June
1 June 1866Gastein ConventionOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Holstein · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Victory enables Prussia to pursue German unification without Austrian participation.
7 June 1866Invasion of HolsteinOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Holstein · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussian troops invade Saxony, whose army retreats to join Austria in Bohemia.
7 June 1866Invasion of HolsteinHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Holstein · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussian troops enter Austrian-administered Holstein, escalating the constitutional crisis toward war.
8 June 1866Occupation of HolsteinHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Holstein · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Moltke directs Prussian occupation of Holstein after Austria refers the dispute to the Federal Diet.
10 June 1866Federal Reform PlanOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Bismarck proposes a reformed German federation with a directly elected national parliament.
14 June 1866German ConfederationOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Frankfurt · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussian forces invade Hanover to prevent its army joining Austria's southern allies.
15 June 1866Hanoverian MobilizationGeorge Hanover George V
Hanover · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
George V orders the Hanoverian army to concentrate and seek contact with Austria's allies.
16 June 1866Invasion of HanoverOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Hanover · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussian forces enter Hesse-Kassel and isolate the elector's army.
16 June 1866Invasion of Hesse-KasselOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Kassel · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussia occupies Holstein after Austria submits the duchy dispute to the Federal Diet.
16 June 1866Invasion of SaxonyOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Saxony · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Peace of Prague establishes a Kleindeutsch solution excluding Austria from the northern federation.
16 June 1866Invasion of SaxonyEberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld
Dresden · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Herwarth leads the Army of the Elbe into Saxony and drives toward Dresden.
17 June 1866Occupation of HanoverEduard Vogel von Falckenstein
Hanover · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Falckenstein's forces occupy Hanover after the royal army withdraws southward.
18 June 1866Occupation of DresdenEberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld
Dresden · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Herwarth leads the Army of the Elbe into Dresden after Saxon forces evacuate the capital.
18 June 1866Occupation of DresdenHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Dresden · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Army of the Elbe occupies Dresden after the Saxon army withdraws into Bohemia.
19 June 1866Commander of Army of the ElbeWilhelm I
Dresden · Warfare / Military
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Elbe
19 June 1866Occupation of KasselGustav Beyer Beyer, General von
Kassel · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Beyer occupies Kassel and blocks the Hanoverians from joining southern federal forces.
23 June 1866Advance into BohemiaFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Saxony · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Friedrich Karl moves the First Army through Saxony toward the Bohemian frontier.
23 June 1866Detention of ElectorFrederick William Hesse-Kassel Frederick William I
Wilhelmshohe · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussian troops detain the elector at Wilhelmshohe after he refuses neutrality.
26 June 1866Advance into BohemiaFriedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern Frederick III
Silesia · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Crown Prince sends the Second Army through mountain passes from Silesia into Bohemia.
26 June 1866Battle of HuhnerwasserEberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld
Huhnerwasser · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Herwarth's troops win the opening clash at Huhnerwasser and continue into Bohemia.
26 June 1866Battle of PodolFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Podol · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Friedrich Karl's troops secure Podol after a fierce night engagement.
26 June 1866Battle of PodolFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Podol · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The First Army wins the night engagement at Podol, opening the route into Bohemia.
27 June 1866Battle of LangensalzaAlexander Arentschildt Arentschildt, General von
Langensalza · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Arentschildt's Hanoverians defeat an outnumbered Prussian force at Langensalza.
27 June 1866Battle of LangensalzaEduard Flies Flies, General von
Langensalza · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Flies attacks the larger Hanoverian army and is forced to retreat after heavy fighting.
27 June 1866Battle of NachodKarl Friedrich Steinmetz Steinmetz, General von
Nachod · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Steinmetz defeats repeated Austrian attacks and secures the Nachod pass.
27 June 1866Battle of NáchodFriedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern Frederick III
Náchod · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Second Army wins at Náchod under the Crown Prince's overall command.
27 June 1866Battle of NáchodHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Náchod · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Second Army's V Corps defeats the Austrian VI Corps at Náchod.
27 June 1866Battle of TrautenauAdolf Bonin Bonin, General von
Trautenau · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Bonin's I Corps retreats after failing to dislodge Gablenz from the heights near Trautenau.
27 June 1866Battle of TrautenauHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Trautenau · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Austrian forces win at Trautenau, but the Prussian Second Army continues advancing.
27 June 1866Hanoverian CounterattackAlexander Arentschildt Arentschildt, General von
Langensalza · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Arentschildt orders the counterattack that drives the Prussians from the battlefield.
27 June 1866Second ArmyHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Náchod · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Second Army breaks through the Náchod pass and secures its route into Bohemia.
27 June 1866Second ArmyHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Trautenau · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
I Corps suffers a setback at Trautenau while other Second Army formations keep advancing.
28 June 1866Battle of MünchengrätzFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Münchengrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The First Army defeats Clam-Gallas and the Saxons at Münchengrätz.
28 June 1866Battle of MünchengrätzHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Münchengrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The First Army and Army of the Elbe defeat Austro-Saxon forces at Münchengrätz.
28 June 1866Battle of SkalitzFriedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern Frederick III
Skalitz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Second Army defeats Austrian forces at Skalitz and continues toward the Elbe.
28 June 1866Battle of SkalitzKarl Friedrich Steinmetz Steinmetz, General von
Skalitz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Steinmetz wins at Skalitz and pushes the Austrian VIII Corps away from the Elbe.
28 June 1866Battle of SoorAugust Wurttemberg August, Prince of Wurttemberg
Soor · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Guards Corps defeats Gablenz near Soor and reverses the previous day's setback.
29 June 1866Battle of GitschinFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Gitschin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Friedrich Karl captures Gitschin and links his army with the Army of the Elbe.
29 June 1866Battle of GitschinHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Gitschin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Moltke coordinates the First Army and Army of the Elbe victory at Gitschin.
29 June 1866Battle of GitschinAlbert Wettin Albert of Saxony
Gitschin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Albert directs Saxon troops during the unsuccessful defence of Gitschin.
29 June 1866Battle of SchweinschadelKarl Friedrich Steinmetz Steinmetz, General von
Schweinschadel · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Steinmetz defeats the Austrian IV Corps and clears another route toward Koniggratz.
29 June 1866Capitulation of HanoverOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Langensalza · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Free City of Frankfurt.
29 June 1866Capitulation of HanoverGeorge Hanover George V
Langensalza · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
George V authorizes capitulation because his army is surrounded and lacks supplies.
29 June 1866Capitulation of HanoverEdwin Manteuffel Manteuffel, Baron von
Langensalza · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Manteuffel receives the Hanoverian capitulation under terms sent from Berlin.
29 June 1866Capitulation of HanoverEduard Vogel von Falckenstein
Langensalza · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Falckenstein's converging forces surround the Hanoverian army and force its surrender.
29 June 1866First ArmyWilhelm Hohenzollern Wilhelm I
Münchengrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Wilhelm approves the First Army's pursuit from Münchengrätz toward Gitschin.
29 June 1866Royal HeadquartersWilhelm Hohenzollern Wilhelm I
Münchengrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Wilhelm receives reports of Münchengrätz while the Prussian armies converge in Bohemia.
30 June 1866Royal HeadquartersWilhelm Hohenzollern Wilhelm I
Gitschin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Royal headquarters reaches Gitschin as the First Army links with the Army of the Elbe.
30 June 1866Royal HeadquartersWilhelm Hohenzollern Wilhelm I
Gitschin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Wilhelm joins royal headquarters after the Gitschin victory and approves the continued advance.
June 1866Alliance with AustriaLudwig Wittelsbach Ludwig II
Munich · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Ludwig II aligns Bavaria with Austria and mobilizes against Prussia.
June 1866Bohemian Campaign PlanHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Moltke plans converging advances by three armies to defeat Austria in Bohemia.
June 1866Commander of First ArmyFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Friedrich Karl commands the First Army throughout the Bohemian campaign.
June 1866MobilizationHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Moltke's railway-based mobilization plan concentrates three armies for the invasion of Bohemia.
June 1866Second ArmyFriedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern Frederick III
Silesia · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Crown Prince commands the Second Army from Silesia into Bohemia.
June 1866V CorpsKarl Friedrich Steinmetz Steinmetz, General von
Silesia · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Steinmetz commands V Corps during the Second Army's advance from Silesia into Bohemia.
July
3 July 1866Battle of KoniggratzLeonhard Blumenthal Blumenthal, General von
Koniggratz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Blumenthal directs the Second Army's march toward the Austrian right flank at Chlum.
3 July 1866Battle of KoniggratzEduard Fransecky Fransecky, General von
Swiepwald · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Fransecky's division holds the Swiepwald against repeated Austrian counterattacks.
3 July 1866Battle of KoniggratzFriedrich Hiller von Gartringen
Chlum · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Hiller leads the Guards into Chlum and is killed during the decisive assault.
3 July 1866Battle of KöniggrätzKraft Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prince
Königgrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Kraft Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen serves with Prussian Guard artillery during the battle of Königgrätz.
3 July 1866Battle of KöniggrätzFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Königgrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Friedrich Karl commands the Prussian centre while the Crown Prince attacks the Austrian flank.
3 July 1866Battle of KöniggrätzFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Königgrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The First Army holds the centre and presses Austrian positions at Königgrätz.
3 July 1866Battle of KöniggrätzFriedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern Frederick III
Königgrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
His timely arrival near Chlum helps secure the decisive Prussian victory.
3 July 1866Battle of KöniggrätzFriedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern Frederick III
Königgrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Crown Prince leads the Second Army's arrival that turns the Austrian flank at Königgrätz.
3 July 1866Battle of KöniggrätzWilhelm Hohenzollern Wilhelm I
Sadowa · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
As supreme commander, Wilhelm presides over the decisive Prussian victory at Königgrätz.
3 July 1866Battle of KöniggrätzHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Königgrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
He times the convergence of three Prussian armies against Benedek's defensive position.
3 July 1866Battle of KöniggrätzHelmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke Moltke the Elder, Count von
Königgrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Moltke's operational concentration produces the decisive Prussian victory at Königgrätz.
3 July 1866Battle of SadowaFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Sadowa · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
His army's sustained pressure fixes Austrian forces until the Second Army arrives.
3 July 1866First ArmyOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Sadowa · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Bismarck concludes the August alliance with northern German states, founding the future confederation.
3 July 1866First ArmyFriedrich Karl Hohenzollern Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia
Königgrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Friedrich Karl directs the First Army's advance toward the Austrian centre near Sadowa.
4 July 1866Battle of DermbachEduard Vogel von Falckenstein
Dermbach · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Falckenstein begins the Main campaign by driving Bavarian units from positions near Dermbach.
4 July 1866Moderate Peace PolicyOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Koniggratz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Bismarck argues against marching on Vienna or imposing territorial losses upon Austria.
5 July 1866French MediationOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Königgrätz · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Peace of Prague dissolves the German Confederation and ends Austria's federal role.
10 July 1866Battle of HammelburgGustav Beyer Beyer, General von
Hammelburg · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Beyer's division captures Hammelburg while the Prussian Main Army advances southward.
10 July 1866Battle of KissingenAugust Goeben Goeben, General von
Kissingen · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Goeben defeats Bavarian troops at Kissingen and opens the route toward the Main.
14 July 1866Battle of AschaffenburgAugust Goeben Goeben, General von
Aschaffenburg · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Goeben defeats federal troops at Aschaffenburg and secures the Main crossing.
19 July 1866Army of the MainEdwin Manteuffel Manteuffel, Baron von
Frankfurt · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Manteuffel replaces Falckenstein and continues operations against the southern German forces.
22 July 1866Armistice DecisionWilhelm Hohenzollern Wilhelm I
Nikolsburg · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Wilhelm accepts negotiations after military advisers and the Crown Prince support Bismarck's restraint.
22 July 1866Peace MediationFriedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern Frederick III
Nikolsburg · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Crown Prince helps reconcile Wilhelm with Bismarck's proposal for a moderate settlement.
24 July 1866Battle of TauberbischofsheimAugust Goeben Goeben, General von
Tauberbischofsheim · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Goeben defeats the VIII Federal Corps during fighting along the Tauber.
25 July 1866Battle of GerchsheimKarl Theodor Wittelsbach Karl, Prince of Bavaria
Gerchsheim · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Karl's Bavarian army fails to coordinate effectively with the VIII Federal Corps at Gerchsheim.
25 July 1866Battle of HelmstadtEdwin Manteuffel Manteuffel, Baron von
Helmstadt · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Manteuffel presses the federal forces eastward after the engagement at Helmstadt.
26 July 1866Battle of RossbrunnKarl Theodor Wittelsbach Karl, Prince of Bavaria
Rossbrunn · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Karl's Bavarians resist the Prussian advance near Rossbrunn before withdrawing toward Wurzburg.
26 July 1866Preliminary Peace of NikolsburgOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Nikolsburg · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Bismarck secures Austrian consent to Prussian reorganization of Germany north of the Main.
26 July 1866Preliminary Peace of NikolsburgOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Nikolsburg · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Peace of Prague leaves the southern German states outside the northern confederation.
31 July 1866Programme of the Geneva CongressKarl Heinrich Marx
London · Humanities / Philosophy
Drafts a resolution defining the programme for the International's Geneva Congress.
August
2 August 1866Occupation of WurzburgEdwin Manteuffel Manteuffel, Baron von
Wurzburg · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Manteuffel enters Wurzburg as hostilities on the Main front come to an end.
13 August 1866Peace with WürttembergOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The annexation law ends Frankfurt's centuries-old status as a Free City.
17 August 1866Peace with BadenOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussia and Bavaria conclude peace and a secret military convention.
18 August 1866August AllianceOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Hanoverian army capitulates after encirclement despite its tactical victory at Langensalza.
18 August 1866August AllianceOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Peace of Prague authorizes a new federal organization north of the Main.
18 August 1866ConstitutionOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Government / Government of Germany
The North German states agree to form a federal state based on the Prussian proposals of June 1866. They agree to have a Parliament elected to discuss a draft constitution
18 August 1866North German ConfederationOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Government / Government of Germany
Prussia and a large number of North and Central German states sign a Bundnis (alliance). The treaty created a military alliance for one year
18 August 1866North German ConfederationOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Government / Government of Germany
The North German states agree to form a federal state based on the Prussian proposals of June 1866. They agree to have a Parliament elected to discuss a draft constitution
18 August 1866North German ConfederationOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Prague · Government / Government of Germany
The North German Confederation is the alliance of 22 German states (Augustbundnis)
18 August 1866UnificationOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Government / Government of Germany
The North German Confederation is the alliance of 22 German states (Augustbundnis)
22 August 1866Peace with BavariaOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Nikolsburg preliminaries stop the Prussian advance and outline the final settlement.
23 August 1866Austrian SilesiaOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Silesia · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Austria's referral of Holstein to the Federal Diet is treated as a breach of Gastein.
23 August 1866Austrian SilesiaOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Silesia · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussia and Württemberg conclude peace and a secret defensive alliance.
23 August 1866Dissolution of German ConfederationOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussia declares the old Confederation dissolved after the Federal Diet's mobilization vote.
23 August 1866German UnificationOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The annexation of Nassau consolidates Prussian territory along the Rhine and Main.
23 August 1866KleindeutschlandOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The August Alliance binds twenty-two northern German states to Prussian military leadership.
23 August 1866North German ConfederationOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The treaty ends Austro-Prussian hostilities and confirms the broad Nikolsburg terms.
23 August 1866Peace of PragueOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Austria accepts dissolution of the Confederation and Prussian reorganization north of the Main.
23 August 1866Peace of PragueOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Bismarck secures a moderate settlement and rejects demands to annex Austrian territory.
23 August 1866Peace of PragueOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussia and Baden conclude peace and a secret defensive alliance.
23 August 1866Peace of PragueOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The settlement protects the separate sovereignty of southern Germany while allowing Prussian alliances.
23 August 1866Peace of PragueOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The treaty confirms transfer of Austrian rights in Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia.
23 August 1866Peace of PragueWilhelm Hohenzollern Wilhelm I
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Wilhelm accepts the final treaty ending the war with Austria on comparatively moderate terms.
23 August 1866Rule of HolsteinOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Holstein · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Duchy of Nassau.
23 August 1866Rule of SchleswigOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Schleswig · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The North German Constitution creates a federal state under Prussian leadership.
23 August 1866South German SettlementOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Prague · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Austrian Silesia remains under Habsburg rule because Prussia demands no Austrian territory.
30 August 1866Instructions for Congress DelegatesKarl Heinrich Marx
London · Humanities / Philosophy
Prepares instructions for International delegates on major questions to be considered at the Geneva Congress.
September
20 September 1866Annexation LawWilhelm Hohenzollern Wilhelm I
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Wilhelm promulgates the law incorporating Prussia's defeated northern German opponents.
20 September 1866Annexation of FrankfurtOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Frankfurt · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Kingdom of Hanover.
20 September 1866Annexation of FrankfurtOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Frankfurt · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The annexation law incorporates Hanover as a province of the Prussian monarchy.
20 September 1866Annexation of HanoverOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Hanover · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel.
20 September 1866Annexation of HanoverOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Hanover · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The annexation law incorporates Hesse-Kassel into the Prussian state.
20 September 1866Annexation of Hesse-KasselOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Kassel · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Peace of Prague confirms Prussian possession of Holstein before its provincial incorporation.
20 September 1866Annexation of Hesse-KasselOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Kassel · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The annexation law incorporates Nassau and expands Prussia's western territory.
20 September 1866Annexation of NassauOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Nassau · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The Peace of Prague confirms Prussian possession of Schleswig before its provincial incorporation.
20 September 1866Annexation of NassauOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Nassau · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
The peace leaves Austrian Silesia unchanged and rejects any territorial transfer to Prussia.
20 September 1866Deposition of George VGeorge Hanover George V
Hanover · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
George V loses his throne when Prussia formally annexes the Kingdom of Hanover.
20 September 1866Prussian AnnexationsOtto Eduard Leopold Bismarck Bismarck-Schonhausen, Prince von
Berlin · Warfare / Seven Weeks War
Bismarck directs legislation annexing Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, Frankfurt, and other territories.
September 1866Geneva CongressKarl Heinrich Marx
Geneva · Humanities / Philosophy
Marx is elected to the International's General Council while absent from its Geneva congress.
Other Events
1866BudgetOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Government / Government of Germany
The new, largely conservative House is on much better terms with Bismarck than previous bodies; at the Minister Presidents request, it retroactively approved the budgets of the past four years, which had been implemented without Parliamentary conse
1866BudgetOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Berlin · Warfare / Military
Raises a budget for the 1st time since 1862. Admits that the budget is unconstitutional in a bid to pacify the Liberals
1866Commander of First ArmyFriedrich Karl
Warfare / Military
Appointed Commander of the First Army
1866Constitution of GermanyOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Berlin · Warfare / Military
Admits that the budget is unconstitutional in a bid to pacify the Liberals
1866ElectionOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Government / Government of Germany
The new, largely conservative House is on much better terms with Bismarck than previous bodies; at the Minister Presidents request, it retroactively approved the budgets of the past four years, which had been implemented without Parliamentary conse. In the elections to the House of Deputies the liberals suffer a major defeat, losing their large majority
1866ElectionOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Government / Government of Germany
The election is held during the Battle of Konigratz. Has a sufficient majority to raise an army reform budget for the 1st time in 5 yrs. Conservative victory in the chamber of 142
1866Foreign Secretary of GermanyHohenlohe-Schillingsfurst
Government / Government of Germany
Appointed Foreign Secretary
1866Institute of Plant Physiology (IPP)Julius Ferdinand Cohn
Exploration / Exploration and Discovery
Founds the Institute of Plant Physiology
1866Minister PresidentHohenlohe-Schillingsfurst
Government / Government of Germany
Appointed Minister President of Prussia
1866National Liberal PartyMaximilian Franz August von Forckenbeck
Politics / National Liberal Party
Helps found the National Liberal Party
1866North German ConfederationOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Government / Government of Germany
The North German Confederation had nearly 30 million inhabitants, of which eighty percent lived in Prussia
1866President of GermanyMaximilian Franz August von Forckenbeck
Government / Government of Germany
Appointed President of the Prussian House of Representatives
1866Reform of ParliamentOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Berlin · Government / Government of Germany
No need to guarantee accountability of Minister's to Parliament. Gets Bill of Indemnity passed
1866ZollvereinOtto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Government / Government of Germany
The Zollverein is effectively ended in 1866 with the advent of the Austro-Prussian War