Permanent year factsheet

United States of America in 1971

Historical records for United States of America in 1971, rendered directly from the World History Database and ordered by month, day and event.

238Records
153Events
58Named people
28Places
19Categories

Historical records

January

5 January 1971Death of Sonny ListonSonny Liston

Sport / Boxing

Liston was at the end of his fighting career when he is found dead by his wife in their Las Vegas home, the time of death was placed as six to eight days prior to that

13 January 1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

For 15 days, the Times was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the Nixon administration, meanwhile, Ellsberg leaks the documents to The Washington Post and 17 other newspapers. Ellsberg releases the documents to New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan & On Sunday, June 13, 1971, the Times publishes the first of nine excerpts and commentaries on the 7,000 page collection

13 January 1971Pentagon PapersNeil Sheehan

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Ellsberg releases the documents to New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan & On Sunday, June 13, 1971, the Times publishes the first of nine excerpts and commentaries on the 7,000 page collection

18 January 1971Perjury Trial Restraining Order ApplicationClay LaVerne Shaw

New Orleans · Politics / Assassination of Kennedy, JF

On the scheduled date of his perjury trial, Shaw sought a federal restraining order to stop Garrison from proceeding with the prosecution.

31 January 1971Apollo 14 Docking AttemptsStuart Roosa

Space · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Kitty Hawk during repeated attempts to dock with lunar module Antares after launch.

31 January 1971Apollo 14 Hard DockStuart Roosa

Space · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Kitty Hawk during the sixth docking attempt, achieving a successful hard dock with lunar module Antares.

31 January 1971Apollo 14 LaunchAlan Shepard

Kennedy Space Center · Science / Astronomy

Commands Apollo 14 on a return to lunar landing operations.

February

4 February 1971Apollo 14 Lunar Orbit InsertionEdgar Mitchell

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Serves as lunar module pilot as Apollo 14 enters lunar orbit.

4 February 1971Apollo 14 Lunar Orbit InsertionAlan Shepard

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Commands Apollo 14 during insertion into lunar orbit before the Fra Mauro landing.

5 February 1971Apollo 14 Abort Switch WorkaroundEdgar Mitchell

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Helps prepare Antares for descent after procedures are developed to bypass a faulty abort-switch signal.

5 February 1971Apollo 14 ALSEP DeploymentEdgar Mitchell

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first Fra Mauro excursion.

5 February 1971Apollo 14 ALSEP DeploymentAlan Shepard

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first surface EVA.

5 February 1971Apollo 14 First EVAEdgar Mitchell

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Explores Fra Mauro with Shepard during the mission’s first lunar surface excursion.

5 February 1971Apollo 14 LandingEdgar Mitchell

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Walks on the Moon with Shepard during Apollo 14.

5 February 1971Apollo 14 LandingAlan Shepard

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Antares to the most precise Apollo lunar landing achieved to that point.

5 February 1971Apollo 14 Lunar OrbitStuart Roosa

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Kitty Hawk while Apollo 14 explores Fra Mauro.

5 February 1971Fra Mauro LandingAlan Shepard

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Antares to a precise landing in the Fra Mauro highlands.

5 February 1971Hycon Camera OperationsStuart Roosa

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Attempts high-resolution lunar photography from Kitty Hawk while Shepard and Mitchell explore Fra Mauro.

6 February 1971Apollo 14 Antares LiftoffEdgar Mitchell

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Leaves the lunar surface with Shepard aboard Antares after completing the Fra Mauro exploration.

6 February 1971Apollo 14 Antares LiftoffAlan Shepard

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Commands Antares as its ascent stage leaves Fra Mauro to rendezvous with Kitty Hawk.

6 February 1971Apollo 14 Antares RedockingStuart Roosa

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Kitty Hawk during rendezvous and docking with Antares after the lunar surface mission.

6 February 1971Apollo 14 Golf ShotsAlan Shepard

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Hits two golf balls on the lunar surface near the end of Apollo 14 surface operations.

6 February 1971Apollo 14 Second EVAEdgar Mitchell

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Explores toward Cone Crater with Shepard while collecting and documenting lunar samples.

6 February 1971Apollo 14 Second EVAAlan Shepard

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Explores toward Cone Crater with Mitchell during Apollo 14's second lunar excursion.

6 February 1971Cone Crater SamplingEdgar Mitchell

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Collects rocks and soil near Cone Crater during Apollo 14’s second EVA.

6 February 1971Cone Crater TraverseAlan Shepard

Fra Mauro · Science / Astronomy

Travels with Mitchell toward Cone Crater while conducting geological observations and sample collection.

8 February 1971Aviation and Artillery SupportJohn Hill

Khe Sanh · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Commands US support elements connected with Operation Lam Son 719

8 February 1971Lam Son 719Richard Milhous Nixon

Ho Chi Minh Tr · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Gives US air support for a south Vietnamese raid on the Ho Chi Minh trail

8 February 1971Lam Son 719 PolicyRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Backs the South Vietnamese incursion into Laos as part of Vietnamization

8 February 1971Lam Son 719 SupportCreighton Abrams

Saigon · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Supports South Vietnamese operations in Laos without US ground troops crossing the border

8 February 1971Lam Son 719 SupportCreighton Abrams

Saigon · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Supports South Vietnamese operations against the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos

8 February 1971Operation Lam Son 719Henry Kissinger

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Participates in White House planning and review of the Laos operation

8 February 1971Operation Lam Son 719Richard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Backs the South Vietnamese operation into Laos as a test of Vietnamization

8 February 1971US Support CommandJames Sutherland

Khe Sanh · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Commands US support forces outside Laos for Operation Lam Son 719

9 February 1971Apollo 14 SplashdownAlan Shepard

Pacific Ocean · Science / Astronomy

Returns with Mitchell and Roosa after completing the Fra Mauro lunar landing mission.

10 February 1971Lam Son 719 DeathLarry Burrows

Laos Border Region · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Dies when a helicopter is shot down during coverage of Lam Son 719

11 February 1971Seabed Arms Control TreatyRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Nuclear Arms Control

The Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil is signed in Washington, Moscow and London

13 February 1971Invasion of LaosRichard Milhous Nixon

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

US troops support South Vietnam in their invasion of Laos. The South Vietnamese are driven out with heavy casualties

February 1971Apollo 14 Descartes PhotographyStuart Roosa

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Attempts high-resolution photography of the Descartes region, later selected for Apollo 16.

February 1971Apollo 14 Orbital ScienceStuart Roosa

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Conducts photography and other orbital science while Shepard and Mitchell explore Fra Mauro.

February 1971Apollo 14 Trans-Earth InjectionStuart Roosa

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Kitty Hawk during the return phase as Apollo 14 departs lunar orbit for Earth.

February 1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

In February 1971, Ellsberg discussed the study with The New York Times reporter Neil Sheehan, and gave 43 of the volumes to him in March

February 1971Pentagon PapersNeil Sheehan

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

In February 1971, Ellsberg discussed the study with The New York Times reporter Neil Sheehan, and gave 43 of the volumes to him in March

March

8 March 1971Death of Harold LloydHarold Lloyd

Arts / Cinema

Death of Harold Lloyd

15 March 1971Nuclear Arms ControlRichard Milhous Nixon

Vienna · Government / Nuclear Arms Control

Fourth round of SALT talks begin in Vienna

15 March 1971SALTRichard Milhous Nixon

Vienna · Government / Republican Party Government

4th round of the nuclear SALT talks begin in Vienna

31 March 1971MassacreWilliam Calley, Jnr

My Lai · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Convicted by a military tribunal of killing civilians at My Lai

31 March 1971MassacreRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

William Calley is sentenced to life in prison, reduced to 20 yrs

31 March 1971TrialWilliam Calley, Jnr

My Lai · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

William Calley is sentenced to life in prison, reduced to 20 yrs. Convicted by a military tribunal of killing civilians at My Lai

March 1971Love Her MadlyThe Doors

United States · Arts / Popular Music

Releases Love Her Madly as a single.

April

6 April 1971MassacreRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Frees Lt William Calley after his conviction of killing civilians at My Lai

7 April 1971Invasion of VietnamRichard Milhous Nixon

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Nixon announces the withdrawal of a further 100,000 troops

7 April 1971VietnamizationRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Announces on TV that "Vietnamization has succeeded"

10 April 1971Visit to ChinaRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

A US table tennis team arrives in China

14 April 1971Trade RelationsRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

The US relaxes trade & travel with China

19 April 1971L.A. WomanThe Doors

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Releases L.A. Woman.

23 April 1971DemonstrationsRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Vietnam veterans return medals & military decorations in anti war protests on Capitol

24 April 1971DemonstrationsRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

200,000 people attend an anti war demonstrations in Washington DC

May

3 May 1971DemonstrationsRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Anti war protest in Washington DC

13 May 1971Bridge over Troubled WaterAretha Franklin

Arts / Popular Music

Aretha Franklin, the Queen of Soul, receives a gold record for her version of "Bridge over Troubled Water"

27 May 1971Federal Permanent InjunctionClay LaVerne Shaw

New Orleans · Politics / Assassination of Kennedy, JF

A federal district court permanently barred Garrison's office from continuing the pending perjury prosecution against Shaw on May 27, 1971.

June

1 June 1971Operation Arc LightRichard Milhous Nixon

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

The monthly sortie rate is reduced to 1,000

13 June 1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Politics / Watergate

The New York Times begins publishing material from the Pentagon Papers leaked by Ellsberg, intensifying Nixon administration concern about unauthorized disclosures.

13 June 1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

The New York Times began publishing excerpts on June 13, 1971; the first article in the series was titled "Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces Three Decades of Growing US Involvement". The study was dubbed The Pentagon Papers during the resulting media publicity. Street protests, political controversy, and lawsuits followed

13 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

Ellsberg releases the documents to New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan & On Sunday, June 13, 1971, the Times publishes the first of nine excerpts and commentaries on the 7,000 page collection

13 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

For 15 days, the Times was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the Nixon administration, meanwhile, Ellsberg leaks the documents to The Washington Post and 17 other newspapers.

13 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

The Washington Post begins publishing the Pentagon Papers - the Defense Department's secret history of the Vietnam War. The Washington Post will begin publishing the papers later in the week

13 June 1971Pentagon Papers LeakDaniel Ellsberg

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Leaked Pentagon Papers begin appearing in the New York Times

13 June 1971Pentagon Papers PublicationArthur Sulzberger

New York · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

The New York Times begins publishing the Pentagon Papers

13 June 1971ScandalRobert McNamara

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

An account of the war commissioned by McNamara iitains leaked to the New York Times

13 June 1971ScandalRichard Milhous Nixon

New York · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

The New York Times publishes security documents leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg

13 June 1971Security Documents LeakedRichard Milhous Nixon

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

The New York Times publishes security documents leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg

14 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

After failing to persuade the Times to voluntarily cease publication on June 14, Attorney General John N. Mitchell and Nixon obtained a federal court injunction forcing the Times to cease publication after three articles

14 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

However, Kissinger convinced the president that not opposing the publication set a negative precedent for future secrets.

14 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

President Nixon's first reaction to the publication was that, since the study embarrassed the Johnson and Kennedy administrations rather than his, he should do nothing.

14 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

The administration argued Ellsberg and Russo were guilty of a felony under the Espionage Act of 1917, because they had no authority to disclose classified documents.

14 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

Backs legal action to stop further New York Times publication of the Pentagon Papers after Attorney General John Mitchell demands that the newspaper halt.

15 June 1971Pentagon Papers ResponseRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Seeks legal action to stop publication of the Pentagon Papers

15 June 1971Pentagon Papers ResponseRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Seeks to halt publication of the Pentagon Papers

18 June 1971Pentagon PapersBen Bradlee

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

On June 18, 1971, The Washington Post began publishing its own series of articles based upon the Pentagon Papers; Ellsberg gave portions to editor Ben Bradlee

18 June 1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

On June 18, 1971, The Washington Post began publishing its own series of articles based upon the Pentagon Papers; Ellsberg gave portions to editor Ben Bradlee

28 June 1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Admits to delivering the Pentagon Papers to New York Times

29 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

John Mitchell, Nixon's Attorney General, almost immediately issued a telegram to the Times ordering that it halt publication, The Times refuses, and the Government takes out a suit against it

30 June 1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

The Supreme Court ordered publication of the Times to resume freely (New York Times Co. v. United States). Although the Times did not reveal Ellsberg as their source, he went into hiding for 13 days afterwards, suspecting that the evidence would point to him as the source of the theft

30 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

The Supreme Court ordered publication of the Times to resume freely (New York Times Co. v. United States)

30 June 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

The Supreme Court rejects the administration's effort to prevent continued newspaper publication of the Pentagon Papers in New York Times Co. v. United States.

30 June 1971Pentagon Papers DecisionHugo Black

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Joins the Supreme Court decision allowing publication of the Pentagon Papers

June 1971Riders on the StormThe Doors

United States · Arts / Popular Music

Releases Riders on the Storm.

July

1 July 1971FBIMark Felt

Politics / Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Appointed Deputy Associate Director of the FBI, assisting Associate Director Clyde Tolson

3 July 1971Death of James Douglas Jim MorrisonJames Douglas "Jim" Morrison

Arts / Popular Music

Death of James Douglas "Jim" Morrison

5 July 197126th Amendment CertifiedRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

The 26th Amendment lowers the voting age to 18

8 July 1971White House Security Consultant StatusEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

CIA's morning meeting recorded that John Ehrlichman had informed Deputy Director Robert Cushman that Hunt had become a White House security consultant.

15 July 1971Announces a future trip to ChinaRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

Announces a future trip to China

22 July 1971CIA Alias and Disguise RequestEverette Howard Hunt

Langley · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt asked Deputy CIA Director Robert Cushman for alias identification and physical disguise materials for what he described as a sensitive White House mission.

23 July 1971CIA Disguise Materials IssuedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

CIA gave Hunt a wig, glasses, and a device for altering his speech as part of the technical assistance requested by the White House.

23 July 1971Edward Joseph Warren Alias IssuedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

CIA technical officers supplied Hunt with identification documents in the alias Edward Joseph Warren for use in his White House assignment.

25 July 1971Nixon DoctrineRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

Nixon massively increases US aid for Israel, $634m in 1971, $93m in 1970 in line with the Nixon doctrine proclaimed in July 1969, providing military & economic assistance to local powers to maintain the "regional order"

25 July 1971Nixon DoctrineRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

States that the United States henceforth expected its allies to take care of their own military defense, but that the US would aid in defense as requested.

25 July 1971Nixon DoctrineRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

The US will furnish military and economic assistance when requested in accordance with its Treaty commitments, they will look to the nation directly threatened to assume the primary responsibility of providing the manpower for its defense.

25 July 1971Nixon DoctrineRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

The US will provide a shield if nuclear power threatens the freedom of a nation allied with us or of a nation whose survival we consider vital to our security.

25 July 1971Nixon DoctrineRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

The United States will keep all of its Treaty commitments.

25 July 1971Nixon DoctrineRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

The doctrine is applied by the Nixon administration in the Persian Gulf region, with military aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia, so that these US allies could undertake the responsibility of ensuring peace and stability in the region.

26 July 1971Apollo 15 CSM-LM DockingAlfred Worden

Space · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Endeavour during transposition and docking with lunar module Falcon.

26 July 1971Apollo 15 LaunchDavid Scott

Kennedy Space Center · Science / Astronomy

Commands Apollo 15 as the first extended J-type lunar exploration mission begins.

30 July 1971Apollo 15 Hadley LandingDavid Scott

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Falcon to a landing near Hadley Rille and the Apennine Mountains.

30 July 1971Apollo 15 LandingJames Irwin

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Explores Hadley Rille with David Scott.

30 July 1971Apollo 15 Lunar OrbitAlfred Worden

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Conducts orbital science while Scott and Irwin explore the Moon.

30 July 1971Apollo 15 Stand-Up EVADavid Scott

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Views and photographs the landing area from Falcon’s upper hatch before the first surface traverse.

31 July 1971Apollo 15 ALSEP DeploymentJames Irwin

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first Apollo 15 surface EVA.

31 July 1971Apollo 15 ALSEP DeploymentDavid Scott

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first Apollo 15 surface excursion.

31 July 1971Apollo 15 First EVAJames Irwin

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Explores the Hadley-Apennine region with Scott during the mission's first rover-supported lunar excursion.

31 July 1971Apollo 15 RoverDavid Scott

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Drives the first lunar rover during Apollo 15.

31 July 1971Apollo 15 Rover NavigationJames Irwin

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Navigates with Scott during the first operational use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle.

July 1971Chappaquiddick IncidentEverette Howard Hunt

Government / Republican Party Government

Colson authorized Hunt to travel to New England to seek potentially scandalous information on Senator Edward Kennedy, specifically pertaining to the Chappaquiddick incident and to Kennedy's possible extramarital affairs. Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project. This mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little if any useful information uncovered by Hunt

July 1971Concealed Recorder ProvidedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

CIA technical officers provided Hunt with a commercial tape recorder concealed in a typewriter case during the period of White House support.

July 1971Special Investigations UnitEverette Howard Hunt

Government / Republican Party Government

Colson authorized Hunt to travel to New England to seek potentially scandalous information on Senator Edward Kennedy, specifically pertaining to the Chappaquiddick incident and to Kennedy's possible extramarital affairs. Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project. This mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little if any useful information uncovered by Hunt

July 1971Tessina Camera ProvidedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

CIA supplied Hunt with a small Tessina camera concealed in a tobacco pouch for photographic work connected with his White House assignment.

July 1971White House PlumbersEverette Howard Hunt

Government / Republican Party Government

Colson authorized Hunt to travel to New England to seek potentially scandalous information on Senator Edward Kennedy, specifically pertaining to the Chappaquiddick incident and to Kennedy's possible extramarital affairs. Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project. This mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little if any useful information uncovered by Hunt

August

1 August 1971Concert for BangladeshBob Dylan

New York · Arts / Popular Music

Performs at the Concert for Bangladesh at Madison Square Garden.

1 August 1971Genesis Rock DiscoveryJames Irwin

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Works with Scott at Spur Crater when the crew collects the anorthosite sample known as the Genesis Rock.

1 August 1971Genesis Rock DiscoveryJames Irwin

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Helps identify and collect the ancient anorthosite sample later nicknamed the Genesis Rock.

1 August 1971Genesis Rock DiscoveryDavid Scott

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Collects the ancient anorthosite sample later nicknamed the Genesis Rock during exploration near Spur Crater.

2 August 1971Apollo 15 Deep Core SampleJames Irwin

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Helps obtain a deep drill-core sample from beneath the lunar surface during Apollo 15.

2 August 1971Apollo 15 Falcon LiftoffJames Irwin

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Leaves the lunar surface with Scott aboard Falcon after three days of exploration.

2 August 1971Apollo 15 Falcon LiftoffDavid Scott

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Commands Falcon's ascent stage as it leaves the Moon to rendezvous with Endeavour.

2 August 1971Apollo 15 Third EVADavid Scott

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Leads the third lunar surface excursion, completing geological sampling and experiment work.

2 August 1971Falcon Lunar AscentDavid Scott

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Commands Falcon’s ascent from the lunar surface for rendezvous with Endeavour.

2 August 1971Fillmore East - June 1971Frank Vincent Zappa

New York · Arts / Popular Music

Releases the live album Fillmore East - June 1971 from performances by the Mothers at the New York venue.

2 August 1971Hammer and Feather DemonstrationDavid Scott

Hadley Rille · Science / Astronomy

Drops a hammer and feather together to demonstrate Galileo’s principle in the lunar vacuum.

4 August 1971Apollo 15 Subsatellite DeploymentAlfred Worden

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Deploys the Particles and Fields subsatellite from Endeavour before Apollo 15 leaves lunar orbit.

4 August 1971Apollo 15 Trans-Earth InjectionAlfred Worden

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Pilots Endeavour during the service propulsion burn that sends Apollo 15 toward Earth.

5 August 1971Apollo 15 Deep-Space EVAAlfred Worden

Space · Science / Astronomy

Performs the first deep-space EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the service module.

5 August 1971Deep-Space EVAAlfred Worden

Space · Science / Astronomy

Performs a trans-Earth coast EVA to retrieve film cassettes.

7 August 1971Apollo 15 SplashdownJames Irwin

Pacific Ocean · Science / Astronomy

Returns to Earth with Scott and Worden after the first Apollo J-type mission.

7 August 1971Apollo 15 SplashdownAlfred Worden

Pacific Ocean · Science / Astronomy

Returns with Scott and Irwin after the longest Apollo mission flown to that date.

12 August 1971Ellsberg Profile Material SubmissionEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt supplied material during White House contacts that contributed to CIA work on a psychological assessment of Daniel Ellsberg.

15 August 1971Closing of Gold WindowRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Economy / International Finance

Nixon suspends official conversion of foreign-held dollars into gold.

15 August 1971Economy of USARichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

Announces a 90 day freeze on prices, wages & rents

18 August 1971CIA Secretary Request RefusedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt requested temporary use of a CIA secretary he had known during his Agency career, but the request was refused.

27 August 1971California Reconnaissance Film DevelopedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

CIA technical officers developed film Hunt had brought back from California after reconnaissance connected with the Ellsberg investigation.

27 August 1971CIA Technical Support EndsEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

Deputy Director Robert Cushman told the White House that CIA would provide no further technical assistance because Hunt's requests had expanded beyond acceptable limits.

27 August 1971New York Cover Request RefusedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt asked CIA for a New York mail address and telephone-answering service, but senior officers refused the expanded request.

31 August 1971CIA Credit Card Request RefusedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt contacted CIA technical officers seeking a credit card for operational use after other support had been terminated, and the request was refused.

August 1971Apollo 15 SIM Bay ScienceAlfred Worden

Moon Orbit · Science / Astronomy

Operates scientific instruments and cameras in Endeavour's service module while the surface crew explores Hadley.

August 1971Liddy Alias Support RequestedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt brought G. Gordon Liddy to CIA technical officers, who provided Liddy with disguise material and alias documents under another name.

September

3 September 1971Fielding Break-InE. Howard Hunt

Los Angeles · Politics / Watergate

Participates in the burglary of psychiatrist Lewis Fielding's office as White House operatives search for information that could discredit Pentagon Papers source Daniel Ellsberg.

3 September 1971Special Investigations UnitEverette Howard Hunt

Los Angeles · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt's first assignment for the White House (Special Investigations Unit) was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis J. Fielding. In July 1971, Fielding had refused an FBI request for psychiatric data on Ellsberg. Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August. The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found

3 September 1971Special Investigations UnitEverette Howard Hunt

Los Angeles · Politics / Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Hunt's first assignment for the White House (Special Investigations Unit) was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis J. Fielding. In July 1971, Fielding had refused an FBI request for psychiatric data on Ellsberg. Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August. The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found

3 September 1971White House PlumbersEverette Howard Hunt

Los Angeles · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt's first assignment for the White House (Special Investigations Unit) was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis J. Fielding. In July 1971, Fielding had refused an FBI request for psychiatric data on Ellsberg. Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August. The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found

3 September 1971White House PlumbersEverette Howard Hunt

Los Angeles · Politics / Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Hunt's first assignment for the White House (Special Investigations Unit) was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis J. Fielding. In July 1971, Fielding had refused an FBI request for psychiatric data on Ellsberg. Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August. The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found

4 September 1971GovernmentGeorge Liddy

Government / Republican Party Government

Helps supervise a "national-security" based burglary of Ellsbergs office

4 September 1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Government / Republican Party Government

Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War

4 September 1971WatergateDaniel Ellsberg

Government / Republican Party Government

Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War

4 September 1971WatergateDaniel Ellsberg

Politics / Watergate

Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War

4 September 1971WatergateEverette Howard Hunt

Watergate · Government / Republican Party Government

Everette Howard Hunt maintains that the reason for the break-in was the belief they would find records proving the Democrats had received illegal campaign contributions from the Castro regime.

4 September 1971WatergateEverette Howard Hunt

Watergate · Government / Republican Party Government

Everette Howard Hunt organizes the bugging of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office building and was also found to be responsible for a break-in at the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist.

4 September 1971WatergateEverette Howard Hunt

Watergate · Government / Republican Party Government

Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War.

4 September 1971WatergateEverette Howard Hunt

Watergate · Politics / Watergate

Everette Howard Hunt maintains that the reason for the break-in was the belief they would find records proving the Democrats had received illegal campaign contributions from the Castro regime.

4 September 1971WatergateEverette Howard Hunt

Watergate · Politics / Watergate

Everette Howard Hunt organizes the bugging of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office building and was also found to be responsible for a break-in at the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist.

4 September 1971WatergateEverette Howard Hunt

Watergate · Politics / Watergate

Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War.

7 September 1971China Opening and VietnamHenry Kissinger

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Links the opening to China with wider strategy over Vietnam

9 September 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

The White House plumber's unit named for their orders to plug leaks in the administration burglarizes a psychiatrist's office to find files on Daniel Ellsberg, the former defense analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers

9 September 1971Pentagon PapersRichard Milhous Nixon

Politics / Watergate

The White House plumbers unit named for their orders to plug leaks in the administration burglarizes a psychiatrist's office to find files on Daniel Ellsberg, the former defense analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers

18 September 1971Birth of Lance ArmstrongLance Armstrong

Plano · Sport / Cycling

Born as Lance Edward Gunderson to Linda Walling and Eddie Charles Gunderson, named after Lance Rentzel, a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver

30 September 1971Nuclear Arms ControlRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Nuclear Arms Control

Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War Between the US and USSR is signed in Washington and enters into force

30 September 1971Treaty of Reduction of Nuclear WarRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War Between the US and USSR is signed in Washington and enters into force

September 1971Life MagazineEverette Howard Hunt

Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt's White House duties included assassinations-related disinformation. In September 1971, Hunt forged and offered to a Life magazine reporter two top-secret U.S. State Department cables designed to prove that President Kennedy had personally and specifically ordered the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu

October

2 October 1971Calls for the seating of People's Republic of China in the UNRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

Calls for the seating of People's Republic of China in the UN

12 October 1971Additional Ellsberg Material SuppliedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt transmitted additional material connected with the White House request for analysis concerning Daniel Ellsberg after CIA technical support to Hunt had ended.

12 October 1971Visit to To MoscowRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

Announces a visit to Moscow

18 October 1971Other VoicesThe Doors

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Releases Other Voices without Morrison.

25 October 1971United States does not use its veto power to block mainlandRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

The United States does not use its veto power to block mainland China's United Nations admission, the change in the US position comes about as the result of a gradual thaw in US- Chinese relations

October 1971200 Motels Film and SoundtrackFrank Vincent Zappa

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Releases the 200 Motels film and soundtrack, combining orchestral writing, rock performance, satire and surreal filmmaking.

October 1971French Leak Case Material ReceivedEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

CIA arranged to provide Hunt unclassified material concerning a 1954 French government-document leak for research connected with his White House work.

October 1971Kennedy made his first speech about The Troubles in Northern Ireland: heEdward Moore "Ted" Kennedy

Politics / Democratic Party

Kennedy made his first speech about The Troubles in Northern Ireland: he said that "Ulster is becoming Britains Vietnam", demanded that British troops leave the northern counties, called for a united Ireland

November

5 November 1971Announces sales of $136 million in feed grain to the SovietsRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

Announces sales of $136 million in feed grain to the Soviets

12 November 1971George JacksonBob Dylan

New York · Arts / Popular Music

Records and releases the protest single George Jackson.

12 November 1971Invasion of VietnamRichard Milhous Nixon

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Sets Feb 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops. Nixon proclaims the end of any offensive role in Vietnam

December

4 December 1971Montreux Casino FireFrank Vincent Zappa

Montreux · Arts / Popular Music

Escapes with the audience when a flare ignites the casino during a Mothers concert and destroys the band's equipment.

10 December 1971Rainbow Theatre Stage AttackFrank Vincent Zappa

London · Arts / Popular Music

Suffers severe injuries after an audience member pushes him from the stage into the orchestra pit at the Rainbow Theatre.

18 December 1971DevaluationRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

The US devalues the dollar by 7.9% & lifts the import surcharge

18 December 1971Economy of USARichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

The US devalues the dollar by 7.9% & lifts the import surcharge

Other Events

1971Academy AwardIsaac Lee Hayes, Jr

Arts / Popular Music

Composes for blaxploitation film Shaft, earns Hayes an Academy Award for Best Original Song (the first Academy Award received by an African-American in a non-acting category) and two Grammy Awards

1971Alliance AgreementHenry Alfred Kissinger

Government / Republican Party Government

Plays a crucial role in talks with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai that concludes with a rapprochement between the two countries and the formation of a new strategic anti-Soviet Sino-American alliance.

1971Alliance United States and ChinaHenry Alfred Kissinger

Government / Republican Party Government

Plays a crucial role in talks with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai that concludes with a rapprochement between the two countries and the formation of a new strategic anti-Soviet Sino-American alliance

1971Atomic Energy CommissionJames R Schlesinger

Warfare / Nuclear

Appointed sixth Chairman of the AEC

1971Black MosesIsaac Lee Hayes, Jr

Arts / Popular Music

Releases, "Black Moses". Composes for blaxploitation film Shaft, earns Hayes an Academy Award for Best Original Song (the first Academy Award received by an African-American in a non-acting category) and two Grammy Awards

1971Carnal KnowledgeMike Nichols

Arts / Cinema

Directs Carnal Knowledge

1971Dirty HarryClinton "Clint" Eastwood

San Francisco · Arts / Cinema

Stars as Inspector Harry Callahan in Dirty Harry, creating one of his best-known screen characters.

1971Dirty HarryHarry Fink

Arts / Cinema

Clint Eastwood stars in Dirty Harry, written by Harry and Rita Fink, centrs around a hard-edged New York City (later changed to San Francisco) police inspector named Harry Callahan who is determined to stop a psychotic killer by any means, Dirty Harry has been described as being arguably Eastwoods most memorable character, and the film has been credited with inventing the "loose-cannon cop" genre

1971EaglesGlen Frey

Arts / Popular Music

Founder Member of Eagles

1971EaglesGlenn Frey

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Co-founds Eagles with Don Henley, Bernie Leadon and Randy Meisner in Los Angeles.

1971EaglesDon Henley

Arts / Popular Music

Founder Member of Eagles

1971EaglesDon Henley

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Co-founds Eagles and becomes one of the band's principal lead vocalists and songwriters.

1971EaglesBernie Leadon

Arts / Popular Music

Founder Member of Eagles

1971EaglesBernie Leadon

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Co-founds Eagles and brings strong country, bluegrass and folk influences to the early sound.

1971EaglesRandy Meisner

Arts / Popular Music

Founder Member of Eagles

1971EaglesRandy Meisner

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Co-founds Eagles as bassist and high-harmony vocalist in the original line-up.

1971Economy of USARichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

The USA imposes a 10% surcharge on all imports, aimed in particular at Japan. Floats the American dollar

1971Four Way StNeil Young

Arts / Popular Music

Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young release "Four Way St", USA no 1 Album

1971GovernorJimmy Carter

Georgia · Government / Government of USA

Elected Governor of Georgia

1971Grammy AwardIsaac Lee Hayes, Jr

Arts / Popular Music

Composes for blaxploitation film Shaft, earns Hayes an Academy Award for Best Original Song (the first Academy Award received by an African-American in a non-acting category) and two Grammy Awards

1971Kissinger's diplomacy leads to economic and cultural exchanges between the two sidesHenry Alfred Kissinger

Government / Republican Party Government

Kissinger's diplomacy leads to economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides and the establishment of Liaison Offices in the Chinese and American capitals & full normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China in 1979

1971Lam Son 719Richard Milhous Nixon

Ho Chi Minh Tr · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Supports the South Vietnamese penetration of southern Laos

1971Lamson 719Alexander Megis Haig

Ho Chi Minh Tr · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Sent by Kissinger to Laos to assess Operation Lamson. Reports South Vietnam has been routed & had failed to destroy the Ho Chi Minh trail

1971Linda Ronstadt BandGlenn Frey

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Works with Linda Ronstadt and connects with musicians who soon form Eagles.

1971Linda Ronstadt BandDon Henley

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Plays drums behind Linda Ronstadt before joining Frey, Leadon and Meisner in Eagles.

1971Linda Ronstadt BandBernie Leadon

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Works in the Los Angeles country-rock scene before becoming a founding member of Eagles.

1971Linda Ronstadt BandRandy Meisner

Los Angeles · Arts / Popular Music

Joins the group of musicians around Linda Ronstadt that leads to the formation of Eagles.

1971Makes two trips to the People's Republic of China in July andHenry Alfred Kissinger

Government / Republican Party Government

Makes two trips to the People's Republic of China in July and October (the first of which is in secret) to confer with Premier Zhou Enlai, then in charge of Chinese foreign policy.

1971Nixon China Trip Advisory WorkEverette Howard Hunt

Washington · Government / Republican Party Government

Hunt served as an adviser connected with preparations for President Nixon's planned trip to China while working outside his former CIA career.

1971Nixon massively increases US aid for Israel, $634m in 1971, $93m inRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

Nixon massively increases US aid for Israel, $634m in 1971, $93m in 1970 in line with the Nixon doctrine proclaimed in July 1969, providing military & economic assistance to local powers to maintain the "regional order"

1971PeaceGeorge McGovern

Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

Senate defeats a bill co-sponsored by McGovern to bring all the GIs home by Dec 31

1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Government / Republican Party Government

The Pentagon Papers, officially titled United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense.

1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Government / Republican Party Government

The papers were released by Daniel Ellsberg who had worked on the study, and first brought to the attention of the public on the front page of The New York Times.

1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Government / Republican Party Government

is a United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political-military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967.

1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Politics / Watergate

For his disclosure of the Pentagon Papers Ellsberg was initially charged with conspiracy espionage and theft of Government property

1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Politics / Watergate

The papers revealed that the U.S.

1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Politics / Watergate

but the charges were later dropped after prosecutors investigating the Watergate Scandal soon discovered that the staff members in the Nixon White House had ordered the so-called White House Plumbers to engage in unlawful efforts to discredit Ellsberg

1971Pentagon PapersDaniel Ellsberg

Politics / Watergate

had secretly enlarged the scale of the Vietnam War with the bombings of nearby Cambodia and Laos, coastal raids on North Vietnam, and Marine Corps attacks, none of which were reported in the mainstream media.

1971Play Misty for MeClinton "Clint" Eastwood

California · Arts / Cinema

Makes his directorial debut with Play Misty for Me and also stars in the thriller.

1971Political SupportRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / Republican Party Government

Supports Communist China's admission to the United Nations.

1971Political SupportRichard Milhous Nixon

Government / United Nations

Supports Communist China's admission to the United Nations

1971Rabbit ReduxJohn Updike

Arts / Literature

Publication of "Rabbit Redux"

1971Relativity, Theory ofRobert V Wagoner

Stanford University · Science / Physics

Wagoner develops post Newtonian calculations used to test general relativity with solar system observations

1971ScandalRichard Milhous Nixon

Washington · Warfare / Vietnam War, 2nd

The Supreme Court allows the publication of the Pentagon Papers to continue. Attempts to prevent further publications by researchers headed by Robert McNamara

1971Sidney Lumets The Anderson TapesChristopher Walken

Arts / Cinema

Walken makes his feature film debut with a small role opposite Sean Connery in Sidney Lumets The Anderson Tapes

1971Special Investigations UnitEverette Howard Hunt

Government / Republican Party Government

Hired by Charles Colson, special counsel to President Richard Nixon, and joins the President's Special Investigations Unit (alias White House Plumbers)

1971Steel MillBruce Springsteen

Asbury Park · Arts / Popular Music

Ends the Steel Mill period after building a strong regional following in New Jersey and Virginia.

1971Summit MeetingHenry Alfred Kissinger

Government / Republican Party Government

Paves the way for the groundbreaking 1972 summit between Nixon, Zhou, and Communist Party of China Chairman Mao Zedong, as well as the formalization of relations between the two countries, ending 23 years of diplomatic isolation and mutual hostility.

1971Support Your Local GunfighterJames Garner

Arts / Cinema

Stars in Support Your Local Gunfighter!

1971Support Your Local GunfighterBurt Kennedy

Arts / Cinema

Directs Support Your Local Gunfighter

1971The BeguiledClinton "Clint" Eastwood

Hollywood · Arts / Cinema

Stars in The Beguiled, a dark Civil War drama directed by Don Siegel.

1971The Prisoner of SexNorman Kingsley Mailer

Arts / Literature

"The Prisoner of Sex"

1971THX 1138George Lucas

Arts / Cinema

Makes his feature directing debut with THX 1138, expanding his earlier student-film concept.

1971US OpenBilly Jeane King

Sport / Tennis

Winner of the womens US tennis open

1971White House PlumbersEverette Howard Hunt

Government / Republican Party Government

Hired by Charles Colson, special counsel to President Richard Nixon, and joins the President's Special Investigations Unit (alias White House Plumbers)

1971Willy Wonka & the Chocolate FactoryGene Wilder

Arts / Cinema

Portrays Willy Wonka in "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory"

Names involved

Alan ShepardAlexander Megis HaigAlfred WordenAretha FranklinArthur SulzbergerBen BradleeBernie LeadonBilly Jeane KingBob DylanBruce SpringsteenBurt KennedyChristopher WalkenClay LaVerne ShawClinton "Clint" EastwoodCreighton AbramsDaniel EllsbergDavid ScottDon HenleyE. Howard HuntEdgar MitchellEdward Moore "Ted" KennedyEverette Howard HuntFrank Vincent ZappaGene WilderGeorge LiddyGeorge LucasGeorge McGovernGlen FreyGlenn FreyHarold LloydHarry FinkHenry Alfred KissingerHenry KissingerHugo BlackIsaac Lee Hayes, JrJames Douglas "Jim" MorrisonJames GarnerJames IrwinJames R SchlesingerJames SutherlandJimmy CarterJohn HillJohn UpdikeLance ArmstrongLarry BurrowsMark FeltMike NicholsNeil SheehanNeil YoungNorman Kingsley MailerRandy MeisnerRichard Milhous NixonRobert McNamaraRobert V WagonerSonny ListonStuart RoosaThe DoorsWilliam Calley, Jnr

Places involved

Asbury ParkCaliforniaFra MauroGeorgiaHadley RilleHo Chi Minh TrHollywoodKennedy Space CenterKhe SanhLangleyLaos Border RegionLondonLos AngelesMontreuxMoon OrbitMy LaiNew OrleansNew YorkPacific OceanPlanoSaigonSan FranciscoSpaceStanford UniversityUnited StatesViennaWashingtonWatergate

Provenance

This page is generated from stored World History Database records matching the exact country and year shown above. Exact duplicate display records are collapsed. Records without a month are listed after the monthly sections. Source provenance varies by record; formal academic citation should be checked against the relevant primary source, archive or specialist historical reference.