9 January 1991Geneva NegotiationsJames Addison Baker
Meets Tariq Aziz in an unsuccessful final diplomatic effort.
Historical records for United States of America in 1991, rendered directly from the World History Database and ordered by month, day and event.
Meets Tariq Aziz in an unsuccessful final diplomatic effort.
Bush receives congressional authority to use force to implement United Nations resolutions.
Congress agrees the go-ahead for the war
Receives congressional authorization to use force against Iraq.
Powell advises that coalition forces are prepared to execute the approved campaign plan.
The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991. For forty-two consecutive days and nights, the coalition forces subjected Iraq to the most intensive air bombardment in military history. The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs, and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure
The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991. For forty-two consecutive days and nights, the coalition forces subjected Iraq to the most intensive air bombardment in military history. The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs, and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure
The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner
States that the campaign seeks complete Iraqi withdrawal.
Announces that coalition military operations have begun.
Announces coalition combat operations against Iraq and occupied Kuwait.
Cheney oversees Defense Department execution after the President orders offensive operations.
Bush invokes United Nations and congressional authority when announcing military action.
Bush authorises strikes against Iraqi command, communications and air-defence facilities around Baghdad.
Directs coalition air operations during Desert Storm.
Air attacks isolate Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait.
Schwarzkopf exercises operational command as the coalition begins Desert Storm.
Directs coalition air operations during Desert Storm.
Horner's combined air operations centre coordinates thousands of coalition missions during the opening phase.
Arthur's naval forces launch Tomahawk cruise missiles during the opening attacks.
Cheney briefs the public on the opening coalition attacks and operational objectives.
Horner coordinates attacks on Iraqi leadership, communications, airfields and integrated air defences.
Horner commands the integrated coalition air effort from the Saudi operations centre.
Fogarty directs multinational enforcement of United Nations sanctions against Iraqi shipping.
Arthur commands carrier, surface, amphibious and mine-warfare forces supporting Desert Storm.
Horner directs coalition aircraft against Iraqi air defences, command centres and strategic targets.
Directs the coalition campaign after Desert Storm begins.
Directs US naval forces supporting the coalition campaign.
Arthur employs six aircraft carriers supporting strikes from the Gulf and Red Sea.
Bush urges Israel not to retaliate and risk fracturing the Arab coalition.
Coalition forces capture prisoners from occupied oil platforms.
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
Coalition action limits continued discharge into the Persian Gulf.
Directs an air strike intended to interrupt oil flowing offshore.
Schwarzkopf directs an air strike that interrupts oil flowing into the Persian Gulf.
Coalition naval aircraft destroy or disable much of Iraq's fleet fleeing toward Iran.
Coalition aircraft strike Iraqi columns and reinforce Saudi and Qatari defenders.
Coalition ships monitor and divert prohibited maritime trade.
Directs naval interception operations enforcing sanctions against Iraq.
Coalition forces use airborne radar surveillance during the Gulf War.
USS Missouri begins bombardment missions against Iraqi coastal positions and artillery.
USS Wisconsin supports coalition forces by firing heavy naval guns at Iraqi targets.
Bush's administration states that the attacked Baghdad facility was believed to be military.
Iraqi minefields complicate naval support for the ground offensive.
Directs mine-clearing operations near the Kuwaiti coast.
Arthur directs damage control and continued operations after two ships strike Iraqi mines.
The action helps conceal the main western coalition maneuver.
Receives the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Conducts attacks supporting deception near Wadi al-Batin.
Iraq agreed to a Soviet-proposed ceasefire agreement
Bush gives Iraq a final deadline to begin an immediate and unconditional withdrawal.
Bush publishes coalition conditions that could prevent the ground campaign.
Maintains a credible threat of amphibious assault on Kuwait.
The deception fixes Iraqi forces along the coast.
Bush requires Iraq to begin withdrawing immediately or face coalition ground attack.
Drives eastward against Iraqi Republican Guard formations.
Rhame's division opens lanes through fortified obstacles for VII Corps.
Bush authorises the ground campaign after Iraq fails to accept the coalition withdrawal terms.
Coordinates Marine, Army and Arab advances against Iraqi defenses.
Ground forces begin the final campaign to liberate Kuwait.
Bush concludes that diplomatic proposals have not secured Iraq's unconditional withdrawal.
Directs Marine forces through Iraqi defensive belts in eastern Kuwait.
Pushes northward toward Kuwait City during the ground offensive.
Leads the 1st Marine Division into Kuwait.
Myatt's division attacks northward and seizes key objectives in Kuwait.
Division forces destroy Iraqi positions while advancing north.
Authorizes the coalition ground offensive against Iraqi forces.
Directs the coalition ground offensive into Kuwait and Iraq.
Authorizes the coalition ground offensive.
The Allied land offensive begins against Iraq
Leads the division through fortified Iraqi obstacles.
The breach enables VII Corps armored formations to pass.
Advances toward Kuwait International Airport and nearby suburbs.
Boomer's Marine divisions break through Iraqi defensive belts in eastern Kuwait.
The rapid advance threatens Iraqi positions around Kuwait City.
The 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions cross into Kuwait during the coalition ground assault.
Commands Marine forces breaching Iraqi defenses in eastern Kuwait.
Advances toward routes northwest of Kuwait City.
Advances toward routes west of Kuwait City.
Corps forces attack Republican Guard formations protecting withdrawal routes.
Leads the 2nd Marine Division through Iraqi defensive belts.
Keys leads the division through minefields and defensive positions toward Kuwait City.
Leads the division through minefields and prepared defenses.
Leads the 1st Marine Division during the Kuwait ground attack.
Commands the division opening lanes through Iraqi fortifications.
Franks begins the armoured advance intended to destroy the Republican Guard.
Commands VII Corps during the armored envelopment west of Kuwait.
Commands VII Corps in the coalition's armored offensive.
Opens lanes enabling VII Corps armored forces to advance.
Luck's corps advances deep into Iraq on the coalition's western flank.
Airborne and mechanized forces isolate Iraqi units occupying Kuwait.
Commands the far western wing of the ground offensive.
Commands the western wing of the coalition ground attack.
McCaffrey's mechanised division advances rapidly through western Iraq to block retreat routes.
McMaster leads Eagle Troop in a rapid armoured engagement against Republican Guard forces.
His division threatens routes used by Iraqi forces leaving Kuwait.
Schwarzkopf's western manoeuvre cuts Iraqi communications and threatens retreating formations.
Holder's regiment finds and engages major elements of the Tawakalna Division.
Leads mechanized forces rapidly through southern Iraq.
Leads a rapid mechanized advance through southern Iraq.
Franks commits armoured divisions against Republican Guard formations in southern Iraq.
Rhame's division fights through Iraqi armoured forces around Objective Norfolk.
Griffith's division defeats Republican Guard armour during the battle of Medina Ridge.
Announces that Kuwait has been liberated.
Coalition forces restore control of Kuwait City to Kuwaiti authorities.
The hundred-hour ground campaign comes to an end.
Schwarzkopf orders coalition formations to halt offensive movement and hold defensive positions.
Bush orders coalition forces to suspend offensive combat after one hundred hours of ground operations.
The ground campaign ends after Iraqi forces are expelled from Kuwait.
Orders coalition offensive operations suspended.
Bush suspends offensive combat exactly one hundred hours after the ground campaign begins.
Maintains coalition air dominance over the Kuwait theater.
Employs a wide western envelopment against Iraqi forces.
Air power supports the coming ground offensive.
The maneuver helps isolate Iraqi formations occupying Kuwait.
Portrays Jim Morrison in Stone's film.
Stars as Jim Morrison in Oliver Stone's film The Doors.
Directs the biographical film The Doors.
Releases The Doors, a dramatized film biography.
Sets military arrangements governing the immediate ceasefire.
Meets Iraqi commanders to establish military ceasefire arrangements.
Schwarzkopf meets Iraqi commanders to establish military arrangements for the ceasefire.
Meets Iraqi commanders after the coalition victory.
Begins planning the massive effort to extinguish sabotaged wells.
Arrives with firefighting experts to assess Kuwait's burning oil fields.
Non essential US Embassy staff are withdrawn from Ethiopia
Voyager 2's photopolarimeter is switched off after degraded performance ends the experiment.
Bush recognises the formal ceasefire after Iraq accepts Security Council Resolution 687.
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
1st US aircraft since 1979 lands in Iran with blankets for Kurdish refugees
1st US aircraft since 1979 lands in Iran with blankets for Kurdish refugees
The US gives aid to Hanoi when it helps account for 2,276 missing US soldiers
The US gives aid to Hanoi when it helps account for 2,276 missing US soldiers
Hubble obtains its first detailed observations of Jupiter, including views of the Great Red Spot.
Lesbian priest Elizabeth Carl ordained in Episcopal Church
Actress Lee Remick (55) dies in Los Angeles of cancer
President Bush sends a personal message to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, urging a stronger effort to conclude arms control talks
Hubble observations resolve two distinct brightness peaks in the central region of M31, revealing the unusual double structure of its nucleus.
President Bush lifts economic sanctions against South Africa, citing its "profound transformation" toward racial equality
President Bush lifts economic sanctions against South Africa, citing its "profound transformation" toward racial equality
Soviet and American negotiators meeting in Washington wrangle over a Treaty to reduce long-range nuclear missiles
Boxer Mike Tyson had sex with Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant. On September 9, 1991, an Indiana Grand Jury votedsto indict Tyson on three counts, including one for the rape of Washington
President Bush tours the Souda Bay US naval base during a visit to Greece
Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant, charged shed been raped by boxer Mike Tyson in an Indianapolis hotel room 3 days earlier, Tyson is later convicted of rape and served three years in prison
Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant, charged shed been raped by boxer Mike Tyson in an Indianapolis hotel room 3 days earlier, Tyson is later convicted of rape and served three years in prison
President Bush warns Iraq it would be making "an enormous mistake" if it failed to disclose its nuclear weapons program to United Nations inspectors
President Bush warns Iraq it would be making "an enormous mistake" if it failed to disclose its nuclear weapons program to United Nations inspectors
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Signs START I with Mikhail Gorbachev, requiring major reductions in strategic nuclear weapons.
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Goldstone and Very Large Array radar observations reveal an unusually bright region near Mercury's north pole consistent with water ice.
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans) is co-produced by Bob Rock
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Muhleman participates in radar mapping that detects highly reflective material near Mercury's north pole, providing evidence for polar ice.
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Announces cuts in nuclear weapons
Announces unilateral reductions and withdrawals of numerous United States tactical nuclear weapons.
Chairs Supreme Court confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas.
Garrisons investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stones 1991 film, JFK, which was largely based on Garrisons book On the Trail of the Assassins as well as Jim Marrs Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy
Galileo becomes the first spacecraft to make a close encounter with an asteroid when it passes Gaspra.
Galileo images Gaspra as an irregular, heavily cratered asteroid with a surface layer of loose material.
Co-sponsors the Madrid Peace Conference with the Soviet Union.
Uses shuttle diplomacy to bring Israeli, Arab and Palestinian representatives to Madrid.
James Bakers begins his trip to Japan, South Korea & Africa
Publication of "A Thousand Acres"
Publication of "American Psycho"
Opens BB. King's Blues Club in Memphis
Alex Wolszczan and Dale Frail at Pennsylvania State University report evidence of 3 extra-solar planets (exoplanets) orbiting around the spinning remains of Pulsar B1257+12
Alex Wolszczan and Dale Frail at Pennsylvania State University report evidence of 3 extra-solar planets (exoplanets) orbiting around the spinning remains of Pulsar B1257+12
Appears in Frankie and Johnny
Galileo's high-gain antenna fails to deploy fully, forcing the mission to rely on its lower-bandwidth low-gain antenna.
Galileo observations establish Gaspra's strongly irregular shape and provide the first close spacecraft measurements of an asteroid.
Directs, The Grifters
Graduates with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude from Harvard
Appeals to Ukranian nationalists not to gain independence from the Soviet Union
Appeals to Ukranian nationalists not to gain independence from the Soviet Union
Worlds Most Outstanding Athlete Award, Jesse Owens International Trophy
Stars in JFK
Garrisons investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stones 1991 film, JFK, which was largely based on Garrisons book On the Trail of the Assassins as well as Jim Marrs Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy
Garrisons investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stones 1991 film, JFK, which was largely based on Garrisons book On the Trail of the Assassins as well as Jim Marrs Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy
Plays Gator Purify in Spike Lee's Jungle Fever, a breakthrough supporting performance.
King of New York, directed by Abel Ferrara, stars Walken as ruthless New York City drug dealer Frank White-recently released from prison and set on reclaiming his criminal territory
King of New York, directed by Abel Ferrara, stars Walken as ruthless New York City drug dealer Frank White-recently released from prison and set on reclaiming his criminal territory
Makes her feature directing debut with Little Man Tate, a drama about a gifted child.
Magellan completes its first radar mapping cycle after imaging most of the Venusian surface.
Releases Make a Jazz Noise Here, another live collection assembled from the musically wide-ranging 1988 tour.
Bruce Sprinstien marries a member of his E Street Band, Patti Scialfa
Publication of "Mating"
Butler helps analyse radar observations showing a bright north-polar deposit on Mercury with properties characteristic of icy surfaces.
Arecibo observations confirm a strong polar radar signature on Mercury that supports the interpretation of ice in permanently shadowed craters.
Becomes US National Amateur Champion
Stars in One Good Cop
Mark Lane outlines his theory about Hunts and the CIAs role in Kennedys murder in a 1991 book, "Plausible Denial."
Mark Lane outlines his theory about Hunts and the CIAs role in Kennedys murder in a 1991 book, "Plausible Denial."
Directs Point Break, an action thriller about an FBI agent infiltrating a group of surfers.
Appeals to Ukranian nationalists not to gain independence from the Soviet Union
Releases Album, "Ropin the Wind"
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied forces
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied forces
Releases a live album drawn from the 1988 tour, emphasizing the versatility of his final touring ensemble.
Plays FBI trainee Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 699 was passed in 1991, declaring that Iraq was responsible for all funding of UNSCOM's inspections in Iraq
United Nations Security Council Resolution 699 was passed in 1991, declaring that Iraq was responsible for all funding of UNSCOM's inspections in Iraq
Magellan radar images reveal widespread volcanic plains, coronae, tessera terrain and tectonic structures across Venus.
Releases the fourth volume of his extensive archival live-performance series.
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