11 January 1923OccupationAdolf Hitler
Hitler announces there will be 12 Party rallies on 27th January. French & Belgian troops march into the Ruhr after Germany defaults on reparations
Historical records for Germany in 1923, rendered directly from the World History Database and ordered by month, day and event.
Hitler announces there will be 12 Party rallies on 27th January. French & Belgian troops march into the Ruhr after Germany defaults on reparations
German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common
German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common
Includes 12 public rallies held in & around Munich in defiance of a police ban
The trooping of the SA colours takes plac attended by 60,000 storm troopers
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
Lectures in French on relativity during his visit to British Mandate Palestine.
Gives a second Jerusalem lecture on relativity, this time in German.
1st day of Hitler's trial in Munich for treason
1st day of Hitler's trial in Munich for treason
Becomes a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences in Madrid.
Receives an honorary doctorate in science from the University of Madrid.
Imprisoned for 5 yrs in Landsberg fortress
Blames the Jews for the loss of the war, inflation & the occupation of the Ruhr
Blames the Jews for the loss of the war, inflation & the occupation of the Ruhr
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Is admitted to the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts.
622,000 Marks to the pound sterling, halved in value in one month
Delivers his Nobel lecture on fundamental ideas and problems of relativity.
Hitler is released
Resigns due to the collapse of the German economy
Appointed Chancellor in the "Great Coalition"
Heads a coalition government during the 1923 crisis.
Refuses to issue additional currency, helping break the inflationary spiral.
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Heads a coalition Government
Is appointed Chancellor at the head of the Great Coalition.
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Wilhelm Cuno (No party affiliation) leaves office
Cuts bureaucracy while attempting to stabilise state finances.
To further stabilise the economy Stressman reduces spending and bureaucracy while increasing taxes
Reduces government spending as part of economic stabilization.
Raises taxes as part of the government's stabilization programme.
Chancellor Stresemann ends the passive resistance in the Ruhr
Ends passive resistance in the Ruhr.
Is appointed General State Commissioner of Bavaria and receives extensive executive authority during the political crisis.
Declares a state of emergency while ending passive resistance.
New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr
New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr
Resumes reparations while ending passive resistance in the occupied Ruhr.
Declares the resumption of reparations payments.
Links the end of passive resistance to policy during the French Ruhr occupation.
Ends passive resistance during the French occupation of the Ruhr.
A state of emergency is declared in Bavaria
Declares a state of emergency in Bavaria and assumes executive power amid conflict with the Reich government.
Declares a state of emergency in Bavaria
Declares resumption of reparations payments & a state of emergency. Declares an end to passive resistance in the Ruhr
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
A coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr is crushed in Thuringia.
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Forms a coalition, the Deutscher Kampfund, with other extremist Bavarian organisations
Uses his emergency authority to prohibit left-wing organisations and newspapers in Bavaria.
Dr Gustav Stresemann (Peoples) forms 2nd cabinet
Creates a new cabinet on 6 October 1923.
Forms his second cabinet in October 1923.
Places Reichswehr units stationed in Bavaria under his authority during the escalating constitutional dispute with Berlin.
Refuses Reich Defence Minister Otto Geßler's order to ban the Völkischer Beobachter for attacks on the Reich government.
General Otto von Lossow in Bavaria is relieved of command by Berlin; he refuses
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover.
British disapproval contributes to the failure of the Rhineland separatist plan.
A Rhineland Republic supported by Belgium & France is declared at Aachen
French backing assists separatists seeking an independent Rhine Republic.
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Popular resistance helps defeat the separatist Rhineland project.
A separatist Rhineland Republic is declared at Aachen with French and Belgian support.
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Birth of Bert Trautman
Communists seize control in Hamburg during the October unrest.
Communist takeover of Hamburg
Separatists attempt to establish an autonomous Pfalz at Speyer.
French support assists the attempted separatist administration in the Pfalz.
With French support, separatists try to declare an independet "Autonomous Pfalz" in Speyer
The Hamburg uprising is suppressed.
Hamburg uprising suppressed
The Socialist/Communist Government is suppressed in Saxony
The Socialist-Communist government in Saxony is suppressed.
The Bavarian government takes direct control of local Reichswehr units.
Jodl begins a year of university study in Berlin as part of his continuing staff education.
Inflation reaches a point where one US dollar costs 40 billion marks.
War bonds (which are rated by Reichsmark, not Goldmark like the reparations) can be paid back without problems, savings on banks (or in war bonds) are lost, leading to widespread poverty. Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks
Bloody street fighting breaks out between communists and police in Hamburg.
Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks
The destruction of savings contributes to widespread poverty during hyperinflation.
The Bavarian Government takes direct control over the local parts of the Reichswehr
Bloody street riots in Hamburg between communists and the police
In Saxony and Thuringia the coalition-Governments of KPD and SPD protest against the prohibition of the communist and socialist press, the Reichwehr forces these Governments to resign
Bank savings lose their value during the inflationary collapse.
War bonds denominated in Reichsmarks become effectively worthless during hyperinflation.
War bonds can be repaid in depreciated Reichsmarks rather than Goldmarks.
Founds the SA
The Beer Hall Putsch begins in Munich.
Severely wounded after the police open fire, wounds which effect his future health
Hitler's armed supporters seize his meeting and coerce Kahr, Otto von Lossow and Hans von Seisser into declaring support for the putsch.
Siezes Bavarian Government ministers & holds them under arrest
Addresses a major political meeting at the Bürgerbräukeller shortly before Hitler interrupts the gathering and launches the Beer Hall Putsch.
Beer Hall Putsch in Munich
After leaving the Bürgerbräukeller, withdraws the support extracted from him and joins efforts to resist Hitler's attempted coup.
The Beer Hall Putsch is crushed in Munich.
Bauriedis blood is spilt over the "Blutfahne", the relic NAZI standard
Feder takes part in the party's Beer Hall Putsch
Marches alongside Ernst Rohm who the SS would later execute. Arrives to take over the War Ministry but cannot gain entrance
A failed attempt by Hitler to topple the Bavarian Government & march on Berlin
Proposes the march through Munich which gives the NAZIs their 1st martyrs, 14 killed. Arrives in the Burgerbraukeller in support of the putsch to take control of the Army
Marches through Munich in support of the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch
Carries the "Blutfahne" as the standard bearer
Promises NAZI support but follows orders from the High Command to crush the putsch
Beer Hall Putsch is crushed
The Stoatrupp, along with the SA and several other NSDAP paramilitary units, take part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich
Bavarian police and Reichswehr forces acting under the established authorities defeat Hitler's putsch in Munich.
Marches through Munich in support of the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded
Held in Landsberg fortress
Arrested in Austria for part played in the Beer Hall Putsch
Dr Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht is named Reichswaehrungskommissar
The Rentenmark is introduced at one trillion paper marks, stabilising the currency without gold convertibility.
A new currency, the Rentenmark, is introduced at the rate of 1 trillion (1,000,000,000,000) Papiermark for 1 Rentenmark. At that time, 1 U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 Rentenmark
One Rentenmark equals one trillion paper marks and is valued at 4.2 Rentenmarks per United States dollar.
Is forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition.
Forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition
Leaves the chancellorship at the end of November 1923.
Dr Stresemann leaves office
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication
Escapes to Austria after the Munich Beer Hall Putsch then lives in Italy & Sweden
Currency reform follows only days after the Munich putsch.
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication
Arrested for his part in the Munich Beer Hall putsch
Arrested for refusing to sell his farm near the Berghof for Hitler's mountain lair
Arrested for part played in the Beer Hall Putsch
Arrested for part played in the Beer Hall Putsch
Appointed Chairman of the Catholic Centre Party
Appointed Chancellor of Germany, 1st term
Reichswehr pressure forces coalition governments in Saxony and Thuringia to resign.
Appointed Commanding Officer in Bavaria
A new KPD leadership loyal to Joseph Stalin, the new Soviet Premier, was installed, headed by Ernst Thalmann, abandons the goal of immediate revolution, and from 1924 onwards contested Reichstag elections
Suppresses the Hitler-Ludendorf led "beer hall putsch"
Oversees a currency reform that effectively ends inflation.
The Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the Government defaulted on some payments, in response, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr. Occupation of the Ruhr leads to hyper-inflation
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation. The Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the Government defaulted on some payments, in response, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication. Appointed Editor of the Voelkischer Beobachter
A new KPD leadership loyal to Joseph Stalin, the new Soviet Premier, was installed, headed by Ernst Thalmann, abandons the goal of immediate revolution, and from 1924 onwards contested Reichstag elections
Is appointed Foreign Minister, beginning a tenure that continues through 1929.
Appointed Foreign Minister
Serves as Chancellor of the Great Coalition during the national emergency.
Hermann Oberth, along with Robert Goddard and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, one of the three fathers of modern rocketry, publish "Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen" ("The Rocket into Planetary Space"), proposingg a telescope in space
Faces extreme hyperinflation during his chancellorship.
Occupation of the Ruhr leads to hyper-inflation
Restricting further currency issuance helps stop the inflationary spiral.
Spends an extended period in Leiden amid political threats in Germany, continuing scientific work.
Appointed Minister of Finance, 1st term
Takes part in the Munich Putsch
Participates in the Munich putsch as a stormtrooper
Participates in the Munich Beer Hall Puts
Restores order after the Munich Beer Hall Putsch.
Directs Sylvester, known in English as New Year's Eve.
Appointed Member of NSDAP
The Ruhr is occupied by the French & Belgians after non-payment of reparations
A new KPD leadership loyal to Joseph Stalin, the new Soviet Premier, was installed, headed by Ernst Thalmann, abandons the goal of immediate revolution, and from 1924 onwards contested Reichstag elections
Helps suppress the Beer-Hall Putsch in Munich
Restores order after the Munich Beer Hall Putcsh
Appointed President of the Reichsbank, 1st term
KPD and SPD coalition governments protest restrictions on communist and socialist newspapers.
1st Nazi rally is held in Munich & attracts 20,000
In Saxony and Thuringia the coalition-Governments of KPD and SPD protest against the prohibition of the communist and socialist press, the Reichwehr forces these Governments to resign. Puts down a communist rebellion in Thuringia
Puts down a communist rebellion in Thuringia
Weyl develops mathematical approaches to relativity and field theory that influence later gravitational research
The Rentenmark helps stabilise Germany after the hyperinflation crisis.
Serves as Chancellor during the intense political and economic crisis of 1923.
Hitler orders the formation of a bodyguard for himself, the tiny unit, originally formed by only eight men (and commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold), is designated the Stabswache (Staff Guard)
Soon after its formation, the Stabswache is renamed Stoatrupp (Shock Troop) Adolf Hitler. Hitler orders the formation of a bodyguard for himself, the tiny unit, originally formed by only eight men (and commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold), is designated the Stabswache (Staff Guard)
Hitler orders the formation of a bodyguard for himself, the tiny unit, originally formed by only eight men (and commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold), is designated the Stabswache (Staff Guard)
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded. Soon after its formation, the Stabswache is renamed Stoatrupp (Shock Troop) Adolf Hitler
A communist rebellion in Thuringia is put down.
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication. The circulation of the paper was initially about 8,000 but increases to 25,000 in autumn 1923 due to strong demand during the Occupation of the Ruhr
Appointed Editor of the Voelkischer Beobachter
Directs Schatten - Eine nachtliche Halluzination.
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