2 January 1645Execution of John HothamJohn Hotham
Hotham is executed after a court martial convicts him over his wartime dealings with the Royalists.
Historical records for England in 1645, rendered directly from the World History Database and ordered by month, day and event.
Hotham is executed after a court martial convicts him over his wartime dealings with the Royalists.
Death of William Laud, executed for treason
Beheaded for treason
Death of William Laud, executed for treason. Beheaded for treason
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse & Foot. Appointed 2nd-in-Command for Manchester
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse & Foot
Signs a brief truce but breaks it when he refuses to accede to Parliaments terms
Signs a brief truce but breaks it when he refuses to accede to Parliaments terms
Fairfax is appointed to command the New Model Army and begins organising Parliament's new national field force.
St John supports Parliament's programme for reorganising its armies as the New Model Army is established.
Goring gets a commission as Commander in Chief of all western forces and so can only receive orders directly from the King
Gorings men lay siege to Taunton
Royalist resistance in the west collapses further, leaving Oxford as the principal remaining Royalist threat.
The Royalists are defeated in the West, only Oxford remains as a serious threat. Sir Ralph Hopton signs articles of surrender at Exeter
Charles I surrenders to the Scots rather than to Parliament. Charles final field force is crushed
Charles I places himself in Scottish hands rather than surrendering directly to Parliament.
Charles I surrenders to the Scots rather than to Parliament
Removes the existing Generals
Fairfax succeeds Essex as Captain General & Cromwell becomes Lt General
Fairfax succeeds Essex as Captain General & Cromwell becomes Lt General
Fairfax becomes commander of the New Model Army created to improve Parliament's war effort.
Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the New Model Army under Sir Thomas Fairfax
Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the New Model Army
A modified Self-Denying Ordinance is passed by the Lords
Cromwell is exempted from resignation pressure and continues military service with Parliament's army.
Removes the existing Generals. Creates a New Model Army becoming 2nd-in-Command under Sir Thomas Fairfax. All MPs except Cromwell must relinquish military commissions within 40 days
Cromwell routs a detachment of Royalist horse at Islip during his raid against the king's artillery train.
Leaves to Royalist stronghold of Oxford to negotiate with the Scots
Marches out from Windsor prior to the Battle of Naseby
Skippon becomes Major-General of Foot in the New Model Army and encourages experienced soldiers to enter the reorganised force.
Ireton receives senior cavalry command in the New Model Army as Parliament reorganises its field forces.
Whalley receives command of a cavalry regiment in the New Model Army during Parliament's military reorganisation.
Okey receives command of the New Model Army's dragoon regiment as Parliament forms its national field army.
Anticipating the Self-denying Ordinance, Manchester resigned his command
Defeated in battle by the Earl of Norwich, George Goring
Royalist forces under Goring damage part of Cromwell's regiment near Faringdon after his Oxfordshire raid.
Reaches Blandford & detaches 6 regiments for the relief of Taunton
Charles I and Goring evade Parliamentarian forces and leave Oxford during the campaigning season.
Reaches Droitwich & leaves it 14th May
Reaches Market Drayton & recieves news that Brereton has raised the siege of Chester
Charles decides to send Goring south west while he & Rupert head nth
Advances toward Kenilworth before parliamentary orders redirect forces during the Oxford operations.
Joins Fairfax near Nuneham as Parliamentarian forces press operations around Oxford.
Arrives at Nuneham near Oxford & is joined by Cromwell
Serves with Fairfax near Oxford as Parliamentarian forces try to contain Charles I's army.
Siege of Oxford by Fairfax and the New Model Army
Rupert captures and ransacks Leicester in an attempt to draw Fairfax away from Oxford
Rupert captures and ransacks Leicester in an attempt to draw Fairfax away from Oxford
Wins victory over the Scots under Hamilton. The 1st Battle over which Cromwell has independent command
Royalist victory, diverts Fairfax from Oxford, Charles then proceeds safely to Oxford
Arrives in Cambridge to gather horse and reinforce the Eastern Association before rejoining the main campaign.
Blake maintains the Parliamentarian defence of Taunton despite blockade, bombardment and repeated Royalist pressure.
Charles I sacks Leicester, followed by his defeat at Naseby. Charels I captures Leicester waiting for Goring & Gerard to join forces with him
With the help of Prince Rupert captures & sacks Leicester
After Royalists take Leicester Fairfax is ordered nth
Marches to Newport Pagnell on his way to besiege Oxford
Charles reaches Daventry where he learns that Oxford is no longer under siege
Fairfax arrives at Newport Pagnell where is joined by Vermuyden & his 2,500 horse
The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as 2nd in Command of the New Model Army
The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as 2nd in Command of the New Model Army
The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as Lieutenant General of the Horse
Cromwell moves toward Fairfax before the Naseby campaign as Parliament concentrates forces against Charles I.
Initial contact between Fairfax and the King's army at Borough Hill
Cromwell joins forces with Fairfax & Parliament has an Army of more than 13,000 men
Cromwell joins forces with Fairfax & Parliament has an Army of more than 13,000 men
Fairfax arrives 12 miles from where Charles is at Daventry to the latters surprise
Stands on high ground on East Farndon over Great Oxendon, 2 miles south of Harborough
Leads his main force into Gainsborough while his main scouts enter Naseby
Charles avoids Battle by marching from Borough Hill to Belvoit Castle
Leads a cavalry at the Battle of Naseby against the Royalists
Commands a brigade of the Royalist Army
Commands the infantry of the Royalist Army
Commands a brigade of the Royalist Army
The 1st Civil War lingers for another year until capitulation at Oxford 1 year later. Decisive victory for Parliamentary forces
Parliamentary victory, Charles has 7,500 men & Parliamentary forces number 13,500. Contributes to Charles downfall & the ascendancy of Cromwell & the independents
Commands Parliamentarian cavalry on the right and helps Fairfax defeat the king's main field army.
Fairfax directs the New Model Army at Naseby and wins the decisive victory over Charles I's main field army.
With Cromwell's help defeats Charles force of 7,500. Leaves Guilsborough in the early hours & by sunrise the Army is ready on Naseby Bridge. A decisive victory over the royalists
Fairfax commands the New Model Army in the decisive defeat of Charles I at Naseby.
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Fights at the Battle of Naseby for Parliament against Charles I
Ireton leads Parliamentarian cavalry on the left and is captured during the early fighting at Naseby.
Commands the right wing of the Royalist cavalry
Commands a brigade of the Royalist Army
Commands the Dragoons of the Parliamentary Army during a victory against the Royalists
Commands a Parliamentary regiment in a victory over the Royalists
Rupert's cavalry drives back part of the Parliamentarian line but cannot prevent Royalist defeat.
Commands the infantry centre of the Parliamentary Army during their victory
Commands the King's Horseguards of the Royalist Army
Cromwell commands the New Model Army's horse at Naseby and turns his victorious cavalry against the Royalist infantry.
Calls a Council of War & decides to fight against Fairfax south of Market Harborough
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
After defeating the Royalist cavalry, Cromwell redirects his horsemen against the Royalist foot and helps decide the battle.
Okey's dragoons use the hedges on the Parliamentarian flank to fire on Royalist cavalry during the Battle of Naseby.
Skippon is seriously wounded while commanding the New Model infantry but refuses to leave the field before victory is secured.
Ireton is wounded in the thigh and face and is briefly captured during the fighting at Naseby.
Establishes quarters around Holton while preparing pressure on the Royalist capital at Oxford.
Commands the Lifeguard for Parliament against the Royalists
Commands a Regiment for Parliament against the Royalists
Commands levies for the Royalists against Parliament
Commands a regiment for Parliament against the Royalists
Fairfax takes back Leicester
Fairfax meets the Clubmen of Dorset and Wiltshire at Dorchester
Cromwell's cavalry contributes to Parliament's victory over Goring's forces at Langport.
Fairfax defeats the last major Royalist field army in the west at Langport and continues the New Model Army's advance.
Fairfax boldly attacks Gorings strong defences at the Battle of Langport
Fairfax defeats Goring's Royalist army and opens the west of England to Parliamentarian advance.
Suffers a defeat by Fairfax & Cromwell. Fairfax boldly attacks Gorings strong defences at the Battle of Langport
Fairfax takes Bridgewater
Fairfax takes Bridgewater
Captures Bath from the Royalists
Cromwell routs Dorsetshire clubmen at Hambledon Hill
Death of Lionel Cranfield
Fairfax assaults and captures Sherborne Castle
Fairfax assaults and captures Sherborne Castle
Fairfax begins Parliament's campaign to retake Bristol.
Siege of Bristol by Fairfax begins
Cromwell helps command Parliamentarian assaults on Bristol's defences.
Prince Rupert is forced to return to Oxford, his forces intact. Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol
Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol
Fairfax captures Bristol for Parliament.
Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol to Parliament under Fairfax
Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol
Commands part of the Parliamentarian assault around Prior's Hill fort during the storming of Bristol.
Ireton returns to active service after Naseby and takes part in the New Model Army's successful assault on Bristol.
Cromwell captures Devizes
Cromwell captures Winchester
Present at Stapleton near Fairfax's headquarters during Parliament's siege of Bristol.
Present near Keynsham during Parliament's siege operations against Bristol.
Secures the last major obstacle between London & the West Country. Defeats the Marquise of Winchester
Winchester's Royalist stronghold falls after Cromwell's assault on Basing House.
Cromwell takes part in the storming of Basing House, removing a major Royalist stronghold controlling routes west of London.
Cromwell storms Basing House and ends one of the strongest Royalist garrisons in southern England.
A petition signed by more than 2,000 London citizens helps secure Lilburne's release after his imprisonment for denouncing comfortable Members of Parliament while common soldiers suffered
Brereton defeats Royalist forces under Sir William Vaughan at Denbigh, cutting another route of support into Cheshire.
Ordered to besiege Corfe Castle, the only Royalist stronghold between Exeter & London
Birth of Sydney Godolphin, 3rd son of Sir Francis Godolphin
Appointed Captain General of the New Model Army
Appointed Captain General of the New Model Army
Appointed Captain General of the Parliamentary forces
Appointed Captain General of the Parliamentary forces
Relieved of command by the Self-Denying Ordinance
Leads the Independents, a sect demanding religious toleration & prosecution of the war
John Lilburne is imprisoned for denouncing Members of Parliament who lived in comfort while the common soldiers fought and died for the Parliamentary cause
Appointed Military adviser to Charles I
Appointed Military adviser to Charles I
The New Model Army is created by Oliver Cromwell & Thomas Fairfax. The Committee of Both Kingdoms recommends a new army of 22,000 run by Parliament. Persuades Parliament to adopt a new militia, maintained by impressment & taxation. Modeled after Cromwell's Ironsides
Organised into 12 infantry & 11 cavalry regiments & 1 dragoon regiment. Becomes the 1st Commander of the New Model Army
Resigns as Commander of the Parliamentary Army after defeat in Cornwall
Conducts the succesful siege of Chester on behalf of Parliament
Cromwell prevents Charles joining forces with Prince Maurice & Prince Rupert
Helps blockade Oxford to prevent Charles I joining forces with Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice.
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