April 12 in History

Baptized at York by St Paulinus

Tries to defend Constantinople from the Crusaders but it falls & is sacked

Concludes the Treaty of Windsor with Portugal

A naval attack fails

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

Francis succeeds Claude as Duke of Guise

Mary of Guise replaces Arran as regent for Mary Queen of Scots

Brought to trial for the assassination of Lord Darnley & acquitted

Receives his Bachelor of Arts degree at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

Designs the Union Jack with the crosses of St George & St Andrew

The United Provinces and the Habsburg Netherlands agree to a ceasefire, valid for eight months and taking effect on 4 May

The United Provinces and the Habsburg Netherlands agree to a ceasefire, valid for eight months and taking effect on 4 May

Capures Tewkesbury for Parliament

Captures Upton Bridge to maintain his communications with Oxford across the Severn

Created the Duke of Hamilton for neutralizing the Covenanters

Created the Duke of Hamilton for neutralizing the Covenanters

Created the Duke of Hamilton for neutralizing the Covenanters

American-British Peace talks begin when Benjamin Franklin meets Richard Oswald

An attacker shot Sieyes in the wrist during an assassination attempt, but he survived the attack.

Jourdan was elected to the Council of Five Hundred for Haute-Vienne after returning to political life.

Ranjit Singh assumes the title of Maharaja and establishes a sovereign Sikh monarchy centred on Lahore.

Appointed President of Venezuela

The Army of Northern Virginia is removed from the war, ending major Confederate resistance in Virginia.

The army of Northern Virginia, 29,000, are under Unionist control. General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox courthouse. Defeat ends the war in Virginia

His government consolidates laws affecting First Nations under the Indian Act.

Loses the republic when Britain annexes the Transvaal.

Annexes the Transvaal for Britain, creating Boer resentment.

Proclaims British annexation of the South African Republic.

The action fuels Boer resistance that later develops into war.

Introduces death duties

Pando's Liberal forces defeat the constitutional government during the Federal War.

Appointed President of the Board of Trade

Appointed Member of Cabinet for the 1st time, age 33

Must be elected to Parliament since offerred a place in the Cabinet

Loses a bi-election in Manchester North West

Appointed President of the Board of Trade

Directs the weekly magazine from its first issue.

Becomes founding editor of the New Statesman.

Co-founds the New Statesman with Sidney Webb.

Creates a weekly review of politics, society and literature.

The French publish Charles peace offer of 12th April

Arrested by the forces under Chiang Kai-Shek in Shanghai

Arrests Chou En-Lai in Shanghai

Nationalist forces and allied groups carry out a violent purge of Communists and labor activists in Shanghai.

Nationalist troops enter labor districts in Shanghai as Chiang’s purge of Communist and union organizations begins.

Drafts a telegram to the Politburo in Wuhan to denounce Chian Kai-shek after his death

Drafts a telegram to the Politburo in Wuhan to denounce Chian Kai-shek after his death

The Albanian crown is offered to Victor Emmanuel III after Zog is deposed

Verlaci forms a collaboration government under Italian domination

Assembly offers the Albanian crown to Victor Emmanuel III

Albanian assembly deposes Zog after the Italian occupation

Italian forces complete the occupation and secure control of Albania

Verlaci becomes Prime Minister of the Italian-backed Albanian government

Issues a directive dividing up Yugoslavia between Germany, Italy, Hungary & Bulgaria

Issues a directive dividing up Yugoslavia between Germany, Italy, Hungary & Bulgaria

Strongly criticized by Truman for Russias behaviour in eastern Europe

Kerensky develops his views through october crisis after 1917.

The Germans withdraw into Sevastopol. The Germans withdraw from Sevastopol with 80.000 lost during the siege

Visits the liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp and urges extensive documentation of Nazi atrocities.

Appointed President of the USA, 33rd President, 1st term

Frisch completes criticality and zero-yield experiments with uranium-235 needed to confirm weapon-core behaviour.

1st to make a glider crossing across the Channel

King Idris appoints Ben Halim to lead the Libyan government.

Arrives in Francistown while travelling north from South Africa.

Continues toward Tanganyika on the ANC external mission.

Ends his 1958 to 1960 prime ministerial term

1st man to orbit the Earth, Vostok -1

The CIA-chartered invasion fleet moves toward Cuba before the landing.

Receives final briefings on the Barbara J role in the landing plan

The achievement marks first human spaceflight as an important Russian scientific milestone.

1st man to orbit the Earth, Vostok -1

Pilots Vostok 1 during the first human journey into outer space.

Yuri Gagarin completes the first human orbital spaceflight, a major Soviet achievement under Khruschev.

Police arrest King for participating in nonviolent demonstrations without a permit.

Claims to have seen 2 cars & 2 men involved in the shooting of Major General Walker

The Byrds turn Dylan's Mr Tambourine Man into a folk-rock hit.

Ilse "Tinny" Stachowiak is arrested at the train station in Frankfurt, she is recognized from her photograph on one of the millions of ubiquitous wanted posters seen throughout the Federal Republic

The American Ambassador & his staff are evacuated by helicopter from Phnom Penh

President Jimmy Carter commutes Liddy's Watergate sentence to eight years while leaving his monetary fine in effect.

Liddy's sentence with those of all others convicted in Watergate related prosecutions", leaving the fine in effect

On April 12, 1977, President Jimmy Carter commuted Liddy's sentence to eight years, "in the interest of equity and fairness based on a comparison of Mr.

David Kenneth Hay Dale becomes Governor of Montserrat

Visits Brixton & expresses "extreme distress & horror"

The maritime exclusion zone comes into operation

200 mile maritime exclusion zone around the Islands declared by Britain to prevent Argentine reinforcements and supplies reaching the Islands from the mainland

The Haig peace mission arrives in London, 2nd time

Wins 8 Oscars for "Ghandi", more than any other British film

Sentenced to sixty days imprisonment

Scargill vetoes a national ballot on the miners strike

Scargill vetoes a national ballot on the miners strike

Ends his two-year term as mayor and does not seek another term.

Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR

Sworn in as Prime Minister of the GDR

Agrees to a United Nations peace keeping force. Agrees reparations, destruction of chemical, nuclear & biological weapons. Agrees cease-fire with the Allies, abandons claims to Iraq

Releases In Concert MTV Plugged after performing with his early-1990s touring band.

The Kurdistan Parliament in exile is founded in the Hague

The Kurdistan Parliament in exile is founded in the Hague

The Kurdistan Parliament in exile is founded in the Hague

NATO initiates Operation Deny Flight tasked with enforcing the no-fly zone over Bosnia

The Kurdistan Parliament in exile is founded in the Hague

Appointed acting President of Venezuela during the April 2002 coup

The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed

The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed

The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed

The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed

The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed

The government launches the National Rural Health Mission to strengthen public health services, particularly in rural areas.

Eight people, including two Iraqi legislators, die when a suicide bomber strikes inside the Parliament building, which is located in Baghdads fortified International Zone

Eight people, including two Iraqi legislators, die when a suicide bomber strikes inside the Parliament building, which is located in Baghdads fortified International Zone

Parliament is dissolved and formal general-election campaigning begins.

Hosts the first Nuclear Security Summit focused on securing vulnerable nuclear material and reducing nuclear terrorism risks.

Traore takes office as interim president under the constitutional transition agreement.

Launches the Brexit Party ahead of the European Parliament election.

Hui uses Hubble measurements to confirm the enormous nucleus size of Comet C/2014 UN271, then the largest known comet nucleus.

Starmer recalls Parliament to protect continued steel production at Scunthorpe.

Birth of Alexander, son of Margaret

Birth of Edward Walter Maunder

Birth of Bobby Moore

Death of Charles Messier

Death of Theodore Roosevelt

Death of Joe Louis

Loses control of the Caribbean to the British

Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Hoods flagship Barfleur, 98 guns. Hood is made an Irish peer for his role in the victory at the Battle of the Saintes

Final sea Battle of the War of American Independence fought between the British West Indies fleet commanded by Admiral Rodney

Introduces the tactic of breaking the line, this Rodney did against de Grasse as the two fleets passed on opposing courses and the French line was forced into more open order by a change of wind.

Rodney's flagship, Formidable has 98 guns. Restores control of Caribbean by defeating a French fleet under de Grasse off Dominica.

with 36 ships of the line and his French counterpart Vice Admiral the Comte de Grasse with 30 ships of the line. Captures 7 ships

Massena played a leading role at Montenotte during the opening French victories of Bonaparte's first Italian campaign.

Napoleon won at Montenotte, opening the Italian campaign with a victory that separated Austrian and Piedmontese forces.

Commands the Army of Italy against the Austrians & Sardinians

Defeats the Rashidi army and strengthens Saudi control of Qassim.

Supports Saudi forces during the decisive fighting at Rawdat Muhanna.

Rommel captures Bardia

Many Iraqis celebrated the downfall of Saddam by vandalizing the many portraits and.

The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed.

statues of him together with other pieces of his cult of personality & the dramatic toppling of a large statue of Saddam in Baghdads Fardus Square.

Many Iraqis celebrated the downfall of Saddam by vandalizing the many portraits and.

The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed.

statues of him together with other pieces of his cult of personality & the dramatic toppling of a large statue of Saddam in Baghdads Fardus Square.