October 31 in History

Invests his son Romulus Augustulus with the purple

A dictum reverses the forfeiture of the defeated rebels if they pay a fine

The Dauphin is declared Charles VII

The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz. Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg. Disagrees with selling remissions for sins. Triggers off the Reformation

His territory becomes the setting for Luther's challenge to indulgences.

Disagrees with selling remissions for sins.

Luther expresses doubts over the legitimacy of indulgences and the Plenitudo Potestatis of the Pope.

Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg.

Luther protests against the corruption in Rome & Germany.

The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz.

Disagrees with selling remissions for sins.

Luther expresses doubts over the legitimacy of indulgences and the Plenitudo Potestatis of the Pope.

Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg.

Luther protests against the corruption in Rome & Germany.

The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz.

The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz. Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg. Disagrees with selling remissions for sins

The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz. Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg. Disagrees with selling remissions for sins. Triggers off the Reformation

Louis Prince of Conde is arrested on suspicion of leading the Amboise conspiracy

Louis Prince of Conde is arrested on suspicion of leading the Amboise conspiracy

Sentenced to death for his part in the Conspiracy of Amboise

Vergniaud became president of the Legislative Assembly during disputes over emigres and royal authority.

The Revolutionary Tribunal condemned Brissot with fellow Girondins, and he went to the guillotine in Paris.

The crew is imprisoned by the Pasha, released after a ransom payment

Stops the Philadelphia from becoming a pirate ship. Destroys the Philadelphia in Tripoli harbour after capture by Pasha Yusuf

Decatur entered Tripoli harbour aboard Intrepid and burned USS Philadelphia on 16 February 1804 to deny her to Tripolitan forces.

USS Philadelphia grounded off Tripoli on 31 October 1803 and was captured; the frigate was later burned by Decatur's raiding party in February 1804.

Birmingham receives a charter of incorporation, creating its municipal borough.

The First Charles Rogier Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.

Begins the Henri de Brouckere Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.

Claims continental powers discussed exploiting Britain's Boer War difficulties.

The second motor sledge fails, forcing Lashly and his companions to continue by man-hauling.

The second motor sledge fails the following day. The four men reorganise their loads and continue south, pulling a single sledge carrying about 740 pounds of supplies.

French's BEF survives a major crisis around Gheluvelt as reserves restore the line east of Ypres.

The loss of HMS Hermes to a German submarine highlights the danger facing ships supporting naval aviation operations.

The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over

The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over

The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over

The Australian Light Horse charge helps secure Beersheba during Allenby's offensive.

The capture of Beersheba breaks the Gaza deadlock and turns the Ottoman flank.

Uses a wide desert manoeuvre to outflank the heavily defended Gaza position.

Launches the main offensive against Beersheba after misleading Ottoman defenders near Gaza.

Employs British Empire mounted forces effectively in the attack on Beersheba.

Chauvel orders mounted forces to secure Beersheba before darkness threatens the water supply.

Attacks the Turks, Beersheba is captured & 2,000 Turkish troops taken prisoner

Grant leads the 4th Light Horse Brigade in the mounted charge that breaks into Beersheba.

The attempted counterattack collapses after Cossack support fails.

The Petrograd Soviet strengthens its military organisation after the failure of the Kerensky-Krasnov advance.

Chaytor's division captures Tel el Saba, helping open the eastern approach to Beersheba.

Adler helps form a new National Assembly to establish a republican Austria

Adler helps form a new National Assembly to establish a republican Austria

Reviews the strategic consequences of the Ottoman withdrawal from the war.

Nadir Shah promulgates a constitution combining royal authority with a national council.

Continues invasion precautions as the immediate German landing threat declines.

Lee entered first grade in the Benbrook Common School on October 31, 1945, with school records showing an incorrect birth date.

Becomes chairman of the newly established China Youth Anti-Communist National Salvation Corps.

Paz Estenssoro nationalises the major tin-mining groups and transfers them to state control.

The MNR government nationalises the major tin mines and creates COMIBOL

Decides not to marry Peter Townsend

Laskov's 77th Division begins its offensive on the northern Sinai axis during the night.

Ben-Ari's armoured forces help break through Egyptian positions in the Abu Ageila sector.

Orders air attacks on Egypt after Nasser rejects the Anglo-French ultimatum

Egypt comes under British and French air attack after rejecting the ultimatum.

Israeli aircraft under Tolkowsky perform liaison missions between widely separated forces during Operation Kadesh.

Directs air operations aimed at neutralising Egyptian airfields

Keightley directs the combined Anglo-French headquarters as the air phase against Egypt begins.

Eisenhower publicly opposes the Anglo-French use of force and supports United Nations action.

Ben-Ari's armoured column reaches Bir al-Hamma as the Israeli advance continues westward.

Ben-Ari's brigade advances through central Sinai and reaches the Bir Hasna area.

The UK & France bomb Egypt to force the reopening of the canal with Operation Musketeer, Egypt blocks the canal with scuttled ships in the canal & closes it until 1957

Faces British and French air attacks during Operation Musketeer after the Israeli invasion of Sinai.

Tolkowsky's air force evacuates casualties from forward areas while the ground campaign continues.

Condemns the widening crisis and supports a United Nations ceasefire rather than Anglo-French intervention.

Barjot coordinates French naval elements with British forces supporting Operation Musketeer.

Joins the Soviet leadership decision to reverse course and use military force against the Hungarian uprising.

Barnett directs the opening air campaign intended to destroy Egyptian air power before the landings.

Declares emergency measures during the British, French and Israeli attack on Egypt.

Barjot coordinates French participation within the combined command structure for the assault on Egypt.

HMS Newfoundland engages and sinks the Egyptian frigate Domiat during the naval phase

Ben-Ari's armoured forces capture Jebel Libni after breaking through the central Sinai defensive system.

Commands the landing force assembled to seize Port Said and the northern canal zone

Eitan's paratroopers fight Egyptian forces around the Mitla approaches.

Sharon orders forces into Mitla Pass, where intense fighting develops with Egyptian troops.

Coordinates naval support and carrier forces for the Anglo-French operation

Yoffe leads the 9th Brigade on a rapid southward advance through difficult Sinai terrain.

British and French aircraft bomb Egyptian airfields as Operation Musketeer begins

The UK & France bomb Egypt to force the reopening of the canal with Operation Musketeer, Egypt blocks the canal with scuttled ships in the canal & closes it until 1957

Authorises the bombing phase of Operation Musketeer against Egyptian targets

Commands Operation Musketeer, the Anglo-French military operation against Egypt

Orders resistance to the Anglo-French assault and blocks the canal during Operation Musketeer.

Barnett directs the RAF bomber offensive launched from Malta and Cyprus against Egyptian military airfields.

Laskov commands the divisional drive along the Rafah, El-Arish and El-Qantara axis.

Resigns from the Foreign Office in protest over the Suez intervention

Ben-Ari's 7th Armoured Brigade captures Ruafa Dam during its westward advance.

Tolkowsky's air force conducts reconnaissance missions supporting Israeli commanders during the rapid Sinai advance.

Dayan presses Israeli columns westward as Egyptian resistance weakens in several sectors.

Tolkowsky's air force expands close support for Israeli ground formations advancing across Sinai.

The UK & France bomb Egypt to force the reopening of the canal with Operation Musketeer, Egypt blocks the canal with scuttled ships in the canal & closes it until 1957. British & French planes bomb Egyptian airfields

Britain and France bomb Egypt after Nasser rejects their ultimatum; Egyptian forces block the canal by sinking ships.

Wallach directs the 10th Brigade in an unsuccessful assault against Egyptian positions at Umm Qatef.

Wallach commits the 37th Brigade against Umm Qatef, where Egyptian defences stop the attack.

Wallach's forces encounter strong Egyptian resistance and attacks against Umm Qatef are halted.

Barnett's air command commits Valiant bombers to operational attacks during their only use in combat.

Democratic Action, COPEI, and the Democratic Republican Union signed the Puntofijo Pact supporting constitutional government.

As AEC chairman, McCone oversaw Commission responsibilities when the United States suspended nuclear weapons testing as Geneva negotiations opened.

Lee appeared at the American Embassy and declared that he wanted to renounce his United States citizenship.

Failed infiltrations lead planners to develop a larger amphibious assault by Cuban exiles.

Bissell shifts planning from small infiltrations toward a large amphibious assault.

Stalins body is removed from the Kremlin

Stalins body is removed from Lenins side in the Mausoleum on Red Square

The Twenty-Second Party Congress adopts a new Communist Party programme replacing the 1919 programme.

Stalin's body is removed from Lenin's Mausoleum following renewed condemnation at the Twenty-Second Party Congress.

FBI agent James Hosty visits Paines home to discover where Oswald is living, speaks to both Paine and Marina Oswald

FBI agent James Hosty visits Paines home to discover where Oswald is living, speaks to both Paine and Marina Oswald

FBI agent James Hosty visits Paines home to discover where Oswald is living, speaks to both Paine and Marina Oswald

FBI agent James Hosty visits Paines home to discover where Oswald is living, speaks to both Paine and Marina Oswald

Jenner signs a management agreement with Pink Floyd through the Blackhill organisation

King signs a management agreement with Pink Floyd alongside Peter Jenner

Pink Floyd sign a management contract with Peter Jenner and Andrew King

Pink Floyd sign a management contract with Peter Jenner and Andrew King

Pink Floyd sign a management contract with Peter Jenner and Andrew King

Strikes against redundancies close all British Motor Corporation factories

The Vietcong do not agree to negotiation conditions. The US announces a cessation of bombing & that negotiations will begin

Announces negotiations will begin, 5 days before the presidential election. Announces bombing in North Vietnam will stop

Liu Shaoqi is removed from all posts and expelled from the party during the Cultural Revolution

Announces negotiations will begin, 5 days before the presidential election

Liu Shaoqi is expelled from the Communist Party as the main capitalist-roader target

Announces negotiations will begin, 5 days before the presidential election

Expelled from the CCP

The Beatles release George Harrisons "Something" as a single in Britain, Harrisons only composition on a Beatles "A" side

Presides over a trial which finds Shaoqi guilty & expels him from the Party

Found guilty at a trial conducted by the Plenium of the Eighth Party Congress

Mousavi becomes Prime Minister of Iran under President Ali Khamenei

Mousavi becomes prime minister within the Islamic Republic's clerical political order

Appointed Prime Minister of Iran after Majles approval and Khomeini's backing

Mousavi becomes Prime Minister of Iran and begins a wartime premiership lasting until 1989

Mousavi begins his premiership under President Ali Khamenei during the Iran-Iraq War

Leads for the Government in Commons debate on intermediate nuclear forces and NATO policy.

Produces Pipes of Peace, continuing his renewed collaboration with Paul McCartney.

Anti-Sikh violence erupts in Delhi and other cities after Indira Gandhi's assassination.

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated in New Delhi by two of her Sikh bodyguards.

Rajiv Gandhi becomes Prime Minister following the assassination of Indira Gandhi.

Holds a news conference & confirms Yeltsin had threatened to resign from the Politburo

Quoted in the press saying, "there is no such thing as society"

Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, acting

East & West Germany sign the re-unification Treaty

East & West Germany sign the re-unification Treaty

Death of Edwin Walker

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Signs Iraq Liberation Act, it becomes US Policy to support "regime change" in Iraq

Congress made findings of past Iraqi military actions in violation of International Law and that Iraq had denied entry of United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) inspectors into its country.

Signs Iraq Liberation Act, it becomes US Policy to support "regime change" in Iraq.

The Act anticipates the future need for War Crimes Tribunals in Iraq.

The stated purpose is: "to establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq".

Congress made findings of past Iraqi military actions in violation of International Law and that Iraq had denied entry of United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) inspectors into its country

Congress made findings of past Iraqi military actions in violation of International Law and that Iraq had denied entry of United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) inspectors into its country

The IAEA declares that Iran has submitted a "comprehensive" declaration of its nuclear program

NASA publicly announces Hubble's discovery of two possible additional moons orbiting Pluto.

Griffin reinstates Hubble Servicing Mission 4 after NASA develops additional shuttle safety and risk-mitigation measures.

Takes command of United States Central Command

The National Transitional Council elects el-Keib to head the interim government.

Releases Lulu, a collaborative album with Metallica based on writings by Frank Wedekind.

Starmer completes his five-year term as Director of Public Prosecutions.

Announces a second national lockdown for England.

Announces a second national lockdown for England.

The United Nations appoints Faisal Shahkar of Pakistan as Police Adviser in the Department of Peace Operations.

North Korea tests the Hwasong-19 intercontinental missile.

Birth of Chiang Kai-Shek to a prosperous rural family Chekiang

Birth of Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri, Dunga

With his death Matildas hopes of winning the throne vanish

Death of James Hamilton

Death of Indira Gandhi

Death of River Phoenix

Death of actor Sean Connery.

Death of Apollo 16 astronaut and Apollo 13 support figure Ken Mattingly.

Defeats the French under Massena

Marshal Lefebvres IV Corps fall upon Blakes 19,000 men at Pancorbo, turning back the hesitant Spanish advance. Blake retreats swiftly and in good order, preventing Napoleon's planned envelopment & annihilation of the Spanish flank

Bulfin sends reinforcements during the crisis at Ypres.

FitzClarence helps restore the line near Ypres.

The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over

The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over. Nikolai Ruzsky defeats the Germans first attempt at capturing Warsaw at the Battle of the Vistula River

Gough commands cavalry near Ypres.

Attacks the Turks, Beersheba is captured & 2,000 Turkish troops taken prisoner

Commands Fighter Command through the official final day of the Battle of Britain.

The Luftwaffe has failed to gain the air superiority required for invasion.

Germany bombs Canterbury in the biggest daylight raid since the Battle of Britain

Fights Egyptian forces around Mitla Pass during the Sinai Campaign.