Allies demand evacuation of all occupied territories including Alsace Lorraine
The Allies demand the demilitarization of the Rhineland & annulment Brest Litovsk
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government. Appointed Chancellor of Germany, accepts Max von Badens offer
From November 1918 through January 1919, Germany is governed dictatorially by the Council of Peoples Commissioners.
The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state.
To ensure that his fledgling Government is able to maintain control over the country, Ebert makes an uneasy pact with the OHL, now led by Ludendorffs successor General Wilhelm Groener.
Begins preparations for elections to the new National Constitutional Assembly
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts. Ebert continues to serve as Head of Government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the National Assembly in February 1919, but did not use the title of Chancellor
Opposes Scheidemanns declaration of a republic, wants a constitutional monarchy
A Soviet republic was proclaimed, at the Berliner Stadtschloss by a left-wing radical named Karl Liebknecht
Resigns in favour of Ebert, followed by the proclamation of the German Republic
Proclaims the new "Free German Republic" without any Party or Government authorization
The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy. Scheidemann, concerned in the face of a possible workers revolution in Berlin, proclaims the Republic from a balcony in the Reichstag building, without consulting any of his colleagues
From November 1918 through January 1919, Germany is governed dictatorially by the Council of Peoples Commissioners
Dismisses Ludendorf during the armistice
Begins preparations for elections to the new National Constitutional Assembly
Proclaims the new "Free German Republic" without any Party or Government authorization
The Germans retreat across the Meuse
Ebert continues to serve as Head of Government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the National Assembly in February 1919, but did not use the title of Chancellor
The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state
The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern
Resigns in favor of Friedrich Ebert, the second Empire is at an end
Ebert, supported by the "Majority" Socialists, forces von Baden to resign. Asked by Hindenburg to arrange an armistice but saved the indignity
Resigns in favour of Ebert, followed by the proclamation of the German Republic
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
A Soviet republic was proclaimed, at the Berliner Stadtschloss by a left-wing radical named Karl Liebknecht
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern
The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy
The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy
Liebknechts proclamation ends the German Monarchy and an entirely Socialist provisional Government took power under Eberts leadership. Ebert favoured retaining the monarchy under a different ruler but Scheidemann proclaimes the German Republic, in response to the unrest in Berlin and in order to counter a declaration of the "Free Socialist Republic" by Karl Liebknecht. Calls for a National Constitutional Assembly
A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD
A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD
A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD
Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of
of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution
the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council
Forms a provisional executive of mainstream SDP & Independent Socialists
Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of
of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution
the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council
Liebknechts proclamation ends the German Monarchy and an entirely Socialist provisional Government took power under Eberts leadership
Appointed Member of Ruling Council, Nov 1918 to Feb 1919
The armistice is signed in a railway carriage at 5:00 AM. Germany agrees to the armistice & firing stops on the western front at 11 am
German troops begin their withdrawal to the Rhine
Part of a commission which signs the armistice
The Allied ceasfire with Germany comes into effect
The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Final day of the Allied "100 Days" offensives which lead to the Armistice
Groener oversaw the retreat and demobilization of the defeated German army after World War I which ended with the armistice
All surving U-boats are required to surrender
The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Germany agrees to the armistice & firing stops on the western front at 11 am
Proclaims the aims of the new German regime
Resigns as the Military Governor of Poland
Leaves hospital & returns via Berlin to Munich
Appointed Member of 7th Company, 1st Reserve Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment
The Commander of the Imperial army, Hindenburg, orders the Kaiser to abdicate
Wilhelm II is exiled to Doorn in Holland
The Commander of the Imperial army, Hindenburg, orders the Kaiser to abdicate
Groener advises Kaiser Wilhelm II that he had lost the confidence of the armed forces and recommends abdication to the monarch
Imprisoned by the French after the Armistice until December 1919
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government
In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government
In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government
Ebert leads the new Government for the next several months, notably using the army under support of Minister of Defence Gustav Noske to suppress the Spartacist uprising, commonly identified with Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Appointed Member of Council of National Deputies
Appointed on the Council of the People's Deputies, wants to avoid a dictatorship of the proletariat through soldiers' and workers' councils
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of
of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution
the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council
Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD
Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD
Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD
Puts down the rebellion
Retires after orders to march against the Kiel Mutiny are countermanded
Retires after orders to march against the Kiel Mutiny are countermanded
Member of Workers & Soldiers Council
A soldiers council took charge of his regiment since the Bavarian Revolution
Leaves Berlin for Trier as a German armistice delegate
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic. Ebert calls for a National Congress of Councils, which take place from December 16 to December 20, 1918, and in which the MSPD had the majority
The National Conference of Spartacists is held in Berlin
The National Conference of Spartacists is held in Berlin
Birth of Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt, son of a school teacher
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
Appointed Guard at the Traunstein prisoner-of-war camp
The Wittelsbach King abdicates & Eisner heads of a Soviet style Government
The King abdicates & Eisner comes to power at the head of a Soviet style Government
The King abdicates & Eisner comes to power at the head of a Soviet style Government
With Hindenburg, helps bring about the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II
The last of the Wittelsbachs is deposed
Abdicates during the revolution, last Wittlesbach King
Abdicates when a new Bavarian Republic is formed
After signing the Armistice, Ludendorff fled to Sweden where his books and article claim that the unbeaten German Army had been "stabbed in the back" by left-wing politicians in Germany
Assassinated while a member of the ruling Council of Peoples Representatives
Assassinated, a communist revolt is suppressed & Bavaria joins the Weimar Republic
Fails to anticipate the Allies coastal thrust under Allenby. Defeated at Megiddo
Groener agrees to support Ebert against the Bolsheviks
Groener agrees to support Ebert against the Bolsheviks
Appointed Captain
Appointedhief-of-Staff with the Turkish 4th Army in Palestine
Appointedhief-of-Staff with the Turkish 4th Army in Palestine
Appointed Commander of the High Seas Fleet, replaces Scheer
Appointed Commander of the High Seas Fleet, replaces Scheer
Appointed Commander of the Jagdeshwader
Appointed Commander of the Jagdeshwader
Appointed Commander of the Tenth Army in Lithuania
Appointed Commander of the Tenth Army in Lithuania
Helps found the Communist Party in Germany
A Socialist Republic under Kurt Eisner is established
Assassinated & a communist revolt suppressed, Bavaria joins the Weimar Republic
Appointed Member of Council of Peoples Representatives
Recognizes imminent defeat & retreats, despite orders to hold his position
Appointed Member of Council of Peoples Representatives
Assassinated while a member of the ruling Council of Peoples Representatives
Death of Kurt Eisner, assassinated
Publication of "Decline of the West", civilizations have cycles of growth & decay
Publication of "Decline of the West", civilizations have cycles of growth & decay
Invents the Enigma Machine
After signing the Armistice, Ludendorff fled to Sweden where his books and article claim that the unbeaten German Army had been "stabbed in the back" by left-wing politicians in Germany
Forced into exile after the Bavarian Revolution
The term is used for the paramilitary organisations that sprang up around Germany as soldiers returned in defeat from World War I. The Freikorps were the brainchild of Major Kurt von Schleicher, the Freikorps were also called the "Black Reichswehr" (Black Army) for they were a secret army outside the bounds of the Versailles Treaty
Appointed Member of Great Gerneral Staff
Appointed Member of Great Gerneral Staff
Founder member of the German Communist Party
Co-founder & leader of the German Democratic Party
Temporalily loses sight because of gas poisoning
Awarded the Iron Cross, 1st class
Appointed First Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General in Turkey
Appointed Lieutenant General in Turkey
Appointed Major
Appointed Oberst
Resistance would grow 40 German divisions from the Army Groups of the Crown Prince and General Max Karl von Gallwitz, with the largest force the 5th Army of Group Gallwitz commanded by General Georg von der Marwitz
Resistance would grow 40 German divisions from the Army Groups of the Crown Prince and General Max Karl von Gallwitz, with the largest force the 5th Army of Group Gallwitz commanded by General Georg von der Marwitz
The new model Reichswehr armed forces, limited by the Treaty of Versailles to 100,000 army soldiers and 15,000 seamen, remains fully under the control of the German officer class despite its nominal re-organisation
Appointed Party Leader of the Social Democratic Party
Awarded the Pour le Merite Medal
Appointed President of the Reichstag
Appointed Editor of Die Freiheit
Refines gravitational-wave theory and derives the quadrupole form for radiated energy.
The Wittelsbach King abdicates & Eisner heads of a Soviet style Government
Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike". The King abdicates & Eisner comes to power at the head of a Soviet style Government
The King abdicates & Eisner comes to power at the head of a Soviet style Government
Suppresses the Communist uprising, assisted by Ebert
Puts down the rebellion of Spartacists
Noether proves the theorem linking symmetries and conservation laws, clarifying energy questions in relativity
At the conclusion of World War I, Germany reluctantly agrees to pay unspecified reparations in the armistice agreement of November 1918
Arrested for his part in the Bavarian communist revolution. 1 of the leaders of the Bavarian communist revolution
Appointed Minister of Agriculture
With the Spring Offensive Ludendorff expects to breakthrough on the Western Front but this ends in failure & Ludendorff realises that Germany will lose the war
Assigned to the staff of the Guard Ersatz Division, which fought in the German Spring Offensive of that year
After signing the Armistice, Ludendorff fled to Sweden where his books and article claim that the unbeaten German Army had been "stabbed in the back" by left-wing politicians in Germany
Appointed Commander of the Tenth Army in Lithuania
Appointed Commander of the Tenth Army in Lithuania
Directs The Eyes of the Mummy Ma, starring Pola Negri.
Appointed Member of Thule Society
The Voelkischer Beobachter is acquired by the Thule Society, called the Munchener Beobachter
The new model Reichswehr armed forces, limited by the Treaty of Versailles to 100,000 army soldiers and 15,000 seamen, remains fully under the control of the German officer class despite its nominal re-organisation
Eisner is assassinated & Bavaria joins the Weimar Republic
The Voelkischer Beobachter is acquired by the Thule Society, caled the Munchener Beobachter
The new model Reichswehr armed forces, limited by the Treaty of Versailles to 100,000 army soldiers and 15,000 seamen, remains fully under the control of the German officer class despite its nominal re-organisation
With the Spring Offensive Ludendorff expects to breakthrough on the Western Front but this ends in failure & Ludendorff realises that Germany will lose the war
Returns to Zurich for guest lectures while continuing work on relativity and quantum theory.
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