Defeat at Gravelines
Thermes is defeated and captured by Spanish forces
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On this date in world history
July 13 in History
This permanent archive page contains 248 World History Database records for July 13, spanning 1205 to 2025. Recorded topics include Death of Hubert Walter; Coronation; Battle of Gravelines.
Total: 248Events: 231Births: 2Deaths: 7Battles: 7Coronations: 1Countries: 28
Events on July 13
English Fleet at Gravelines
English naval support helps Spanish forces near Gravelines
Invasion of England
Crosses the Border into England with a mainly Presbyterian force to restore the throne
Treaty of Constantinople
Peter I secures peace with the Ottoman Empire and confirmation of Russian possession of Azov.
Treaty of Constantinople
The Treaty of Constantinople confirms Russia's possession of Azov and frees Peter I to turn against Sweden.
Treaty of Constantinople
Yemelyan Ukraintsev concludes the Treaty of Constantinople with the Ottoman Empire.
Asiento Contract
Britain gains the asiento for supplying enslaved Africans to Spanish America.
Asiento Contract
Grants Britain the asiento trading concession in Spanish America.
Balance of Power
Spain remains Bourbon but separate from France under the peace terms.
Loss of Gibraltar
Cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.
Loss of Minorca
Cedes Minorca to Great Britain as part of the Utrecht settlement.
Mediterranean Losses
Spain's cession of Gibraltar and Minorca weakens its Mediterranean position.
Mediterranean Strategy
Gibraltar and Minorca give Britain strategic Mediterranean bases.
Mediterranean Strategy
Minorca strengthens Britain's naval presence in the western Mediterranean.
Navio de Permiso
Britain receives permission for an annual trading ship to Spanish America.
Recognition of Philip V
Britain recognises Philip V as King of Spain under the treaty.
Renunciation of France
Renounces claims to the French throne to prevent union of the crowns.
Rule of Gibraltar
Britain receives Gibraltar from Spain under the peace settlement.
Rule of Gibraltar
Spain cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht.
Rule of Minorca
Britain receives Minorca from Spain under the peace settlement.
Rule of Minorca
Spain cedes Minorca to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.
Spanish Empire Retained
Philip V retains Spain and its American empire while ceding European territories.
Spanish Succession
Is recognised internationally as Philip V of Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Is recognised internationally as Philip V of Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain concludes peace with Spain and receives Mediterranean concessions.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain gains the asiento for supplying enslaved Africans to Spanish America.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain receives Gibraltar from Spain under the peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain receives Minorca from Spain under the peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain receives permission for an annual trading ship to Spanish America.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain recognises Philip V as King of Spain under the treaty.
Treaty of Utrecht
Gibraltar and Minorca give Britain strategic Mediterranean bases.
Treaty of Utrecht
Minorca strengthens Britain's naval presence in the western Mediterranean.
Treaty of Utrecht
Accepts peace terms while keeping the Spanish throne.
Treaty of Utrecht
Cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Cedes Minorca to Great Britain as part of the Utrecht settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Grants Britain the asiento trading concession in Spanish America.
Treaty of Utrecht
Philip V keeps Spain but renounces the French throne; Spain cedes Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Philip V retains Spain and its American empire while ceding European territories.
Treaty of Utrecht
Renounces claims to the French throne to prevent union of the crowns.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain cedes Minorca to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain concludes peace with Britain while conceding territory and trade rights.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain remains Bourbon but separate from France under the peace terms.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain's cession of Gibraltar and Minorca weakens its Mediterranean position.
Treaty with Britain
Spain concludes peace with Britain while conceding territory and trade rights.
Treaty with Spain
Britain concludes peace with Spain and receives Mediterranean concessions.
Invasion of England
"The Young Pretender", sets sail from Nantes to begin a Jacobite rebellion
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Southern Voyage
Leaves Plymouth on HMS Resolution with HMS Adventure to search the far southern oceans during his second voyage
Demonstrations
Louis XVI took place at St Lazre, the crowd steel quantities of grain, flour and wine.
Demonstrations
Takes place at St Lazre, the crowd steel quantities of grain, flour & wine
Assassination of Jean Paul Marat
Stabs Marat to death in his bath. Stabs Jean-Paul Marat to death in his bath. A reaction to the Jacobin challenge to the Girondists.
Assassination of Jean Paul Marat
Marat is assassinated by Charlotte Corday and becomes a martyr figure for radical revolutionaries.
Assassination of Jean Paul Marat
Stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist and anti-Jacobin.
Buckingham Palace
1st uses Buckingham Palace as a Royal residence
Wali of Egypt
Succeeds Abbas I and becomes Wali of Egypt.
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Declaration of War
Ordered by William to telegram Bismarck of the telegram received from Gramont. Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Declaration of War
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram as provocation of war
Ems Dispatch
Wilhelm I rejects further French demands over the Hohenzollern candidacy, and Bismarck's edited dispatch hardens opinion in both countries.
Ems Telegram
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Ems Telegram
Bismarck uses Abeken's telegram to declare war
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Bismarck took it upon himself to edit the report, sharpening the language. He cut out Wilhelm's conciliatory phrases and emphasized the real issue. The French had made certain demands under threat of war; and Wilhelm had refused them.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Certainly the edit of the telegram, released on the evening of the same day (13 July) to the media and foreign embassies, gave the impression both that Benedetti was rather more demanding and that the King was exceedingly abrupt.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
It was designed to give the French the impression that King Wilhelm I had insulted Count Benedetti; likewise, the Germans interpreted the modified dispatch as the Count insulting the King
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The King's secretary Heinrich Abeken wrote an account, which was passed on to Otto von Bismarck in Berlin. Wilhelm described Benedetti as "very importunate." The King gave permission to Bismarck to release an account of the events.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
This was no forgery; it was a clear statement of the facts.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Benedetti had been instructed by his superior, Foreign Minister Agenor, the Duc de Gramont, to present the French demand that the king should guarantee that he would never again permit the candidacy of a Hohenzollern prince to the Spanish throne.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
King Wilhelm I of Prussia, on his morning stroll in the Kurpark in Ems, was stopped by Count Vincent Benedetti, the French ambassador to Prussia since 1864.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Politely, and in a friendly manner, the king refused to bind himself to any course of action into the indefinite future. After their exchange, "the two departed coolly."
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The meeting was informal and took place on the promenade of the Kursaal with the king's entourage at a discreet distance.
Succession
Asks William for "assurance that he never authorize a renewal of the candidacy"
Succession
Gramont wants "assurance that he will never authorize a renewal of the candidacy". Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Kulturkampf
Eduard Kullmann attempts to assassinate Bismarck with a pistol, but only hits his hand, Kullmann names the church laws as the reason why he had to shoot Bismarck
Kulturkampf
Eduard Kullmann attempts to assassinate Bismarck with a pistol, but only hits his hand, Kullmann names the church laws as the reason why he had to shoot Bismarck
Acquisition of Dobruja
Romania receives most of northern Dobruja and territory toward the Danube delta as compensation for southern Bessarabia.
Anglo-Russian Compromise
Works with Count Shuvalov to settle major Anglo-Russian differences before and during the congress.
Armenian Reforms
Undertakes to introduce reforms in Armenian-inhabited provinces and report their implementation to the Great Powers.
Asian Frontier
Defends Russian territorial gains in the Caucasus while accepting the return of Bayazid and Alashkerd to Turkey.
Balkan Balance
Uses the congress to expand Austro-Hungarian influence in the western Balkans while limiting Russian predominance.
Batum
Secures recognition of Russian possession of Batum under the Asian territorial settlement.
Batum Free Port
Accepts Russian possession of Batum after Russia declares its intention to make the port essentially commercial and free.
Batum Free Port Declaration
Accepts a treaty declaration that Batum is intended to become an essentially commercial free port.
Bessarabia Settlement
Receives southern Bessarabia from Romania under the territorial provisions of the Treaty of Berlin.
Bosnia Administration
Accepts the congress decision permitting Austria-Hungary to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Wins congressional approval for Habsburg occupation and civil administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosnia Occupation
Supports Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the revised Balkan settlement.
Bosnia Settlement
Presides over agreement allowing Austria-Hungary to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.
British-Russian Accommodation
Helps prevent an Anglo-Russian confrontation by converting earlier bilateral compromises into the congress settlement.
Bulgaria Settlement
Retains formal suzerainty over the autonomous Principality of Bulgaria created by the treaty.
Bulgaria Settlement
Helps secure a compromise that replaces the large San Stefano Bulgaria with a smaller autonomous principality.
Bulgarian Compromise
Helps negotiate Russian acceptance of a smaller Bulgaria north of the Balkan Mountains.
Bulgarian Revision
Accepts the reduction of the large Bulgaria established at San Stefano in return for international recognition of other Russian gains.
Bulgarian Revision
Supports reducing the Bulgarian state created at San Stefano to limit Russian influence in the Balkans.
Bulgarian Suzerainty
Accepts a settlement preserving Ottoman suzerainty over an autonomous Bulgarian principality.
Caucasus Gains
Retains Kars, Ardahan and Batum as major Russian gains from the war with the Ottoman Empire.
Cession of Kars Ardahan and Batum
Accepts the cession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Russia under the treaty's Asian settlement.
Congress of Berlin
Closing day of the Congress of Berlin
Eastern Rumelia
Retains direct political and military authority over Eastern Rumelia while accepting its administrative autonomy.
Eastern Rumelia
Accepts creation of Eastern Rumelia as an autonomous Ottoman province south of the new Bulgarian principality.
Eastern Rumelia Settlement
Accepts the creation of Eastern Rumelia as an autonomous province remaining under the Sultan's direct political and military authority.
European Balance
Uses the congress to revise San Stefano while trying to prevent a wider conflict between Russia and Britain.
Great Power Mediation
Joins the other Great Powers in reserving the right to mediate between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
Greek Frontier Mediation
Supports provisions allowing the Great Powers to mediate if Greece and the Ottoman Empire cannot agree on frontier changes.
Greek Mediation
Supports a treaty mechanism for Great Power mediation over a possible Greek-Ottoman frontier rectification.
Honest Broker
Presents Germany as an intermediary between the competing Russian, British, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman interests.
Iron Gates Works
Gains responsibility for Austria-Hungary to carry out navigation works at the Iron Gates and Danube cataracts.
Kars and Ardahan
Secures international recognition of Russian possession of Kars and Ardahan in the Caucasus.
Montenegrin Frontier
Receives a substantially enlarged territory under the new frontier defined by the Berlin settlement.
Navigation on Boyana
Receives complete freedom of navigation on the Boyana while accepting limits on fortification and warships.
Novi Pazar
Obtains the right for Austria-Hungary to station garrisons and maintain military and commercial roads in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.
Ottoman Asian Settlement
Helps shape the compromise that leaves Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Russia but restores Bayazid and Alashkerd to the Ottoman Empire.
Port of Antivari
Gains access to the Adriatic through Antivari, although the treaty imposes restrictions on naval use and coastal fortifications.
Recognition of Independence
Bratianu's government secures international recognition of Romanian independence through the Berlin settlement.
Recognition of Independence
Romanian independence receives international recognition under the Treaty of Berlin, subject to treaty conditions.
Recognition of Montenegrin Independence
The treaty gives international recognition to Montenegro's independence.
Recognition of Serbian Independence
The Treaty of Berlin recognizes the independence of Serbia from the Ottoman Empire.
Reduced Bulgaria
Accepts a much smaller Bulgarian principality than Russia had obtained under the Treaty of San Stefano.
Religious Equality
Serbian independence is accompanied by guarantees that religious differences cannot restrict civil or political rights.
Religious Equality Condition
Romanian independence is tied to guarantees that religious differences will not exclude people from civil and political rights.
Religious Liberty
Accepts treaty provisions requiring broad religious liberty and equal civil access regardless of religion in the Ottoman Empire.
Religious Rights
Supports treaty guarantees of religious liberty and the continued protection of established French rights in the Holy Places.
Return of Bayazid
Accepts restoration of Bayazid and the Alashkerd valley to the Ottoman Empire.
Russian Asian Gains
Accepts Russian possession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum while opposing wider Russian expansion in Ottoman Asia.
Serbian Territorial Gains
Serbia receives additional territory, including districts around Nis, under the Berlin settlement.
Southern Bessarabia
Romania is required to restore southern Bessarabia to Russia despite objections from the Romanian government.
Southern Bessarabia
Accepts the settlement restoring southern Bessarabia from Romania to Russia.
Territorial Settlement
Participates in negotiations that restore some San Stefano territories to Ottoman control while confirming major losses elsewhere.
Treaty of Berlin
Presides over the settlement that recognizes Romanian, Serbian and Montenegrin independence, reduces Bulgaria from the San Stefano settlement, and transfers southern Bessarabia to Russia.
Treaty of Berlin
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as British prime minister and First Lord of the Treasury.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as the leading Austro-Hungarian plenipotentiary.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Berlin settlement on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the final Treaty of Berlin after a month of negotiations among the Great Powers.
Treaty Signature
Formally accepts the negotiated settlement as a member of the Ottoman delegation.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as Italy's senior plenipotentiary.
Treaty Signature
Adds his seal to the final settlement as a Russian plenipotentiary based at the German imperial court.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin for Great Britain alongside Salisbury and Odo Russell.
Treaty Signature
Signs the final settlement as Britain's foreign secretary.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin for the Russian Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as one of the Ottoman representatives.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as Britain's ambassador at the German imperial court.
Treaty Signature
Signs the final Berlin settlement as one of Russia's three plenipotentiaries.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Berlin settlement on behalf of the French Republic.
End of Johan Sverdrup Government
The Johan Sverdrup Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Emil Stang Government
Begins the First Emil Stang Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Major General
Appointe Major General
Admiralty Oil Price Kept Confidential
Refuses to disclose the maximum price payable under the Admiralty's Anglo-Persian oil supply arrangements.
Battleships Submarines and Airships
Answers Commons questions comparing Admiralty policy for battleships, submarines and airships.
Lower Deck Ratings Appeals
Answers Commons questions concerning appeals available to lower-deck naval ratings.
July Days
Supports continued coalition rule after the street crisis.
July Days
Remains underground as the Bolshevik Party retreats tactically.
July Days
Takes part in efforts to keep the Bolshevik organisation intact.
July Days
Helps stabilise party structures during the reaction.
July Days
Argues that Bolshevik influence must be checked.
July Days
Stays hidden after the failure of the demonstrations.
Resignation of Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
The passage of the Peace Resolution by an alliance of the Social Democratic, Progressive, and Center parties, forces his resignation and replacement by the political nonentity Georg Michaelis
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Polish Army
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Polish Army
Irish Army Council
The Irish Army Council is founded under the leadership of Michael Collins
Ministry of Health Estimates
Examines health administration and expenditure during the Ministry of Health debate.
First World Cup Goal
Scores the first goal in World Cup history during France's victory over Mexico.
Assassination of Erich Klausener
Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives
Night of Long Knives
Hitler instructs Wilhelm Frick to draft a law making the killings legal
Night of Long Knives
Hitler instructs Wilhelm Frick to draft a law making the killings legal. Defends his actions in the Reichstag which "belonged to a higher justice". Defends himself in the Reichstag as "the Supreme Justiciar of the German People". Announces Rohm, von Schleicher & Gregor Strasser plotted against the Reich
Night of Long Knives
Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives
Assassination of Calvo Sotelo
Death of Calvo Sotelo, leader of the right-wing monarchist party, is murdered by police officers
Military Coup
Busch removes Toro and takes control of the military socialist government.
General
Appointed Generaloberst
General
Appointed Generaloberst
Invasion of Russia
The Stalin Line was broken through on all important points
Stalin Line
The Stalin Line was broken through on all important points
Army Group South
Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock
Citadel
In 2 days destroys 100 Russian tanks & holds an important sector near the Ssush River
Fourth Panzer Army
Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock
Invasion of Russia
Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock
Operation Case Blue
Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock
Peoples Court
The Court handed down an enormous number of death sentences under Judge-President Roland Freisler
Citadel
Hitler cancels Operation Citadel
Concentration Camps
Placed in charge of the concentration camps
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, in exile
Army Group North
Konev begins to attack Army Group North Ukraine
Front
Konev begins to attack Army Group North Ukraine
Election
Purges a Cabinet of 21 of 7 its ministers after a poor by-election resul at Orpington
Purge
Purges a Cabinet of 21 of 7 its ministers after a poor by-election resul at Orpington
Denied Funeral Attendance
Authorities refuse permission for him to attend the funeral.
Campora resigns to allow Juan Peron to return to power
Campora resigns to allow Juan Peron to return to power
Cover-Up Testimony Review
Presides over further testimony concerning the alleged Watergate cover-up and the conduct of officials linked to the White House and reelection campaign.
Knockin on Heaven's Door
Releases Knockin on Heaven's Door from the film soundtrack.
Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid
Releases the soundtrack album for Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid.
President of Argentina
Appointed interim President of Argentina after the resignation of Hector Campora
Secret Taping System Disclosure
Privately confirms to Senate Watergate investigators that Nixon's White House used an automatic recording system, creating a new source of potential evidence.
Secret Taping System Disclosure
Privately tells Senate committee investigators that Nixon's White House used an automatic recording system, creating a new source of potential evidence.
Special Senate Committee
Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices
Watergate
Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices
Watergate
Discloses to the Special Senate Committee the existence of the White House tapes
Watergate
Discloses to the Special Senate Committee the existence of the White House tapes.
Watergate
Discloses to the Special Senate Committee the existence of the White House tapes.
Demonstrations
Visits Liverpool and drives through the scene of the riots in Toxteth
Invasion of Iran
Iran launches its 1st attack into Iraq
Invasion of Iran
Iran launches its 1st attack into Iraq
Live Aid
Performs at Live Aid at Wembley Stadium, appearing during one of the decade's most watched charity concerts.
Live Aid
Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.
Live Aid
Appears near the climax of Live Aid at JFK Stadium.
Live Aid
Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.
Live Aid
Concert at Wembley raises œ40m for famine relief in Africa
Live Aid
Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.
Live Aid
Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.
Treaty Negotiations
Soviet and American negotiators meeting in Washington wrangle over a Treaty to reduce long-range nuclear missiles
Galileo Atmospheric Probe Release
Galileo releases its atmospheric probe for a five-month free flight toward Jupiter.
Acting Governor Appointed
Howard Fergus serves a third acting term as Governor
Leveson Inquiry
Announces a public inquiry into press ethics after the phone-hacking scandal.
National Development
Rifai participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
2014 Final Winning Goal
Scores the extra-time goal that gives Germany victory over Argentina in the final.
2014 Golden Glove
Wins the Golden Glove after Germany's World Cup triumph.
2014 World Cup Golden Ball
Wins the World Cup Golden Ball after Argentina finish as runners-up to Germany.
Germany World Cup Title Manager
Coaches Germany to its fourth World Cup title and first as a unified nation.
Six-Goal Brazil 2014 Golden Boot
Scores six goals for Colombia to finish as the tournament's leading scorer.
Pluto
New Horizons returns its last and most detailed full-disk image of Pluto before closest approach.
Brexit
Leaves office after the Brexit referendum result and hands office to Theresa May.
Brexit
Appointed Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union.
Brexit
Appointed International Trade Secretary in the new Brexit-focused government.
Brexit
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by Theresa May.
Brexit
Appointed Foreign Secretary in Theresa May's first cabinet.
Brexit
Becomes Prime Minister after David Cameron resigns.
Carthage Agreement
Political parties and national organizations signed the Carthage Agreement outlining priorities for a national unity government.
Departing Downing Street Statement
Reviews his government's record and thanks colleagues, public servants and his family before leaving office.
Final Prime Minister's Questions
Takes Prime Minister's Questions for the final time before leaving Downing Street.
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister after David Cameron resigns.
Brexit
Introduces the European Union Withdrawal Bill.
Club World Cup Final
Scores twice as Chelsea win the Club World Cup.
Wimbledon
Wins the Wimbledon men's singles title.
Births on July 13
Birth of Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon
Birth of Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon, from Irish Jacobite immigrants
Birth of Sidney James Webb
Birth of Sidney James Webb
Deaths on July 13
Death of Hubert Walter
Death of Hubert Waller, King John loses a valuable adviser
Death of Jean Paul Marat
Death of Jean Paul Marat, founder of "Lami du Peuple" & deputy for Paris
Death of Jean Paul Marat
Death of Jean Paul Marat, founder of "Lami du Peuple" and deputy for Paris.
Death of Erich Klausener
Death of Erich Klausener, assassinated
Death of Calvo Sotelo
Death of Calvo Sotelo, leader of the right-wing monarchist party, is murdered by police officers
Death of Sidney James Webb
Death of Sidney James Webb
Death of Thembekile Mandela
Learns that his eldest son Thembekile has died.
Battles on July 13
Battle of Gravelines
Egmont leads Spanish cavalry to victory over France at Gravelines
Battle of Gravelines
Spanish forces defeat the French near Gravelines
Battle of Roundway Down
Defeated by the Royalists under Lord Wilmot. Defeat by the Royalists under the Earl of Rochester
Battle of Bloody Swamp
The Spanish leave the Island of St Simons
Battle of Bloody Swamp
The Spanish leave the Island of St Simons
Battle of Hyeres Islands
Takes part in the Battle of the Hyeres Islands.
Battle of Tianjin
Is killed during the assault on Tianjin.
Coronations on July 13
Coronation
Alexander III is crowned King of Scotland