4 January 1909Discovery of South PoleErnest Henry Shackleton
Writes, "The end is in sight...we are weakening rapidly"
Historical records for Great Britain in 1909, rendered directly from the World History Database and ordered by month, day and event.
Writes, "The end is in sight...we are weakening rapidly"
Shackleton stops at 88 degrees 23S, 111 miles short of the South Pole. Names the area where they stop as King Edward VII Plateau
Reaches the expeditions farthest south point with Shackleton.
Reaches the farthest south point with Shackletons party.
Turns back at about 88 degrees 23 minutes south, within roughly 97 nautical miles of the South Pole
Turns back after reaching a new farthest south record.
Accompanies Shackleton, Jameson Adams and Eric Marshall to the Nimrod Expedition farthest south point
Reaches the new farthest south record with Shackleton.
Turns north with the weakened four-man southern party.
Provides medical expertise during the exhausting polar journey.
Helps haul the expedition sledge during the southern journey.
Chooses survival rather than continuing toward the South Pole.
Names the area where they stop as King Edward VII Plateau
Reaches the South Magnetic Pole
Completes the hazardous northern journey across Victoria Land.
Reaches the South Magnetic Pole with David and Mawson.
Visits the 1st 17 Labour Exchanges, all of which open this day
Advocates specialized public services instead of the traditional workhouse system.
Co-authors the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission.
Co-authors the Poor Law Commissions Minority Report.
Argues for preventive public services and coordinated social administration.
Helps write the Minority Report on Poor Law reform.
Advocates replacing the Poor Law with coordinated public services.
The Nimrod spots Shackleton from Cape Royds & pick him up
HMS Invincible enters Home Fleet service, embodying Fisher's fast heavily armed cruiser concept.
Brings back geological observations from the Ross Sea region.
Completes a second major Antarctic expedition as an experienced seaman.
Arrives in New Zealand having led an expedition to within 111 miles of the South Pole
Returns after serving on sledging and depot-laying parties.
Returns from Antarctica after geological work with the Nimrod expedition.
Supports construction intended to preserve Britains naval superiority.
Home-water forces are reorganised into a unified Home Fleet with differing readiness levels and concentrated battle strength.
Defends increased naval estimates during the dreadnought scare.
Churchills Bill has its 2nd reading in the House of Commons
Links taxation reform with social spending and naval requirements.
Links taxation reform with social spending and naval requirements.
Lloyd George presents a redistributive budget financing welfare and naval expenditure through higher taxation.
Introduces welfare finance later linked to social reform thinking.
Supports Lloyd George's radical budget in Cabinet and Parliament.
Backs Lloyd Georges radical budget in Cabinet and Parliament.
Introduces the Peoples Budget to the House of Commons.
Proposes new taxes on land, high incomes and estates.
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company is incorporated to develop the D'Arcy concession and the Masjed Soleyman discovery.
Burmah Oil takes the majority of ordinary shares in the newly formed Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
Receives company shares compensating him for the heavy costs previously incurred in Persian exploration.
Becomes a director of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company after transfer of his concession interests.
Birth of James Mason
Creates machinery matching unemployed workers with available jobs.
Introduces legislation establishing a national labour exchange system.
Introduces the Labour Exchanges Bill to the House of Commons
Persuades Parliament to accept plans for the introduction of Labour Exchanges
Faces continuing WSPU pressure around Parliament and public meetings.
Resists demands for immediate government legislation on women's suffrage.
Resists demands for immediate government legislation on womens suffrage.
Faces continuing WSPU pressure around Parliament and public meetings.
Moor Street station opens to relieve congestion at Snow Hill.
Edward VII formally opens the University of Birmingham's Edgbaston campus.
Birth of Diana Churchill, daughter of Winston & Clemantine Churchill
Declares giving equal rights to blacks in South Africa will threaten white civilization
The South Africa Union Bill has its 2nd reading but MPs
Defends the Peoples Budget in a forceful Limehouse speech.
Attacks inherited wealth and argues for progressive taxation.
Government prison policy is challenged by organized hunger striking.
Faces the first suffragette hunger strike in Holloway Prison.
Targets exceptionally low pay in several poorly regulated trades.
Promotes wage-board legislation through the House of Commons.
The main cause of difference beteen the parties is Irish home rule. Parliament enters the Summer recess without agreement between parties
Parliament reaches its summer recess without agreement over Irish Home Rule.
The main cause of difference beteen the parties is Irish home rule
Succeeds in arbitrating a threatened coal miners strke
Speaks against the Lords rejection of the Budget, refers to dangers of class warfare
Speaks against the Lords plan to vote against the Budget
Shakes hands with the Kaiser. A guest at military manoevres in Germany
Promotes scientific research alongside an attempt on the South Pole.
Develops plans for a new British Antarctic expedition.
Dissolves Parliament, the election war-cry is "The Peers versus the People"
Dissolves Parliament during the campaign against the House of Lords.
Dissolves Parliament, the election war-cry is "The Peers versus the People"
Faces criticism over treatment of imprisoned suffragette campaigners.
Creates statutory machinery for fixing minimum rates in sweated industries.
Oversees prison policy during escalating militant suffrage protests.
Secures legislation establishing wage boards in selected low-paid trades.
Sends the controversial budget measure to the House of Lords.
Secures the Finance Bills third reading in the Commons.
Finance Bill, the 3rd reading of the Finance Bill is passed in the House of Commons
Theresa Grant, a suffragette, attacks Winston Churchill at Bristol railway station
Theresa Grant, a suffragette, attacks Winston Churchill at Bristol railway station
Theresa Grant attacks Churchill at Bristol railway station.
The Lords reject the Budget by 350 votes to 75
The Lords reject the Budget by 350 votes to 75
Leads Conservative peers during rejection of the Finance Bill.
Condemns the Lords for refusing to pass the Finance Bill.
Prepares to seek an electoral mandate over the constitutional dispute.
Prepares to seek an electoral mandate over the constitutional crisis.
Moves that the Finance Bill be submitted to the electorate.
Leads the Lords challenge to the Peoples Budget.
Triggers a constitutional confrontation with the Liberal government.
The House of Lords rejects the Budget by 350 votes to 75.
Condemns the Lords refusal to pass the Finance Bill.
Finance Bill, The Finance Bill is rejected by the House of Lords, 350 votes to 75
Argues that the electorate should judge the governments finance programme.
Backs the Lords during the escalating constitutional dispute.
A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa
A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa
A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa
Sets a historical romance during the reign of Henry VIII.
Publishes The Lady of Blossholme in book form.
Secures major housing and town-planning legislation.
Expands public powers over housing standards and planned development.
Selects Abadan Island as the refinery site and begins establishing the company's Persian Gulf refining base.
Publishes the collection Actions and Reactions.
Publication of "Tono-Bungay". Publication of "Ann Veronica"
Studies microscopic Antarctic life around the expedition base.
Agrees to the construction of 4 new battleships
Strengthens professional links between British and imperial army staffs.
Appointed Assisstant Director of the Territorial Forces
The company consolidates interests connected with the Bakhtiari Oil Company as its Persian structure expands.
Defends free trade & attacks the Lords for rejecting the Finance Bill
Raises taxes on upper incomes & large Estates
Uses land taxation to help finance expanding social expenditure.
Appointed President of the Budget League, defends Lloyd George
Uses public campaigning and writing to condemn the forced-labour system and violence associated with the Congo Free State.
Creates a village shop story featuring familiar animal characters.
Continues the magical world introduced in The House of Arden.
Uses family life to explore humor, affection and domestic misunderstanding.
The new company acquires the petroleum rights and shares held through the Concessions Syndicate.
Supports Conservative resistance to the Liberal finance programme.
The Government introduces the Parliament Bill to curb the power of the Lords
Travels through Syria studying medieval Crusader fortifications.
Travels on foot through Syria and neighbouring areas to study Crusader castles for his Oxford thesis.
The Admiralty addresses destroyer deficiencies while maintaining capital-ship superiority in the accelerating naval competition.
Applies scientific and medical reasoning to a series of mysteries.
Appointed President of the Budget League, defends Lloyd George
Enters the Royal Naval College
At the same time, Robert Falcon Scott began planning a new expedition after Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition.
Evans succumbs to the lure of the Antarctic, and announces, with Markhams blessing, that he will organise an expedition to explore King Edward VII Land.
Scott and Edward Evans were then rivals, but Evans abandoned his own project and transferred its funding and support to Scott.
The rallying cry is, "The Peers versus the People"
Abandons his separate Antarctic project and joins Scott.
Promotes scientific research and a South Pole attempt.
Supports Treasury administration of the governments Finance Bill.
Fisher's administration supports stronger capital-ship construction as concern grows over Germany's naval building programme.
Agrees to construction of four new battleships.
Publishes the social novel Fraternity.
Publishes the childrens novel Hardings Luck.
Churchill proposes a National Insurance Bill but is turned down by Asquith
Interprets the French queen within the politics of revolutionary France.
Describes a doomed ship threatened by mysterious hostile beings.
Creates the Imperial General staff
Develops the Imperial General Staff for coordinated military planning.
Publishes John Thorndykes Cases.
Recieves a hroes welcome & a knighthood
Plans a nationwide network of publicly operated labour exchanges.
Lays plans for the foundation of 200 Labour Exchanges
Visits the Labour Bureaux in Strasburg & Frankfurt am Main
Proposes taxes based on increases in land values.
The Conservatives defeat the budget in the Lords. Balfours mis-handling of the Parliament Act leads to a "Balfour Must Go" campaign
Helps eliminate sweated labour. Gets the Trade Boards Bill passed. Gets the Labour Exchanges Bill passed. Establishes the principle of a minimum wage & breaks for meals & refreshment
Develops detailed knowledge of geography, architecture and local communities.
Publication of "Liberalism & The Social Problem", an exposition of the New Liberalism
Publishes Liberalism and the Social Problem.
Publication of "Liberalism & The Social Problem", an exposition of the New Liberalism
Appointed Major General
Publishes a biography of Marie Antoinette.
Uses continental employment bureaux as models for British reform.
Collects speeches advocating social reform within a Liberal framework.
Completes biological investigations during the Nimrod expedition.
Uses comic adventure to explore religious belief and scepticism.
Examines class division, philanthropy and urban poverty in London.
Collects measurements and observations for his Oxford history thesis.
Uses the political cry 'The Peers versus the People' during the constitutional dispute.
Opposes Lloyd Georges Peoples Budget and its new taxation.
Submits minority report in favour of the Poor Law anticipating the Welfare State
Receives promotion to field marshal after completing his long period of senior imperial command.
The Conservatives defeat the budget in the Lords. Balfours mis-handling of the Parliament Act leads to a "Balfour Must Go" campaign
Submits minority report in favour of the Poor Law anticipating the Welfare State
Churchill proposes a National Insurance Bill but is turned down by Asquith
Creates a sentimental romance moving between London and Venice.
Imagines a technologically dependent society living beneath the earth.
Scott appoints Evans second-in-command, as well as Captain of the Terra Nova.
The company reaches an agreement with Sheikh Khazal securing local cooperation for operations near the Persian Gulf.
Collects stories and poems addressing empire, society and human character.
Publication of "Socialism & Government"
Transfers supporters and resources to the Terra Nova expedition.
Publishes the novel The Ball and the Cross.
Publishes The City of Beautiful Nonsense.
Publishes The Crime of the Congo, attacking the record of forced labour and violence under Leopold II's Congo regime.
Publishes the supernatural sea novel The Ghost Pirates.
Publishes the science fiction story The Machine Stops.
Publishes The Tale of Ginger and Pickles.
Publishes the comic novel They and I.
Publication of "Tono-Bungay"
Publication of "Tono-Bungay". Publication of "Ann Veronica"
Defends free trade & attacks the Lords for rejecting the Finance Bill
Assists Lloyd George during the prolonged parliamentary budget struggle.
Travels extensively on foot between historic fortified sites.
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