December 15 in History

Haakon is forced to leave the Western Isles & dies on is way to the Orkneys

Peace negotiations break down & the siege continues

The Scottish Parliament renews its alliance with France by approving a new Treaty

Supports renewal of Scotland's traditional alliance with France.

The Scottish Parliament reaffirms the French connection after rejecting Greenwich.

Observes M31 through a telescope and describes its pale central glow, providing the first known telescopic account of the Andromeda object.

Pym supports publication of the document to appeal directly to public opinion.

Buried in Westminster Abbey

Appears in the Lords and receives formal parliamentary thanks for the Blenheim campaign.

Ten amendments based on Madison's proposals are ratified as the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights comes into effect

President when the first ten amendments take effect as the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights comes into effect

Desmoulins quickly turned his pen against the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security, comparing their reign to that of the Roman tyrants chronicled by Tacitus and expounding the "indulgent" views of the Dantonist faction

Desmoulins quickly turned his pen against the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security, comparing their reign to that of the Roman tyrants chronicled by Tacitus and expounding the "indulgent" views of the Dantonist faction.

Desmoulins launched Le Vieux Cordelier against the Hebertists, then increasingly criticized emergency committees and promoted the Dantonist call for clemency.

Journalist Camille Desmoulins begins publishing Le Vieux Cordelier, a newspaper which was initially aimed, with the approval of Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety at the ultra-revolutionary Hebertist faction. Desmoulins quickly turned his pen against the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security, comparing their reign to that of the Roman tyrants chronicled by Tacitus and expounding the "indulgent" views of the Dantonist faction

Gawilghur passes into British control, weakening Scindia's military position.

The fall of Gawilghur removes a major Maratha stronghold from the campaign.

Surrender of Gawilghur.

Surrender of Gawilghur

Interred at Les Invalides

Presses Russia to accept Allied peace terms.

Demands that Russia accept Allied peace terms, including Black Sea neutralisation and territorial concessions.

Demands Russia agree Allied demands for neutralization of the Black Sea.

Russia accepts Austria's ultimatum to negotiate with the Allies.

The Suez Canal Company (Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez) comes into being

The Suez Canal Company (Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez) comes into being

Forms the Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez to finance and build the canal.

Gladstone proclaims the need to address the Irish Proble

Gladstone proclaims the need to address the Irish Proble

Helps defeat Buller's attempt to relieve Ladysmith.

Takes part in operations around the siege and relief of Ladysmith.

Uses artillery against rebel districts in Moscow.

Sets a historical romance during the reign of Henry VIII.

Publishes The Lady of Blossholme in book form.

Detailed orders are issued for the final evacuation phase, with secrecy and deception measures designed to conceal the withdrawal.

White's detailed timetable governs the final nights of withdrawal from the ANZAC perimeter.

Germany retains its captured territories

A 28 day armistice is signed with the Central Powers

An armistice halts fighting between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers while formal peace negotiations continue.

An armistices is signed between Russia & the central powers

Adapts Polish methods after Germany adds two extra rotors, greatly increasing possible Enigma rotor orders.

Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews

Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews

Presses Roosevelt for greater American material aid.

Commands the Eighth Army which captures Cyrenaica from Rommel

Becomes president and begins a transformative period in Real Madrid's institutional history.

Manstein persuades Hitler to order a retreat behind the River Dnieper

Manstein persuades Hitler to order a retreat behind the River Dnieper

Seeks British coordination before asking Stalin to delay action on recognition of the Lublin Committee.

Churchill publicly defends the Curzon Line as the basis for Poland's eastern frontier while arguing that Poland should receive substantial compensation from Germany.

The controlling Council of Germany breaks up after failing to agree the future

The Princes godparents are King George VI, Queen Mary, Princess Margaret, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, David Bowes-Lyon, Lady Brabourne, King Haakon VII of Norway (for whom the Earl of Athlone stood proxy), and Prince George of Greece. Prince Charles baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Geoffrey Fisher

Achieves the first controlled nuclear chain reaction on French territory.

Leads work culminating in France's first nuclear reactor.

Helps bring Frances first experimental nuclear reactor to criticality.

Siles Zuazo adopts a stabilisation plan to control inflation after the revolution

The government held a disputed plebiscite extending Marcos Perez Jimenez's rule.

al-Fayez participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

His defence prepares an appeal to Israel's Supreme Court.

Adolf Eichmann, the former German Gestapo official accused of a major role in the Nazi murder of 6 million Jews, is sentenced by a Jerusalem court to be hanged

Signs the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, prohibiting age discrimination against many older workers.

Release The Who Sell Out.

Appointed Ambassador of Turkey

Harrison joins John Lennon & the Plastic Ono Band onstage, the 1st time they had shared a stage since 1st May 1966

Venera 7 makes the first successful soft landing on Venus and the first survivable landing on another planet.

Venera 7 continues transmitting after touchdown, returning the first data directly from the surface of another planet.

Returns to command module America with Schmitt after rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit.

Concludes the December agreement underpinning Britain’s IMF programme.

Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Concludes the December agreement underpinning Britain’s IMF programme.

Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Concludes the December agreement underpinning Britain’s IMF programme.

IMF context: Concludes the December agreement underpinning Britain’s IMF programme.

Commits Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.

Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Commits Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.

Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Commits Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.

IMF context: Commits Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.

Healey signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.

Signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.

Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.

Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.

IMF context: Signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.

Healey agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.

Agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.

Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.

Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.

IMF context: Agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.

Agrees IMF-linked measures supporting public finances.

Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Agrees IMF-linked measures supporting public finances.

Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Agrees IMF-linked measures supporting public finances.

IMF context: Agrees IMF-linked measures supporting public finances.

Extends Hawking-radiation calculations to rotating black holes and studies how evaporation removes angular momentum.

Calculates low-frequency absorption cross sections for small black holes, clarifying how scalar and spinor waves interact with the horizon.

Agrees an IMF programme intended to support sterling and public finances.

Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Agrees an IMF programme intended to support sterling and public finances.

Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Agrees an IMF programme intended to support sterling and public finances.

IMF context: Agrees an IMF programme intended to support sterling and public finances.

Recognizes the Peoples Republic of China & severs relations with Taiwan

Recognizes the Peoples Republic of China & severs relations with Taiwan

Communist Party of Kampuchea renamed Party of Democratic Kampuchea

Vega 1 launches on a dual mission that will deploy a Venus lander and balloon before continuing to Halley's Comet.

Helps launch the intergovernmental conference on economic and monetary union.

Helps launch negotiations on treaty provisions for economic and monetary union.

Represents Irish foreign policy as negotiations on political union begin.

Supports the opening of treaty negotiations on political union.

Supports the opening of treaty negotiations on European political union.

Backs simultaneous negotiations on political union and economic and monetary union.

Mitterrand joined European leaders opening formal negotiations on political union and Economic and Monetary Union.

Major & Reynolds agree an arrangement within which a united Ireland might be created

Agrees the Downing Street Declaration with British Prime Minister John Major, advancing principles for a peace settlement.

Negotiates the Downing St Declaration with John Major

Major & Reynolds agree an arrangement within which a united Ireland might be created

Becomes Taoiseach at the head of the Rainbow Coalition.

Represents Ireland as leaders choose euro as the name of the future single currency.

Represents Italy as leaders choose euro as the name of the future single currency.

Represents Germany as leaders agree the timetable for monetary union and choose euro as the single currency's name.

Represents Greece as leaders choose euro as the name of the future single currency.

EU leaders announce the new currency will be called the Euro

Voters approved a new constitution creating the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and restructuring public power.

European leaders selected former French President Giscard dEstang to chair the Convention on the Future of Europe.

Supports the declaration opening a wider debate on the Union's future constitutional structure.

Admits responsibility for going to war in Iraq on the basis of faulty intelligence

Announces that Brazil will clear its International Monetary Fund debt of $15.5bn 2 yrs early

Describes the holocaust as a myth

National review of the Khmer Rouge era expands

Burnham helps secure creation of the panel overseeing disclosure of Hillsborough records.

Attends the Eastern Partnership summit and presses European leaders over Russian military pressure.

Richard Howard Stafford Crossman is born into the family of Charles Stafford and Helen Crossman.

Birth of David Dave Clark

Death of Thomas Charles Scanlen

Death of Glenn Miller, disappears over the Channel

Is sentenced to death by the District Court.

Victory at the Battle of Tricamarum results in Gelimers surrender in 534 at Mount Papua, restoring the lost Roman provinces of north Africa to the Empire

Babtie treats wounded gunners under heavy fire at Colenso and is wounded while carrying out his medical duties.

British defeats during Black Week expose early military failure.

Commands Boer forces contributing to the victory at Colenso.

Defeats Buller's army at Colenso.

The British are defeated by the Boers

Is defeated during the attempt to relieve Ladysmith.

Clery issues the formal movement orders for the British attack intended to force a crossing of the Tugela at Colenso.

Congreve crosses exposed ground under heavy fire while helping to recover guns and wounded men at Colenso.

Long places his field batteries dangerously close to the Boer line, where intense fire forces the crews away from their guns.

Nurse helps save two guns under sustained Boer fire and receives the Victoria Cross for his actions.

Roberts helps recover artillery under heavy Boer fire at Colenso and is mortally wounded during the attempt.

Schofield helps bring two field guns out of action under intense Boer fire at Colenso.

Buries the casualties of the battle