July 13 in History

Thermes is defeated and captured by Spanish forces

English naval support helps Spanish forces near Gravelines

Crosses the Border into England with a mainly Presbyterian force to restore the throne

The Treaty of Constantinople confirms Russia's possession of Azov and frees Peter I to turn against Sweden.

Peter I secures peace with the Ottoman Empire and confirmation of Russian possession of Azov.

Yemelyan Ukraintsev concludes the Treaty of Constantinople with the Ottoman Empire.

Britain gains the asiento for supplying enslaved Africans to Spanish America.

Grants Britain the asiento trading concession in Spanish America.

Spain remains Bourbon but separate from France under the peace terms.

Cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.

Cedes Minorca to Great Britain as part of the Utrecht settlement.

Spain's cession of Gibraltar and Minorca weakens its Mediterranean position.

Gibraltar and Minorca give Britain strategic Mediterranean bases.

Minorca strengthens Britain's naval presence in the western Mediterranean.

Britain receives permission for an annual trading ship to Spanish America.

Britain recognises Philip V as King of Spain under the treaty.

Renounces claims to the French throne to prevent union of the crowns.

Britain receives Gibraltar from Spain under the peace settlement.

Spain cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht.

Britain receives Minorca from Spain under the peace settlement.

Spain cedes Minorca to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.

Philip V retains Spain and its American empire while ceding European territories.

Is recognised internationally as Philip V of Spain.

Is recognised internationally as Philip V of Spain.

Britain receives Gibraltar from Spain under the peace settlement.

Gibraltar and Minorca give Britain strategic Mediterranean bases.

Britain receives Minorca from Spain under the peace settlement.

Minorca strengthens Britain's naval presence in the western Mediterranean.

Britain concludes peace with Spain and receives Mediterranean concessions.

Britain gains the asiento for supplying enslaved Africans to Spanish America.

Britain receives permission for an annual trading ship to Spanish America.

Britain recognises Philip V as King of Spain under the treaty.

Cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.

Spain cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht.

Spain's cession of Gibraltar and Minorca weakens its Mediterranean position.

Cedes Minorca to Great Britain as part of the Utrecht settlement.

Spain cedes Minorca to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.

Philip V retains Spain and its American empire while ceding European territories.

Accepts peace terms while keeping the Spanish throne.

Grants Britain the asiento trading concession in Spanish America.

Philip V keeps Spain but renounces the French throne; Spain cedes Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain.

Renounces claims to the French throne to prevent union of the crowns.

Spain concludes peace with Britain while conceding territory and trade rights.

Spain remains Bourbon but separate from France under the peace terms.

Spain concludes peace with Britain while conceding territory and trade rights.

Britain concludes peace with Spain and receives Mediterranean concessions.

"The Young Pretender", sets sail from Nantes to begin a Jacobite rebellion

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term

Leaves Plymouth on HMS Resolution with HMS Adventure to search the far southern oceans during his second voyage

Louis XVI took place at St Lazre, the crowd steel quantities of grain, flour and wine.

Takes place at St Lazre, the crowd steel quantities of grain, flour & wine

Stabs Marat to death in his bath. Stabs Jean-Paul Marat to death in his bath. A reaction to the Jacobin challenge to the Girondists.

Stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist and anti-Jacobin.

Marat is assassinated by Charlotte Corday and becomes a martyr figure for radical revolutionaries.

1st uses Buckingham Palace as a Royal residence

Succeeds Abbas I and becomes Wali of Egypt.

Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war

Ordered by William to telegram Bismarck of the telegram received from Gramont. Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war

Bismarck uses Abekens telegram as provocation of war

Wilhelm I rejects further French demands over the Hohenzollern candidacy, and Bismarck's edited dispatch hardens opinion in both countries.

Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war

Bismarck uses Abeken's telegram to declare war

Bismarck took it upon himself to edit the report, sharpening the language. He cut out Wilhelm's conciliatory phrases and emphasized the real issue. The French had made certain demands under threat of war; and Wilhelm had refused them.

Certainly the edit of the telegram, released on the evening of the same day (13 July) to the media and foreign embassies, gave the impression both that Benedetti was rather more demanding and that the King was exceedingly abrupt.

It was designed to give the French the impression that King Wilhelm I had insulted Count Benedetti; likewise, the Germans interpreted the modified dispatch as the Count insulting the King

The King's secretary Heinrich Abeken wrote an account, which was passed on to Otto von Bismarck in Berlin. Wilhelm described Benedetti as "very importunate." The King gave permission to Bismarck to release an account of the events.

This was no forgery; it was a clear statement of the facts.

Benedetti had been instructed by his superior, Foreign Minister Agenor, the Duc de Gramont, to present the French demand that the king should guarantee that he would never again permit the candidacy of a Hohenzollern prince to the Spanish throne.

King Wilhelm I of Prussia, on his morning stroll in the Kurpark in Ems, was stopped by Count Vincent Benedetti, the French ambassador to Prussia since 1864.

Politely, and in a friendly manner, the king refused to bind himself to any course of action into the indefinite future. After their exchange, "the two departed coolly."

The meeting was informal and took place on the promenade of the Kursaal with the king's entourage at a discreet distance.

Asks William for "assurance that he never authorize a renewal of the candidacy"

Gramont wants "assurance that he will never authorize a renewal of the candidacy". Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war

Eduard Kullmann attempts to assassinate Bismarck with a pistol, but only hits his hand, Kullmann names the church laws as the reason why he had to shoot Bismarck

Eduard Kullmann attempts to assassinate Bismarck with a pistol, but only hits his hand, Kullmann names the church laws as the reason why he had to shoot Bismarck

Romania receives most of northern Dobruja and territory toward the Danube delta as compensation for southern Bessarabia.

Works with Count Shuvalov to settle major Anglo-Russian differences before and during the congress.

Undertakes to introduce reforms in Armenian-inhabited provinces and report their implementation to the Great Powers.

Defends Russian territorial gains in the Caucasus while accepting the return of Bayazid and Alashkerd to Turkey.

Uses the congress to expand Austro-Hungarian influence in the western Balkans while limiting Russian predominance.

Secures recognition of Russian possession of Batum under the Asian territorial settlement.

Accepts Russian possession of Batum after Russia declares its intention to make the port essentially commercial and free.

Accepts a treaty declaration that Batum is intended to become an essentially commercial free port.

Receives southern Bessarabia from Romania under the territorial provisions of the Treaty of Berlin.

Accepts the congress decision permitting Austria-Hungary to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Wins congressional approval for Habsburg occupation and civil administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Supports Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the revised Balkan settlement.

Presides over agreement allowing Austria-Hungary to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Helps prevent an Anglo-Russian confrontation by converting earlier bilateral compromises into the congress settlement.

Retains formal suzerainty over the autonomous Principality of Bulgaria created by the treaty.

Helps secure a compromise that replaces the large San Stefano Bulgaria with a smaller autonomous principality.

Helps negotiate Russian acceptance of a smaller Bulgaria north of the Balkan Mountains.

Accepts the reduction of the large Bulgaria established at San Stefano in return for international recognition of other Russian gains.

Supports reducing the Bulgarian state created at San Stefano to limit Russian influence in the Balkans.

Accepts a settlement preserving Ottoman suzerainty over an autonomous Bulgarian principality.

Retains Kars, Ardahan and Batum as major Russian gains from the war with the Ottoman Empire.

Accepts the cession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Russia under the treaty's Asian settlement.

Closing day of the Congress of Berlin

Retains direct political and military authority over Eastern Rumelia while accepting its administrative autonomy.

Accepts creation of Eastern Rumelia as an autonomous Ottoman province south of the new Bulgarian principality.

Accepts the creation of Eastern Rumelia as an autonomous province remaining under the Sultan's direct political and military authority.

Uses the congress to revise San Stefano while trying to prevent a wider conflict between Russia and Britain.

Joins the other Great Powers in reserving the right to mediate between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.

Supports provisions allowing the Great Powers to mediate if Greece and the Ottoman Empire cannot agree on frontier changes.

Supports a treaty mechanism for Great Power mediation over a possible Greek-Ottoman frontier rectification.

Presents Germany as an intermediary between the competing Russian, British, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman interests.

Gains responsibility for Austria-Hungary to carry out navigation works at the Iron Gates and Danube cataracts.

Secures international recognition of Russian possession of Kars and Ardahan in the Caucasus.

Receives a substantially enlarged territory under the new frontier defined by the Berlin settlement.

Receives complete freedom of navigation on the Boyana while accepting limits on fortification and warships.

Obtains the right for Austria-Hungary to station garrisons and maintain military and commercial roads in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.

Helps shape the compromise that leaves Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Russia but restores Bayazid and Alashkerd to the Ottoman Empire.

Gains access to the Adriatic through Antivari, although the treaty imposes restrictions on naval use and coastal fortifications.

Bratianu's government secures international recognition of Romanian independence through the Berlin settlement.

Romanian independence receives international recognition under the Treaty of Berlin, subject to treaty conditions.

The treaty gives international recognition to Montenegro's independence.

The Treaty of Berlin recognizes the independence of Serbia from the Ottoman Empire.

Accepts a much smaller Bulgarian principality than Russia had obtained under the Treaty of San Stefano.

Serbian independence is accompanied by guarantees that religious differences cannot restrict civil or political rights.

Romanian independence is tied to guarantees that religious differences will not exclude people from civil and political rights.

Accepts treaty provisions requiring broad religious liberty and equal civil access regardless of religion in the Ottoman Empire.

Supports treaty guarantees of religious liberty and the continued protection of established French rights in the Holy Places.

Accepts restoration of Bayazid and the Alashkerd valley to the Ottoman Empire.

Accepts Russian possession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum while opposing wider Russian expansion in Ottoman Asia.

Serbia receives additional territory, including districts around Nis, under the Berlin settlement.

Romania is required to restore southern Bessarabia to Russia despite objections from the Romanian government.

Accepts the settlement restoring southern Bessarabia from Romania to Russia.

Participates in negotiations that restore some San Stefano territories to Ottoman control while confirming major losses elsewhere.

Presides over the settlement that recognizes Romanian, Serbian and Montenegrin independence, reduces Bulgaria from the San Stefano settlement, and transfers southern Bessarabia to Russia.

Signs the Treaty of Berlin as British prime minister and First Lord of the Treasury.

Signs the Treaty of Berlin as the leading Austro-Hungarian plenipotentiary.

Signs the Berlin settlement on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.

Signs the final Treaty of Berlin after a month of negotiations among the Great Powers.

Formally accepts the negotiated settlement as a member of the Ottoman delegation.

Signs the Treaty of Berlin as Italy's senior plenipotentiary.

Adds his seal to the final settlement as a Russian plenipotentiary based at the German imperial court.

Signs the Treaty of Berlin for Great Britain alongside Salisbury and Odo Russell.

Signs the final settlement as Britain's foreign secretary.

Signs the Treaty of Berlin for the Russian Empire.

Signs the Treaty of Berlin as one of the Ottoman representatives.

Signs the Treaty of Berlin as Britain's ambassador at the German imperial court.

Signs the final Berlin settlement as one of Russia's three plenipotentiaries.

Signs the Berlin settlement on behalf of the French Republic.

The Johan Sverdrup Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Begins the First Emil Stang Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Appointe Major General

Refuses to disclose the maximum price payable under the Admiralty's Anglo-Persian oil supply arrangements.

Answers Commons questions comparing Admiralty policy for battleships, submarines and airships.

Answers Commons questions concerning appeals available to lower-deck naval ratings.

Supports continued coalition rule after the street crisis.

Remains underground as the Bolshevik Party retreats tactically.

Takes part in efforts to keep the Bolshevik organisation intact.

Helps stabilise party structures during the reaction.

Argues that Bolshevik influence must be checked.

Stays hidden after the failure of the demonstrations.

The passage of the Peace Resolution by an alliance of the Social Democratic, Progressive, and Center parties, forces his resignation and replacement by the political nonentity Georg Michaelis

Appointed Commander in Chief, Polish Army

Appointed Commander in Chief of the Polish Army

The Irish Army Council is founded under the leadership of Michael Collins

Examines health administration and expenditure during the Ministry of Health debate.

Scores the first goal in World Cup history during France's victory over Mexico.

Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives

Hitler instructs Wilhelm Frick to draft a law making the killings legal

Hitler instructs Wilhelm Frick to draft a law making the killings legal. Defends his actions in the Reichstag which "belonged to a higher justice". Defends himself in the Reichstag as "the Supreme Justiciar of the German People". Announces Rohm, von Schleicher & Gregor Strasser plotted against the Reich

Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives

Death of Calvo Sotelo, leader of the right-wing monarchist party, is murdered by police officers

Busch removes Toro and takes control of the military socialist government.

Appointed Generaloberst

Appointed Generaloberst

The Stalin Line was broken through on all important points

The Stalin Line was broken through on all important points

Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock

In 2 days destroys 100 Russian tanks & holds an important sector near the Ssush River

Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock

Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock

Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock

The Court handed down an enormous number of death sentences under Judge-President Roland Freisler

Hitler cancels Operation Citadel

Placed in charge of the concentration camps

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, in exile

Konev begins to attack Army Group North Ukraine

Konev begins to attack Army Group North Ukraine

Purges a Cabinet of 21 of 7 its ministers after a poor by-election resul at Orpington

Purges a Cabinet of 21 of 7 its ministers after a poor by-election resul at Orpington

Authorities refuse permission for him to attend the funeral.

Campora resigns to allow Juan Peron to return to power

Releases Knockin on Heaven's Door from the film soundtrack.

Releases the soundtrack album for Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid.

Appointed interim President of Argentina after the resignation of Hector Campora

Privately confirms to Senate Watergate investigators that Nixon's White House used an automatic recording system, creating a new source of potential evidence.

Privately tells Senate committee investigators that Nixon's White House used an automatic recording system, creating a new source of potential evidence.

Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices

Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices

Discloses to the Special Senate Committee the existence of the White House tapes

Discloses to the Special Senate Committee the existence of the White House tapes

Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices

Visits Liverpool and drives through the scene of the riots in Toxteth

Iran launches its 1st attack into Iraq

Iran launches its 1st attack into Iraq

Performs at Live Aid at Wembley Stadium, appearing during one of the decade's most watched charity concerts.

Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.

Appears near the climax of Live Aid at JFK Stadium.

Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.

Concert at Wembley raises œ40m for famine relief in Africa

Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.

Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.

Soviet and American negotiators meeting in Washington wrangle over a Treaty to reduce long-range nuclear missiles

Galileo releases its atmospheric probe for a five-month free flight toward Jupiter.

Howard Fergus serves a third acting term as Governor

Announces a public inquiry into press ethics after the phone-hacking scandal.

Rifai participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

Scores the extra-time goal that gives Germany victory over Argentina in the final.

Wins the Golden Glove after Germany's World Cup triumph.

Wins the World Cup Golden Ball after Argentina finish as runners-up to Germany.

Coaches Germany to its fourth World Cup title and first as a unified nation.

Scores six goals for Colombia to finish as the tournament's leading scorer.

New Horizons returns its last and most detailed full-disk image of Pluto before closest approach.

Leaves office after the Brexit referendum result and hands office to Theresa May.

Appointed Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union.

Appointed International Trade Secretary in the new Brexit-focused government.

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by Theresa May.

Appointed Foreign Secretary in Theresa May's first cabinet.

Becomes Prime Minister after David Cameron resigns.

Political parties and national organizations signed the Carthage Agreement outlining priorities for a national unity government.

Reviews his government's record and thanks colleagues, public servants and his family before leaving office.

Takes Prime Minister's Questions for the final time before leaving Downing Street.

Becomes Prime Minister after David Cameron resigns.

Introduces the European Union Withdrawal Bill.

Scores twice as Chelsea win the Club World Cup.

Wins the Wimbledon men's singles title.

Birth of Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon, from Irish Jacobite immigrants

Birth of Sidney James Webb

Death of Hubert Waller, King John loses a valuable adviser

Death of Jean Paul Marat, founder of "Lami du Peuple" & deputy for Paris

Death of Jean Paul Marat, founder of "Lami du Peuple" and deputy for Paris.

Death of Erich Klausener, assassinated

Death of Calvo Sotelo, leader of the right-wing monarchist party, is murdered by police officers

Death of Sidney James Webb

Learns that his eldest son Thembekile has died.

Egmont leads Spanish cavalry to victory over France at Gravelines

Spanish forces defeat the French near Gravelines

Defeated by the Royalists under Lord Wilmot. Defeat by the Royalists under the Earl of Rochester

The Spanish leave the Island of St Simons

The Spanish leave the Island of St Simons

Takes part in the Battle of the Hyeres Islands.

Is killed during the assault on Tianjin.

Alexander III is crowned King of Scotland