June 28 in History

The Crusaders beat back Kerboghas siege of Crusader Antioch

Executed for leading e rebellion in Cornwall

Lord Audley is beheaded for his leadership role in the Cornish rebellion against Henry's taxation.

The planned marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine of Aragon is postponed amid disagreement over the unpaid Spanish dowry.

Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor

Elected emperor with support from Frederick III the Wise.

Declines imperial ambitions and helps Charles V secure election.

Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor

Startles his hearers by the directness of his language and most of all by declaring that, like St. John the Baptist, he was ready to die on behalf of the indissolubility of marriage. Appears at the divorce tribunal on Catherines behalf, she refuses to attend

Opposes conservative doctrine in the Act of Six Articles.

The Six Articles Act enforces conservative doctrine within the Church of England under royal supremacy.

The Hugenot rebellion in France comes to an end. The Heugenots keep their religion but their political organisations are destroyed

Under the Grace of Alais the Heugenots keep their religion but their political organisations are destroyed

Under the Grace of Alais the Heugenots keep their religion but their political organisations are destroyed

Under the Grace of Alais the Heugenots keep their religion but their political organisations are destroyed

Sets off with a force to invade Scotland

Crosses the Scottish border with an invasion force led by Cromwell

Crosses the Scottish border with an invasion force led by Cromwell

Crosses the Scottish border with an invasion force led by Cromwell

The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel had invaded and occupied parts of Brandenburg from their possessions in Pomerania, but were repelled by the forces of Frederick William

Swedish forces suffer defeat against Brandenburg at Fehrbellin.

Swedish forces suffer defeat against Brandenburg at Fehrbellin.

Bulonde raises the siege of Cuneo as Allied relief forces approach, leaving French guns and supplies behind.

Eugene of Savoy approaches with Allied relief forces, helping compel the French to abandon the siege of Cuneo.

Feuquieres participates in the unsuccessful French attempt to seize Cuneo in Piedmont.

Rehnskiold is captured by Russian forces after the Swedish defeat at Poltava.

The Swedish defeat at Poltava ends Charles XII's Russian campaign and forces him to flee toward Ottoman territory.

Charles XII escapes from the disaster at Poltava and begins the retreat that ends in Ottoman territory.

Restored to the Polish throne after victory of the alliance at Poltava

Marlborough begins the siege of Tournai during the 1709 campaign.

Victory confirms Peters rule over Russia & enables his policy of Westernization

Diderot and d'Alembert publish the first volume of the Encyclopedie.

The draft declaration of independence is presented to Congress

The draft declaration of independence is presented to Congress

The French Guard addresses a crowd at the Palais Royal saying they will not attack

The French Guard addresses a crowd at the Palais Royal saying they will not attack.

The French Guard address a crowd at the Palais Royal saying they will not attack

The French Guard address a crowd at the Palais Royal saying they will not attack.

Appears at the bar of the Assembly & demands the dissolution of the Jacobins

Appears at the bar of the Assembly and demands the dissolution of the Jacobins.

Reaches Wilna but the Russian Army has fled

Combines a single-reed mouthpiece with a conical metal body.

Receives a French patent for the saxophone family.

Succeeds Raglan in command of the British army.

Appointed Commander of the British Field Force

Appointed Commander of the British Field Force.

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand & his wife by the "Black Hand" Serbian nationalists

The assassination sparks off World War I. The anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 when Turks defeated the Serbs. Assassinated on St Vitus day, anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389

Assassinated by Garrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia

Assassination of Frnz Ferdinand, Franz Josefs cousin & heir

Following the Balkan Wars, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 was therefore a culmination of the heightened tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia

Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Bethmann Hollweg and Foreign Secretary Gottlieb von Jagow are instrumental in urging the Austrians to take a tough stand against Serbia

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand & his wife by the "Black Hand" Serbian nationalists

The assassination tiggers off the 1st World War

Addresses British responsibilities for supplying munitions and material to Allied governments.

Hunter-Weston directs the Helles attack that gains ground along Gully Ravine but fails to break the front.

Watches a demonstration of a protype of the tank, a mechanical barbed wire cutter

Supports legislation designed to increase and regulate the production of munitions.

Nationalization begins after Larin convinces Lenin to protect it from German control

The Soviet government nationalizes major industrial enterprises as state control of the wartime economy expands.

Nationalization begins after Larin convinces Lenin to protect it from German control

Issues a decree nationalizing all major areas of industry

Issues the decree nationalising large-scale industry during War Communism

Accepts the League Covenant within the Versailles settlement.

At Versailles Germany sign a Treaty that assigns full responsibility for causing the conflict (Article 231, the "war guilt clause") and calls for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount due to the Allies

Under the Treaty of Versailles the Saar is to be administered by the League of Nations

Germany loses direct administration of the Saar under Versailles.

The Saar is placed under League administration after Versailles.

Alsace-Lorraine is ceded to France

Prussia is ceded to Poland

Posen is ceded to Poland

Included in the Treaty is the demilitarization of the Rhineland

The Treaty of Versailles is signed. Germany is to accept war guilt & pay reparations to the Allies. German colonies are divided between the Allies

Signed by Erzberger in the Versailles Hall of Mirrors. At Versailles Germany sign a Treaty that assigns full responsibility for causing the conflict (Article 231, the "war guilt clause") and calls for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount due to the Allies. Acceptence by the Assembly is conveyed to Clemenceau within 19 minutes of the deadline

Signs the settlement containing the League Covenant.

At Versailles Germany sign a Treaty that assigns full responsibility for causing the conflict (Article 231, the "war guilt clause") and calls for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount due to the Allies

The Irish Government attacks the Republicans who surrender 3 days later. Civil war continues for a year

Resigns after Governor General Byng refuses dissolution.

Appointed Prime Minister of Canada, 2nd term

Turkey signs a Treaty with Persia

Appointed Chancellor

Turkey signs a Treaty with Persia

Receives the inaugural Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievement in theoretical physics.

Blanco Galindo heads a military provisional government and prepares elections.

Tatarescu's government accepts the Soviet ultimatum and evacuates Bessarabia and northern Bukovina.

Recognizes Charles de Gaulle as the leader of the Free French

Supports de Gaulle and the Free French movement in London.

The Pope writes a letter to Hitler offering mediation for "a just & honorable peace"

Forms a government during the early stages of the Second World War.

Recognizes Charles de Gaulle as the leader of the Free French

Succesfully demands Romania hand over Bessarabia to Russia, Germany does not object

Arena becomes acting commander of Ariete after De Stefanis moves to corps command.

The German offensive commenced on 28 June 1942, with 4th Panzer Army starting its drive towards Voronezh. Due to a chaotic Soviet retreat, the Germans were able to advance rapidly, restoring Wehrmacht confidence for the upcoming major offensive

Case Blue is a continuation of the previous years Operation Barbarossa, intended to knock the Soviet Union out of the war, and involved a two-pronged attack against the oil fields of Baku as well as an advance in the direction of Stalingrad along the Volga

River, to cover the flanks of the advance towards Baku

The German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942.

The German offensive commenced on 28 June 1942, with 4th Panzer Army starting its drive towards Voronezh. Due to a chaotic Soviet retreat, the Germans were able to advance rapidly, restoring Wehrmacht confidence for the upcoming major offensive.

Case Blue is a continuation of the previous years Operation Barbarossa, intended to knock the Soviet Union out of the war, and involved a two-pronged attack against the oil fields of Baku as well as an advance in the direction of Stalingrad along the Volga

River, to cover the flanks of the advance towards Baku

The German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942.

The German offensive commenced on 28 June 1942, with 4th Panzer Army starting its drive towards Voronezh. Due to a chaotic Soviet retreat, the Germans were able to advance rapidly, restoring Wehrmacht confidence for the upcoming major offensive.

The German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942.

The operation was a continuation of the previous years Operation Barbarossa, intended to knock the Soviet Union out of the war.

and involved a two-pronged attack against the oil fields of Baku as well as an advance in the direction of Stalingrad along the Volga River, to cover the flanks of the advance towards Baku.

Appointed Commander of the Army Group Centre

Appointed Commander of the Army Group Centre

Dismissed as Commander of the Army Group Centre by Hitler

Adair's Guards Armoured Division reinforced the British advance during the fighting west of Caen.

Funck directed German armoured formations committed against the Epsom penetration near Caen.

Meyer's division resisted British and Canadian pressure north and west of Caen during Epsom.

Tito does not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia will be attacked. Other member countries expel Yugoslavia citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY

Tito does not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia will be attacked. Other member countries expel Yugoslavia citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY

Tito does not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia will be attacked. Other member countries expel Yugoslavia citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY

North Korean forces capture Seoul.

Batista commits multiple battalions to the offensive despite many soldiers being inexperienced recruits.

Cantillo begins a major advance from the Estrada Palma sugar mill area.

Cantillo commands Batista's major offensive against the Sierra Maestra guerrillas.

Batista's army begins coordinated attacks into the Sierra Maestra.

Castro organises resistance as Batista's army begins its full summer offensive.

Castro concentrates available fighters near his headquarters to resist the approaching army.

Finishes the tournament with a record thirteen goals in six matches.

The sequel The Andromeda Breakthrough begins broadcast on BBC television.

Announces on TV, "We will stand in Vietnam"

The Kinks release Days.

Helps organize the first Christopher Street Liberation Day march

Participates in early post-Stonewall gay liberation activism

Helps organize the first anniversary march after Stonewall

Admits to delivering the Pentagon Papers to New York Times

Bhutto begins summit negotiations with Indira Gandhi while Pakistani prisoners remain in India.

The pro-agreement parties win a clear majority of seats (52 to 26), but a substantial minority inside the Ulster Unionist Party oppose the agreement. The agreement is supported by the nationalist Social Democratic & Labour Party, the unionist Ulster Unionist Party & the moderate unionist & cross-community Alliance Party

Norman Derek Matthews becomes Governor of Montserrat

Hosts Richard Nixon for another summit focused on arms control, economic cooperation and détente.

1st Conservative leader to help contest a by-election, 7.6% swing in favour

Roger Waters pre-empts Punk by spitting at the audience, stunned by his own actions, he starts to think of building a polythene wall between himself and his audience

Resigns as party leader. Resigns as opposition leader

Leads the government when the Greek Parliament ratifies the accession treaty.

Serves as Foreign Minister when Parliament approves Greece's accession treaty.

Pen Sovan begins leading the Council of Ministers

Beheshti is killed in the bombing of the Islamic Republic Party headquarters

Mohammad Montazeri is among the parliamentarians and officials killed in the Islamic Republic Party headquarters bombing

Bahonar becomes secretary general of the Islamic Republic Party after Mohammad Beheshti is assassinated

Bahonar rises to party leadership after Beheshti is killed in the Hafte Tir bombing

Bahonar becomes secretary general of the Islamic Republic Party after Beheshti's assassination

Council of State replaces the earlier revolutionary council framework

Appointed Prime Minister of Italy

Bahonar becomes secretary general after Mohammad Beheshti is killed in the Islamic Republic Party bombing

Bahonar takes over Islamic Republic Party leadership after Beheshti is killed

Hosts the European Council that sets the objective of completing the internal market by the end of 1992.

Represents Ireland as leaders consider the internal market and institutional reform.

Represents Germany as the Milan European Council considers institutional reform and completion of the internal market.

Mitterrand supported launching treaty negotiations intended to deepen Community integration and complete the internal market.

Represents Greece as leaders consider institutional reform and the internal-market programme.

Addresses a special Communist Party conference & outlines "a new image of socialism"

Supports the decision to study concrete stages toward economic and monetary union.

Supports the decision to establish the Delors Committee to study concrete steps toward economic and monetary union.

Supports work on concrete stages toward economic and monetary union.

Supports work examining concrete stages toward economic and monetary union.

Calls for multi-candidate elections for regional and local legislatures and party first secretaries and insisted on the separation of the Government apparatus from party bodies at the regional level, as well

European leaders asked Delors to chair a committee examining practical steps toward economic and monetary union.

Mitterrand backed the decision to study a staged path toward European Economic and Monetary Union.

Addresses a special Communist Party conference & outlines "a new image of socialism".

At the CPSUs Nineteenth Party Conference, the first held since 1941, Gorbachev and his supporters launched radical reforms meant to reduce party control of the Government apparatus.

Calls for multi-candidate elections for regional and local legislatures and party first secretaries and insisted on the separation of the Government apparatus from party bodies at the regional level, as well.

Addresses a special Communist Party conference & outlines "a new image of socialism"

The final Comecon council session takes place June 28, 1991 in Budapest, and led to an agreement to disband within 90 days

The final Comecon council session takes place June 28, 1991 in Budapest, and led to an agreement to disband within 90 days

The final Comecon council session takes place June 28, 1991 in Budapest, and led to an agreement to disband within 90 days

Announces she will not stand at the next election

Supports Danish participation in negotiations shaping the foreign-policy and institutional provisions later incorporated into the Maastricht Treaty.

Represents Italy as leaders review progress in the two intergovernmental conferences.

Represents German foreign policy as leaders review the intergovernmental conferences preparing the Maastricht settlement.

Represents Ireland as leaders review progress in the two intergovernmental conferences.

Represents Greece as leaders review progress in the political and monetary union conferences.

Represents Denmark as Community leaders review preparations for the intergovernmental conferences on political union and economic and monetary union.

Announces she will not stand at the next election

Speaks for Italy at Luxembourg while leaders assess progress toward a new treaty.

Leads Portugal at Luxembourg while the Twelve review treaty work on political and monetary union.

Represents Spain at Luxembourg as leaders review unresolved questions in the future Union treaty.

Attends the Luxembourg European Council as Ireland considers the architecture of the proposed European Union.

Takes Germany's position to Luxembourg as leaders examine the two intergovernmental conferences.

Takes part in the Luxembourg European Council as Netherlands weighs the next stage of integration.

Represents Great Britain during the Luxembourg summit's review of negotiations that will culminate at Maastricht.

Leads Belgium's delegation as the Luxembourg European Council reviews progress toward political and monetary union.

Joins the Luxembourg European Council while Greece helps shape the emerging treaty settlement.

Carries France's negotiating position into the Luxembourg summit on political and monetary integration.

Represents Luxembourg as the Luxembourg summit considers the developing framework for European Union.

Represents Denmark when the Luxembourg summit assesses the treaty negotiations on political union and EMU.

Oversees the first democratic municipal elections after the end of military rule.

Rabbani succeeds Mojaddedi as president of the Islamic State of Afghanistan.

Appointed First Deputy Head of the Administration of the city of Saint Petersburg

Becomes the first player to score five goals in a single World Cup match.

Scores against Russia aged 42 years and 39 days, becoming the tournament's oldest goalscorer.

Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey

Bitter Sweet Symphony enters the UK singles chart and peaks at number two.

Works on Barcelona's coaching staff as the club defeats Real Betis in the Copa del Rey final.

Clinton apearrs on Chinese TV with Jing Zemin discussing human rights

Clinton apearrs on Chinese TV with Jing Zemin discussing human rights

Clinton apearrs on Chinese TV with Jing Zemin discussing human rights

Clinton apearrs on Chinese TV with Jing Zemin discussing human rights

An interim Government officially takes over from the U.S. occupation authority

An interim Government officially takes over from the U.S. occupation authority

An interim Government officially takes over from the US occupation authority

An interim Government officially takes over from the US occupation authority

Burnham enters Cabinet while serving as Chief Secretary to the Treasury.

Brown appoints a Cabinet combining experienced ministers with several new members.

New Horizons enters its first long hibernation period during the cruise from Jupiter toward Pluto.

Burnham becomes Chief Secretary to the Treasury under Gordon Brown.

A Hubble search led by Mark Showalter discovers a fourth moon of Pluto, later named Kerberos.

Headline Glastonbury Festival.

Hiramatsu leads research using Hubble and other observations to identify strong evidence for an electron-capture supernova.

Henry VII's second surviving son, the future Henry VIII, is born at Greenwich.

Birth of Henry VIII, son of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York

Birth of Henry VIII, son of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York

Birth of Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick, son of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick and France's Hatton

Jean-Jacques Rousseau is born in Geneva to Isaac Rousseau and Suzanne Bernard.

Birth of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Birth of John Briscoe

Birth of Joseph Joachom, violinist & conductor

Birth of Luigi Pirandello

Birth of Georgi Parvanov

Death of Andronicus IV Palaeologus

Death of James Touchet, executed

Dies during the siege after the failed June assaults.

Death of Ferdinand, assassinated by Garrilo Princip, member of Young Bosnia. Assassinated by Garrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia

Death of Franz Ferdinand, assassinated

Defeats the Moslem army which suffers heavy casualties

Defeated at Orantes by the Crusades, the siege of Antioch finally ends

Leads a defeated Moslem army which suffers heavy casualties

Fieldmarshal Georg von Derfflinger defeats the Swedes near the town of Fehrbellin

The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel had invaded and occupied parts of Brandenburg from their possessions in Pomerania, but were repelled by the forces of Frederick William. Fieldmarshal Georg von Derfflinger defeats the Swedes near the town of Fehrbellin. aAholiday that would be celebrated in Germany up until 1914, when on the same day, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, beginning World War I

The Swedish Commander Wrangel, harassed by Brandenburg forces under Colonel Joachim Hennings, found itself hemmed in by a destroyed bridge over the Rhin River at the town of Fehrbellin

Intercepts an Anglo-Dutch force advancing toward Smyrna. Destroys 100 of the 400 Anglo-Dutch vessels

Russian victory over Sweden allows Augustus II to return to the Polish throne.

Russian cavalry presses the Swedish army during the battle.

Russian artillery fire helps disrupt the Swedish attack.

Directs the campaign from a litter after being wounded.

His army is defeated by Peter I at Poltava.

His army is defeated by Peter I, marking the decisive reversal of Swedish power.

Commands Swedish cavalry during the attack on the Russian army.

Serves among Russian commanders in the battle line.

His Zaporozhian supporters retreat with Charles and Mazepa after defeat.

Takes part in Swedish planning before the failed attack.

Survives the battle and leads the retreating remnants.

Leads Swedish infantry through the redoubt line toward the Russian camp.

Loses his chance to secure Cossack autonomy through Swedish victory.

Commands cavalry and contributes to the destruction of the Swedish attack.

Helps Peter I defeat Charles XII and pursues the broken Swedish army.

Commands the Russian army from a fortified camp near Poltava.

Defeats Charles XII of Sweden and his Cossack allies at Poltava.

Victory at Poltava marks Russia's rise as a leading power in north-eastern Europe.

Is captured after the Swedish defeat and later dies in Russian captivity.

Commands the Swedish army during the main battle and is captured.

Takes operational command after Charles XII is wounded before the battle.

Commands Russian infantry as the Swedish assault breaks down.

His isolated troops are overwhelmed after failing to pass the redoubts.

His column becomes separated while attacking the Russian redoubts.

Is captured during the defeat of the Swedish army.

Leads Russian regular troops in the decisive battle.

Commands Swedish troops during the main assault at Poltava.

Is among senior Swedish officers captured after the battle.

Swedish defeat at Poltava undermines Stanislaw and helps Augustus II recover the Polish throne.

Is captured with other senior Swedish commanders after the battle.

Fights General Washington to a stand off

The First Army defeats Clam-Gallas and the Saxons at Münchengrätz.

The First Army and Army of the Elbe defeat Austro-Saxon forces at Münchengrätz.

Leopold's VIII Corps is defeated while attempting to block the Prussian advance at Skalitz.

The Second Army defeats Austrian forces at Skalitz and continues toward the Elbe.

Steinmetz wins at Skalitz and pushes the Austrian VIII Corps away from the Elbe.

The Guards Corps defeats Gablenz near Soor and reverses the previous day's setback.

Sweeps forward to the north of Kursk

Sweeps forward to the south of Kursk

Resists Batista's summer offensive in the mountains.

Crowned Queen of Great Britain