5 February 1943Ambassador to the Holy SeeGaleazzo Ciano
Leaves the Foreign Ministry and is appointed Italian ambassador to the Holy See.
Historical records for Italy in 1943, rendered directly from the World History Database and ordered by month, day and event.
Leaves the Foreign Ministry and is appointed Italian ambassador to the Holy See.
Presents his diplomatic credentials to Pope Pius XII as Italy's ambassador to the Holy See.
Serves as the final secretary of the National Fascist Party during the regime's collapse.
Surrenders Axis forces in Tunisia after being promoted to Marshal of Italy, ending organized Axis resistance in North Africa.
Faces another strategic setback when the Italian island fortress of Pantelleria surrenders to the Allies.
Surrenders the fortified island of Pantelleria after sustained Allied air and naval bombardment.
Using cyclotron-produced plutonium, Segre measures a spontaneous-fission rate low enough to keep the plutonium gun concept viable at this stage.
Commands the Italian Sixth Army as Allied forces land in Sicily during Operation Husky.
Faces the Allied invasion of Sicily, a military crisis that accelerates opposition to his regime.
Directs Italian Sixth Army defensive operations as Allied landings open the Sicily campaign.
Receives news of the major Allied bombing of Rome while meeting Adolf Hitler near Feltre.
Meets Adolf Hitler at Feltre as Italy's military position deteriorates and pressure for withdrawal from the war grows.
Faces the loss of Palermo as Allied forces rapidly expand their control of western Sicily.
Presses for a Fascist Grand Council meeting as Italy's military and political crisis deepens.
Presents the order of the day that challenges Mussolini's leadership at the Fascist Grand Council.
Faces the first meeting of the Fascist Grand Council since 1939 as senior Fascists challenge his leadership.
Introduces a motion calling for restoration of the King's constitutional military authority.
Is arrested after leaving his audience with King Victor Emmanuel III following dismissal from office.
Dismisses Benito Mussolini as head of government after the Fascist Grand Council crisis and orders his arrest.
Participates in the final Fascist Grand Council meeting while serving as party secretary.
Fails to prevent approval of the Grandi motion after a long overnight Grand Council debate.
Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini at the Fascist Grand Council.
Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini during the decisive Fascist Grand Council session.
Supports the Grandi motion that restores the King's constitutional authority.
Opposes Dino Grandi's motion and remains committed to the alliance with Germany.
Votes for the motion challenging Mussolini during the final Grand Council session.
Sees his motion approved by a majority of the Fascist Grand Council, fatally undermining Mussolini.
Remains at the centre of military planning as Mussolini falls and Badoglio assumes power.
King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Marshal Pietro Badoglio Prime Minister after dismissing Benito Mussolini.
Loses power after the Grand Council vote and the King's decision to dismiss and arrest him.
Withdraws from public view after the King's removal of Mussolini changes the political situation.
Joins Badoglio's government as Foreign Minister after the fall of Mussolini.
Oversees the dissolution of the National Fascist Party after the fall of Mussolini.
Loses his party office when the Badoglio government dissolves the National Fascist Party.
Completes formation of a non-party cabinet of soldiers, officials and technocrats after Mussolini's dismissal.
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of the Air Force.
Joins Badoglio's government with responsibility for corporate and economic administration.
Is held under guard on the island of Ponza after his arrest.
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of National Education.
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of Finance.
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of Justice.
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of the Navy.
Joins Badoglio's first government as Minister of War.
Retains responsibility for war production in Badoglio's first post-Fascist government.
Ends the Sicily campaign after Axis evacuation leaves the island in Allied hands.
Withdraws the remaining Axis forces from Sicily as the Allied campaign reaches Messina.
Supports the dispatch of military representatives to establish terms for ending Italy's war against the Allies.
Supports secret military discussions intended to remove Italy from the Axis war.
Supervises the Italian side of the Axis withdrawal toward the Strait of Messina.
Is moved to the Campo Imperatore hotel on the Gran Sasso massif for secret detention.
Is transferred from Ponza to guarded detention on La Maddalena.
Establishes secret contact with Allied representatives to discuss conditions for an Italian armistice.
Travels on a secret mission to establish direct contact with Allied representatives about an armistice.
Authorizes secret contacts with the Allies while publicly maintaining that Italy remains at war.
Authorizes acceptance of the Allied short armistice terms and empowers Castellano to sign them.
Receives authority from the Badoglio government to sign the short military armistice terms.
Signs the short military armistice with the Allies on behalf of Marshal Badoglio.
Authorizes General Giuseppe Castellano to sign the military armistice with the Allies at Cassibile.
Broadcasts the announcement that Italy has accepted an armistice with the Allied powers.
Broadcasts the armistice announcement to the Italian people after the Allied declaration becomes public.
Faces the collapse of Italian military authority after the public announcement of the armistice.
Orders the Italian fleet to avoid self-destruction and comply with the Allied armistice terms.
As Navy Minister, transmits orders requiring major Italian naval units to comply with the armistice and sail to Allied-controlled ports.
Leads the royal government as Allied forces land at Salerno during the opening of the mainland Italian campaign.
Commands forces involved in the confused defence of Rome as German units move against the capital after the armistice.
Takes the main Italian fleet to sea after receiving orders connected with the armistice.
Assumes senior command responsibilities after the loss of Admiral Bergamini and the battleship Roma.
Leaves Rome with the King and senior officials as German forces move to seize the capital.
Leaves Rome with Badoglio and reaches Allied-controlled southern Italy as German forces occupy the capital.
Comes under German air attack while leading Italian capital ships away from their bases.
Faces German attacks on the capital while commanding the motorized corps responsible for Rome's defence.
Leads the main Italian battle fleet from La Spezia after the armistice orders are received.
Leaves the capital with Badoglio and senior military officials as German forces threaten the royal government.
Dies when the battleship Roma is sunk by German guided bombs while the Italian fleet sails toward Allied control.
Loses control of Rome as German forces overcome Italian resistance following the armistice announcement.
Sees organized defence of Rome collapse as German forces take control of the city.
Is freed from detention at Gran Sasso during a German airborne and commando operation.
Takes leadership of the Republican Fascist Party as Mussolini rebuilds a Fascist regime under German protection.
Announces the re-creation of a Fascist political organization as the Republican Fascist Party.
Is appointed secretary of the newly reconstituted Republican Fascist Party.
Broadcasts a speech announcing his return to political leadership and the restoration of Fascist rule.
Joins the Italian Social Republic government with responsibility for agriculture and forests.
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Communications.
Joins the first Italian Social Republic cabinet with responsibility for corporate economy.
Accepts responsibility for rebuilding armed forces loyal to the Italian Social Republic.
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of National Education.
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Finance.
Becomes the senior undersecretary handling foreign affairs under Mussolini.
Retains direct control of foreign affairs while heading the Italian Social Republic.
Heads the new Italian Social Republic as Germany recognizes and supports the regime.
Takes responsibility for the Interior Ministry of the Italian Social Republic.
Heads the German-backed Italian Social Republic established in northern and central Italy.
Forms a new Fascist government that becomes known as the Italian Social Republic.
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Justice.
Joins the Italian Social Republic as Minister of Popular Culture.
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Public Works.
Is executed by German forces after the Acqui Division's resistance on Cephalonia is crushed.
Leads the Acqui Division in resistance against German forces after attempts at negotiation fail.
Works with liberal anti-fascists in the political organizations that emerge after the armistice.
Travels to Germany after his rescue and meets Hitler before returning to political leadership under German protection.
Negotiates final details before signing the short military armistice on behalf of Badoglio.
Commands the Acqui Division during the confrontation with German forces on Cephalonia after the Italian armistice.
Participates in anti-fascist liberal activity associated with the Committee of National Liberation after the armistice.
Represents liberal anti-fascist politics in the Committee of National Liberation established after the armistice.
Works to preserve the Italian fleet by ensuring compliance with Allied armistice instructions.
Leads the royal government after German forces rapidly occupy most of central and northern Italy.
Receives German demands concerning the disarmament of the Acqui Division after the armistice.
Returns to German-occupied Italy to head the new Fascist state created after his rescue.
Re-establishes the royal Italian government in Allied-controlled southern Italy after leaving Rome.
Joins Mussolini's Italian Social Republic as Minister of National Defence.
Joins the Italian Social Republic as Minister of the Interior.
Serves as undersecretary to the presidency of the Italian Social Republic.
Re-establishes functioning royal authority from Brindisi in territory controlled by Italian and Allied forces.
Leads the southern government as Allied forces enter Naples after the German withdrawal and local uprising.
Remains head of state as the royal government becomes a recognized co-belligerent against Germany.
Commits the royal government to active military cooperation with the Allies against Germany.
Announces Italy's declaration of war on Germany, establishing the royal government as an Allied co-belligerent.
Authorizes the royal Italian government's declaration of war on Germany.
Secures Allied acceptance of active Italian cooperation against Germany after declaring war.
Begins efforts to recruit and organize armed forces for the Italian Social Republic.
Reorganizes ministries and administration in southern Italy under Allied supervision.
Conducts much of his government work from Gargnano on Lake Garda under close German supervision.
Develops the Interior Ministry apparatus used by the Italian Social Republic across German-occupied territory.
Begins providing military and logistical cooperation to Allied forces operating in Italy.
Coordinates the reduced Italian Navy's operations and obligations under the armistice.
Argues that responsibility for Fascism and the war requires a political break with Victor Emmanuel III.
Builds local Republican Fascist Party organizations across territory controlled by the Italian Social Republic.
Uses the Republican Fascist Party to mobilize political support for the Italian Social Republic.
Directs police administration for the Italian Social Republic during the consolidation of the new regime.
Works with German authorities to create military formations for Mussolini's new regime.
Directs the Interior Ministry as the Fascist republic expands its internal-security apparatus.
Promotes recruitment and reconstruction of armed units for the Italian Social Republic.
Oversees a dispersed government whose ministries are based around Salò and other towns near Lake Garda.
Backs the Verona Manifesto adopted by the Republican Fascist Party as the political programme of the Italian Social Republic.
Promotes the Verona Manifesto as the political programme of Republican Fascism.
Leads the Republican Fascist Party congress at Verona.
Accepts a programme combining republican Fascism, socialization proposals and continued alliance with Germany.
Becomes Chief of the General Staff of the royal Italian armed forces during the co-belligerent phase of the war.
Is appointed Chief of the General Staff of the royal Italian armed forces.
Takes command of the First Motorized Group, created for combat alongside Allied forces.
Begins reorganizing royal Italian forces for active operations alongside the Allies.
Directs reorganization of armed forces in the south for operations alongside Allied armies.
Leads the First Motorized Group in its first major combat action against German forces at Montelungo.
Becomes commander of the Republican National Guard created by the Italian Social Republic.
Takes command of the new Republican National Guard formed from Fascist and security organizations.
Leads renewed Italian attacks at Montelungo as co-belligerent forces prove their commitment against Germany.
Supports the development of Italian formations intended to fight German forces alongside the Allies.
Segre measures a lower-than-expected spontaneous-fission rate for uranium-235, easing design requirements for the uranium gun weapon.
Serves as Chief of the Italian Supreme General Staff during the crisis that leads to the armistice.
Serves as chief of police in the Italian Social Republic.
Supports the anti-fascist coalition that coordinates political resistance to German occupation and Fascist restoration.
Helps revive organized liberal politics after the collapse of Fascist rule.
Returns to open political activity after Mussolini's fall and supports the revival of liberal anti-fascist politics.
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