February 8 in History

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome, Roman General who helps overthrow Constantine

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome, Roman General who helps overthrow Constantine

Captures Dieppe

Elizabeth I has Mary Queen of Scots executed after exposure of the Babbington plot

John Leveson placed a barrier across the street at Ludgate Hill. When Essexs men tried to force their way through, Essexs stepfather, Sir Christopher Blount, was injured in the resulting skirmish, and Essex withdrew with his men to Essex House

Involved in the failed Essex rebellion

Elizabeth ends the Earl of Essexs rebellion

John Leveson placed a barrier across the street at Ludgate Hill. When Essexs men tried to force their way through, Essexs stepfather, Sir Christopher Blount, was injured in the resulting skirmish, and Essex withdrew with his men to Essex House

Involved in the failed Essex rebellion

After the battle of Eylau awarded Order of St. Andrew, the highest order in the Russian empire

Crosses the Andes

Appointed President of Argentina

Publishes an article noting an unusual organised strike among agricultural labourers in southern Wiltshire.

Begins the Blixen-Finecke Acting Government in Copenhagen and serves as Acting Council President of Denmark.

The Rotwitt Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.

Publishes an article examining the British cotton crisis produced by disruption of American supplies.

Boer marksmanship inflicts severe losses on the British.

The engagement leaves the British column with heavy casualties.

Begins a Liberal government under the restored Bourbon monarchy.

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain

Becomes Prime Minister of Spain.

The Dawes Act authorizes division of reservation land into individual allotments.

Senator Henry Dawes sponsors the General Allotment Act, authorizing allotment of tribal lands to individual Native Americans.

The General Allotment Act is named for Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts.

Senator Henry Dawes sponsores the Dawes Severalty Act that authorizes the survey of Indian territories in the West, in order that the commonly held tribal lands might be broken up into property allotments of 40 to 160 acres

The Dawes Act seeks assimilation through individual landholding and changes in tribal land tenure.

The Dawes Act permits reservation land to be broken into allotments while surplus land can pass from tribal control.

Morgan's syndicate supplies gold to replenish the Treasury reserve in exchange for government bonds.

Cleveland authorises a bond sale to replenish the Treasury's dangerously depleted gold reserve.

John Ames Sherman patents the 1st envelope folding & gumming machine

Discovery arrives in McMurdo Sound, where she anchors at a spot designated as "Hut Point", & establish the base from which they will launch scientific and exploratory sledging journeys, Crean proves to be one of the most consistent man-haulers in the party

The Discovery enters McMurdo Sound and later that day anchors in a spot near its southern limit which was afterwards christened Winter Quarters Bay. Of the entire party, none were skilled skiers and only Bernacchi and Armitage had any experience with dog-sledges. The results of the mens early efforts to master these techniques were not encouraging, and tended to reinforce Scotts preference for man-hauling

The Discovery enters McMurdo Sound and later that day anchors in a spot near its southern limit which was afterwards christened Winter Quarters Bay

Watches war begin after earlier warnings about Far Eastern risks.

Japan attacks Port Arthur beginning the Russoese War

The LRC ins 29 seats, helped by a secret Gladstone¿MacDonald pact in 1903 between Ramsay MacDonald and Liberal Chief Whip Herbert Gladstone to avoid splitting the opposition vote between Labour and Liberal candidates

His revised dissertation on molecular dimensions is published in Annalen der Physik.

Publishes a follow-up analysis refining his theory of Brownian motion.

France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco

France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco

France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco

Discusses naval competition and possible political understandings.

Visits Berlin seeking improved relations with Germany.

Visits Berlin to seek a reduction of tension between Britain & Germany

Addresses the total casualties suffered by the British Expeditionary Force.

Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning the sinking of HMS Formidable.

Churchill answers Commons questions concerning HMS Good Hope and the losses suffered at Coronel.

Answers questions about recruiting progress and organisation in Ireland.

Churchill provides information on the Royal Naval Reserve during the expansion of wartime naval manpower.

British troops capture positions around Sailly-Saillisel ridge and Hill 153.

Averescu becomes prime minister while Romania faces military and diplomatic pressure.

Appointed Prime Minister of Romania, 1st term, by Ferdinand I after the resignation of Ion Bratianu

Leads a strike in Shanghai which is put down by the warlords

Germany accepts the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

Germany accepts the Kellog-Briand Pact

Jodl, Warlimont and Jeschonnek discuss operational possibilities involving Norway, Denmark and the Netherlands.

Signs an agreement with Bulgaria allowing German passage to invade Greece

The Bulgarian General Staff allow German troops to pass through Bulgaria

The US House of Representives passes the Lend-Lease Bill by 260 votes to 265, assisting Britain

The US House of Representives passes the Lend-Lease Bill by 260 votes to 265, assisting Britain

To protect Romanian oilfields from the British in preparation to invade Russia. Signs an agreement with Bulgaria allowing German passage to invade Greece

The Bulgarian General Staff allow German troops to pass through Bulgaria

Yamashita launches his 1st attack on Singapore

Launches an assault on Singapore Island

Awarded the Oak Leaf to the Knights Cross for sealing Battle lines around the Dneiper

The United States delegation raises no objection to a Soviet proposal placing Poland's eastern frontier on the Curzon Line with five-to-eight-kilometre adjustments.

Accepts a compromise under which Ukraine and Byelorussia will be supported for separate United Nations membership.

A British revised formula states that Poland's eastern frontier should follow the Curzon Line with local adjustments of five to eight kilometres in Poland's favour.

Reviews Allied troops, oil concessions and diplomatic policy toward Iran with Stettinius and Molotov.

Agrees that the three foreign ministers should meet periodically after the conference.

Discusses possible international trusteeship arrangements for Korea during his bilateral meeting with Stalin.

Discusses membership, timing and location for the conference that will draft the United Nations Charter.

Reviews Yugoslav issues and Allied control arrangements in Bulgaria and Hungary with the other foreign ministers.

Discusses air bases, supply routes and strategic cooperation in the Far East with Stalin.

Takes part in secret American-Soviet military talks focused on operational problems in the Far East.

21st Army Group opens Operation Veritable to clear German forces from the northern Rhineland.

Raises naval and Far Eastern questions during confidential American-Soviet staff discussions.

Helps settle plans for the United Nations conference to open in the United States on 25 April.

Discusses political conditions under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan.

Lee entered Harris Hospital with acute mastoiditis and underwent an uncomplicated mastoidectomy before leaving four days later.

Becomes chairman of the provisional northern government.

Appointed as the first Deputy Minister of State Security of the GDR

Appointed as the first Minister of State Security of the GDR

Orders the Army to control US railways during the strike

Addresses a meeting of 500 activists opposed to forced removals from Sophiatown

Helps force Georgy Malenkov from the premiership, strengthening Khruschev's position in the collective leadership.

Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's, Prime Minister

Resigns as Prime Minister after a budget to reduce arms expenditure is rejected

Elizabeth II confirms that she and her descendants will be known as the House and Family of Windsor, and further provided that their personal surname, whenever one should be needed, is "Mountbatten-Windsor"

Establishes Military Assistance Command Vietnam

Becomes first commander of Military Assistance Command Vietnam

McCone warned that a proposed test ban could constrain American weapons development without adequate assurance that prohibited Soviet activity would be detected.

U.S. air attacks take place on bases at Dong Hoi in retaliation for Pleiku. The beginning of limited offensive attacks on military targets in North Vietnam

Commands airborne forces during Operation Lam Son 719

Commands US support elements connected with Operation Lam Son 719

Commands ARVN infantry forces in Operation Lam Son 719

Commands 17,000 ARVN troops to cut off Viet Cong supply lines

Launched to block the Viet Cong supply lines & prevent an invasion

Gives US air support for a south Vietnamese raid on the Ho Chi Minh trail

Orders South Vietnamese forces into Laos during Operation Lam Son 719

Orders South Vietnamese forces into Laos to attack the Ho Chi Minh Trail

South Vietnamese forces enter Laos in Operation Lam Son 719

Commands South Vietnamese forces in Operation Lam Son 719

Commands the South Vietnamese operation into Laos

Backs the South Vietnamese incursion into Laos as part of Vietnamization

Supports South Vietnamese operations in Laos without US ground troops crossing the border

Supports South Vietnamese operations against the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos

Commands South Vietnamese marine forces during Operation Lam Son 719

Commands South Vietnamese forces entering Laos during Operation Lam Son 719

Participates in White House planning and review of the Laos operation

Backs the South Vietnamese operation into Laos as a test of Vietnamization

Commands US support forces outside Laos for Operation Lam Son 719

The BBC TV show Grange Hill, a childrens drama created by Phil Redmond, makes its debut

The Benedikt Grondal Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.

Begins the Gunnar Thoroddsen Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.

Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland

Papoulias is appointed Alternate Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Appointed President of Haiti

The Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material enters into force.

Lush's Spooky reaches number seven on the UK albums chart.

Ulysses traverses the Io plasma torus and measures its charged-particle environment.

Ulysses flies past Jupiter while studying the planet's magnetosphere and surrounding plasma.

Launches a major offensive after renewed violence against Tutsis.

RPF forces advance rapidly before international pressure halts fighting.

Takes part in Commons proceedings on the Deregulation and Contracting Out Bill.

Dismissed after a vote of no confidence

Signs the Telecom Reform Act, Congress forces local telephone companies to share their lines with competitors at regulated rates

Tai participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

Manslaughter trial for part played in blood scandal spreading Aids to 4,000 people

Plays a final Who concert before his death.

Blix accuses the US and British Governments of dramatising the threat of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, in order to strengthen the case for the 2003 war against the regime of Saddam Hussein

Blix accuses the US and British Governments of dramatising the threat of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, in order to strengthen the case for the 2003 war against the regime of Saddam Hussein

Blix accuses the US and British Governments of dramatising the threat of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, in order to strengthen the case for the 2003 war against the regime of Saddam Hussein

Abbas meets Ariel Sharon at Sharm el Sheikh and announces steps to reduce violence

Abbas and Sharon declare steps toward ending violence at the Sharm el Sheikh summit

Sharon meets Abbas and announces understandings intended to end the Second Intifada

Meets Mahmoud Abbas and announces steps intended to end the Second Intifada.

Sharon meets Abbas and announces understandings intended to end the Second Intifada

Sharon meets Abbas at Sharm el Sheikh during efforts to end the Second Intifada

Parliament elects Karolos Papoulias President with 279 votes.

Meets Sharon and declares an end to armed attacks against Israelis.

Supports the understandings announced by Sharon and Abbas after Arafat's death.

Sharon meets Abbas at Sharm el Sheikh during efforts to end the Second Intifada

US and Israel insist that the new Government must recognize right of Israel to exist, disarm terrorist groups and agree to end violence. Hamas officials reiterate that they will never recognize Israel

Palestinian Unity Agreement in Mecca, Hamas and Fatah agree to share power, based on vaguely worded agreement. Hamas officials reiterate that they will never recognize Israel

US and Israel insist that the new Government must recognize right of Israel to exist, disarm terrorist groups and agree to end violence

US and Israel insist that the new Government must recognize right of Israel to exist, disarm terrorist groups and agree to end violence. Palestinian Unity Agreement in Mecca, Hamas and Fatah agree to share power, based on vaguely worded agreement. Hamas officials reiterate that they will never recognize Israel

Hamas officials reiterate that they will never recognize Israel

NASA announces New Horizons images of 2012 HZ84 and 2012 HE85 as record-setting distant spacecraft observations of Kuiper Belt objects.

Addresses the British Parliament during a European diplomatic tour.

Meets Emmanuel Macron and Olaf Scholz during a European tour seeking heavier weapons and aircraft.

Morgado and colleagues report a dense ring around Quaoar orbiting far outside the object's classical Roche limit.

Appointed commander in chief of Ukraine's armed forces

Zelenskyy appoints Syrskyi commander in chief.

Leaves the commander in chief role after leading wartime defense.

Replaces Valerii Zaluzhnyi with Oleksandr Syrskyi as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

Pakistan holds general elections under the caretaker federal government.

Pakistan holds general elections under the caretaker federal government.

General election outcome recorded for Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar: Pakistan holds general elections under the caretaker federal government.

Government context for this general election: Pakistan holds general elections under the caretaker federal government.

Birth of Constantine XI Palaiologos, eighth of ten children of Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragas, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragas of Kumanovo

Birth of William Tecumseh Sherman

Zakir Husain is born and later becomes the third President of India.

Birth of John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon

Death of Constantius III

Death of Mary Queen of Scots, executed

Death of Fritz Zwicky

Death of Carl Wilson, the Beach Boys officially break up shortly after Carl Wilson's death

Death of John Enoch Powell

Death of Iris Murdoch

Austrians block the Spanish from joining the army of Prince de Conti during the War of the Austrian Succession

A fierce struggle ensued, made worse by a blinding snowstorm on the battlefield. The French found themselves in dire straits until a massed cavalry charge, made by 10,700 troopers formed in 80 squadrons, relieved the pressure on the centre.

Davouts arrival meant the attack on the Russian left could commence, but the assault was blunted when a Prussian force under Lestoq suddenly appeared on the battlefield and, with Russian help, threw the French back.

Ney came too late to effect any meaningful decision, so Bennigsen retreated. Casualties at this indecisive battle were horrific, perhaps 25,000 on each side. The lack of a decisive victory by either side meant that the war would go on

The Russians fought Soults corps for possession of Eylau. Daybreak on February 8 saw 44,500 French troops on the field against 67,000 Russians. Napoleon hoped to pin Bennigsens army long enough to allow Neys and Davouts troops to outflank the Russians.

Murat saves the day at Eylau & checks the Russian advance. Helps Napoleon defeat Russian forces under Bennigsen with 18,000 cavalry

Defeats the Russian forces under Bennigsen in east Prussia

Fights at the Battle of Eylau

Fights at the Battle of Eylau

Fights Boer forces at Schuinshoogte during another attempted advance.

Leads Boer fighters against Colley's force at Schuinshoogte.

Smit leads a Boer force which inflicts serious losses under a force led by Colley

Suffers another reverse against Boer marksmen.

Smit leads a Boer force which inflicts serious losses under a force led by Colley

Inflicts heavy casualties on Colley's force.

1st day of the battle to capture Singapore