July 2 in History

Captures Walter de Laceys castle at Trim, County Meath, Ireland

Captures Angers after a succesful campaign in Poitou

The Pope raises the Papal interdict against John

Revokes the pardons given to the rebels

Cades forces enter London & Henry VIs adviser Lord Say is executed

The Yorkists march into Canterbury where the officers join the Yorkists

Appointed Lord Privy Seal

Cromwells position is now stronger than ever, succeeds Anne Boleyns father, Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, as Lord Privy Seal

Appointed Dean of Wells

Maurice defeats the Spanish field army near Nieuwpoort during the risky coastal campaign in Flanders.

Most naval captains accept Warwick and declare their support for Parliament.

Most of the fleet rejects royal orders and accepts Parliament's admiral.

Most of the fleet rejects royal orders and accepts Parliament's admiral.

Penington cannot secure obedience after the fleet chooses Warwick.

Batten supports Warwick as the fleet rejects the King's preferred commander.

Cromwell commands the Parliamentarian left-wing cavalry and helps turn the fighting at Marston Moor into a decisive Royalist defeat.

Sets up HQ by a clump of trees now known as Cromwell's Plump

Writes complaining of the rebellion of the City Brigades

Writes complaining of the rebellion of the City Brigades

The city of York is taken after the Battle of Marston Moor, and nearly the whole of the north submits to the Parliament

Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Armt led by Baille

Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Army led by Baille but is killed in battle. Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Armt led by Baille

Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Armt led by Baille

Fights for Covenanters & anti-Royalists who are defeated by Royalists led by Montrose

Fights for Covenanters & anti-Royalists who are defeated by Royalists led by Montrose

Defeated by the Royalist Army led by Montrose

Russian forces begin the siege of Smolensk

Begins the Russian siege of Smolensk

William III of Orange becomes stadtholder of Zeeland as popular pressure restores Orange leadership during the invasion crisis.

William III of Orange leads the Allied siege that recaptures Namur from the French.

Marlborough captures Donauworth after the Allied victory on the Schellenberg heights.

Under the Treaty of Pruth agrees to return Charles XII to Sweden

Agrees to return Azov to the Turks under the Treaty of Pruth

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term

Napoleon captured Alexandria after landing in Egypt, establishing the first major French base for the campaign.

An Act of Union with Ireland is passed in the House of Commons

An Act of Union with Ireland is passed in the House of Commons

Peel sponsors legislation directing a phased resumption of Bank of England gold payments.

Peel sponsors legislation directing the Bank of England to resume gold convertibility.

The contingent of 35,000 Russians move across the mountains, circumventing the besieged Shumla on their way straight to Constantinople. Diebitsch startles the Turks by launching a Transbalkan offensive, the first in the Russian history since the 10th-century campaigns of Svyatoslav I

Resigns as Prime Minister due to ill health, succeeded by Lord Melbourne

Prussia makes peace with Denmark, following Tsar Nicholass advice

Prussia makes peace with Denmark, following Tsar Nicholass advice

1st day of the siege, moved many of the local British into the garrison for safety

The First Frere-Orban Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.

Begins the Jules d'Anethan Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.

Charles Guiteau, failed applicant for an appointment as minister to Austria & consul-general to Paris, shoots Garfield in a railroad station, he dies 19th Sept

Authorities detain him for the attack on the president.

Is shot by Charles Guiteau at a Washington railroad station.

Is arrested immediately after shooting President Garfield.

Survives the shooting initially but remains gravely wounded.

Exclaims, "I am a stalwart of the stalwarts..Arthur is president now"

Appointed President of Venezuela

The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits combinations that restrain interstate trade.

The revised tone poem Finlandia receives its first performance in Helsinki under Robert Kajanus.

Nominated presidential candidate

Commits the Serbian First Army in fighting around Ovce Pole.

Presses Bulgarian operations against the Serbian First Army.

Provides parliamentary information concerning British naval missions connected with Greece and Turkey.

Haig reviews catastrophic first-day casualties but decides the offensive must continue.

Supports caution as unrest grows among soldiers and workers.

Faces a coalition crisis before the July Days demonstrations begin.

Warns radicals that an isolated uprising would be dangerous.

Works with Lenin and Kamenev as Bolsheviks debate tactics.

Faces Russian attacks against Austro-Hungarian positions in Galicia.

Commands German forces opposing the Russian attack near Zborov.

Receives early reports of Russian advances in Galicia.

Presents the initial advance as proof that revolutionary Russia can fight.

Commands Austro-Hungarian forces resisting the Russian offensive.

War with Germany is declared to be at an end by joint resolution of Congress

Continues scrutiny of the Contributory Pensions Bill during its Commons stages.

Kennedy becomes the first SEC chairman and begins federal oversight of securities markets.

Meets Winston Churchill for the 1st time

Says preparations for invasion should begin immediately. Issues a directive saying a landing in England is possible

Manstein captures Sevastopol

Manstein captures Sevastopol

Dismissed by Hitler for suggesting the High Command make peace

Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen

Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen

Rundstedt is dismissed by Hitler for suggesting that the High Command make peace

Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen

Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen

The Second Fierlinger Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Begins the First Gottwald Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Becomes prime minister after Communist election gains.

Found shot through the head by his own gun. Death of Ernest Miller Hemingway, suicide

Publicly offers a treaty banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater.

Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, employment and federally assisted programs.

Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, employment and federally assisted programs.

France began boycotting Council meetings during the Empty Chair crisis over agricultural finance and institutional voting.

Becomes chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Ends service as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto signs the Simla Agreement with Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 2 July 1972.

Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto sign the Simla Agreement after the 1971 war.

India agrees to leave Pakistani territory occupied during the 1971 war.

The 1971 ceasefire line in Jammu and Kashmir becomes the Line of Control.

Pakistan and India agree to restore communications, travel and diplomatic exchanges.

Pakistan agrees to leave Indian territory occupied during the 1971 war.

The agreement converts the ceasefire line into a mutually respected Line of Control.

Bhutto signs the Simla Agreement with Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi following the 1971 war.

Bhutto and Indira Gandhi sign the Simla Agreement to guide postwar relations.

Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto sign the Simla Agreement after the 1971 India-Pakistan war.

The settlement provides reciprocal withdrawal from occupied territory in Punjab and neighboring regions.

Pakistani forces prepare to withdraw from occupied areas of Rajasthan.

Indian forces prepare to withdraw from occupied areas adjoining Sindh.

The Simla Agreement requires both countries to withdraw forces behind the international border.

The agreement commits bilateral relations to principles of the United Nations Charter.

New photographs from the U.S. Naval Observatory confirm that the recurring elongation beside Pluto is caused by an orbiting satellite.

Is sent off late in Argentina's World Cup defeat by Brazil in Barcelona.

Steel union leaders reject call for steel strike as 'completely unacceptable.'

Appointed Chairman of the Supreme Soviet

Appointed Chairman of the Supreme Soviet

Appointed Foreign Minister

Appointed Foreign Minister

Appointed President of Russia

Opposition organizations begin a two-day national strike against military rule.

The first national conference of the ANC, since the organisation was banned in 1960, begins in Durban, South Africa, Oliver Tambo, whose health is suffering, hands over the presidency of the ANC to Nelson Mandela

Walter Sisulu is elected Deputy President of the ANC

The first national conference of the ANC, since the organisation was banned in 1960, begins in Durban, South Africa, Oliver Tambo, whose health is suffering, hands over the presidency of the ANC to Nelson Mandela

Appointed Director General of the BBC

Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor

The Second Calfa Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Begins the First Klaus Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.

Begins the Strasky Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Jointly announces the 1st multi racial elections in history for 27 April 94

Jointly announces the 1st multi racial elections in history for 27 April 94

Echobelly reach the UK Top Forty with I Can't Imagine the World Without Me.

Scores Belgium's late second goal in the 3-2 World Cup defeat by Germany.

Scores twice as Germany defeat Belgium 3-2 in the World Cup round of 16.

Scores Germany's second goal in the 3-2 World Cup round-of-16 victory over Belgium.

Scores Belgium's first goal in the 3-2 World Cup round-of-16 defeat by Germany.

Brown reduces the main corporation-tax rate in his first Budget.

Brown introduces a windfall tax on privatised utilities and announces employment measures.

Brown announces employment support for young people funded by the windfall tax.

Brown uses a one-off utility levy to finance employment and training programmes.

Brown imposes a windfall tax on previously privatised utility companies.

Adams performs at Live 8s Canadian performance in Barrie, Ontario

Waters reunites with Gilmour, Mason and Wright for Pink Floyd's Live 8 performance

Brown addresses campaigners seeking debt relief, fairer trade and increased aid.

Scores twice as the Netherlands eliminate Brazil in the quarter-finals.

Scores Belgium's first goal as the team begin a dramatic comeback from 2-0 down against Japan.

Heads Belgium level at 2-2 before the team score a stoppage-time winner against Japan.

Finishes a stoppage-time counter-attack as Belgium come from two goals down to defeat Japan 3-2.

Directs Undine.

Birth of Valentinian III, son of Constantius III

Birth of Franz Kafka

Birth of Thomas Cranmer

Birth of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York

Birth of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York

Birth of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York

Birth of Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home

Born in Onalua in the Belgian Congo, later becoming a leading nationalist and the country's first prime minister.

Colonel Charles Fairfax is killed in action at the Battle of Marston Moor

Death of Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, died unmarried and without issue, and therefore all his titles became extinct upon his death

Jean-Jacques Rousseau dies at Ermenonville, aged sixty-six.

Death of Anton Chekhov

Death of Ernest Miller Hemingway, suicide

Actress Lee Remick (55) dies in Los Angeles of cancer

Death of James Maitland Stewart

Death of James Stewart

Defeats Akechi Mitsuhide and avenges Oda Nobunaga

Secures Mount Tennozan before the Battle of Yamazaki

Defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi after the Honno-ji Incident

Joins Toyotomi Hideyoshi coalition against Akechi Mitsuhide

Joins Toyotomi Hideyoshi against Akechi Mitsuhide

The Battle of Nieuwpoort succeeds in the strategic goal to repel the Dutch invasion of Flanders

Defeats a Spanish force under Ciudad Real

Defeated by a French Fleet under Maille-Breze

Serves as a Lieutenant General of foot in Lord Levens Army winning great distinction. Commands the bulk of the Scottish Foot

Commands the Royalist Horse

Totally defeated Newcastle departs for Hamburg. Commands the Royalist "whitecoats" but only 30 survive

Royalist defeat near York which loses Charles stronghold in the nth. 4,000 Royalists are killed & 1,500 taken prisoner

Fights at Marston Moor on the side of the English Parliament

Commands Manchesters Foot & for a time takes charge of Cromwell's cavalry

Sweeps away Gorings horse by attacking the Royalists from the rear. Defeats the Royalists near York, leaving 4,000 dead & taking 1,500 prisoners. Cromwell's first major victory, personally commands 2,500 men

Cromwell commands Eastern Association cavalry as Parliament and the Scots defeat Prince Rupert.

Colonel Charles Fairfax is killed in action at the Battle of Marston Moor

A gathering of eager national forces within a few square miles of ground naturally led to a battle, and Marston Moor proves decisive for the struggle in the north.

Cromwell relieves Fairfax and Parliament is victorious.

Fairfax's horse meets Gorings 1st line and charges them successfully.

The city of York is taken after the Battle of Marston Moor, and nearly the whole of the north submits to the Parliament.

Thomas Fairfax Cameron, 3rd commands the right suffering heavy losses from Goring.

Fairfax fights on the Parliamentarian side during the major victory at Marston Moor.

Fights for Parliament

Commands the Scottish dragoons on the side of the English Parliament

Commands the Royalist horse on the left flank

Arrives too late to support Prince Rupert at Marston Moor

Fights for the Royalists at Marston Moor

Fights for the Royalists at Marston Moor, on the losing side

Commands the Scottish horse on the side of the English Parliament. Acts as Cromwell's 2nd-in-command & marshalls the line of battle

Command the largest contingent & takes over supreme command for Parliament

Commands regiments of Parliaments foot

Warned by Fairfax that Rupert is advancing, Leven then engages in battle

Leslie's Scottish cavalry supports Cromwell's wing and helps secure the Parliamentarian victory.

As a 2nd to Goring commands some of the Royalist cavalry, taken prisoner by the Scots

Commands a Parliamentary regiment at the Battle of Marston Moor

Rupert commands the Royalist army defeated by Parliamentarian and Scottish forces at Marston Moor.

Leaves York to engage the Roundheads on Marston Moor. Leads the Royalist cavalry, the Royalists are defeated outside York. Almost captured but manages to beat a retreat to York

Stabs Cromwell in the neck & is made Viscount Dungannon. Commands a regiment under Lord Byron

Defeated by the Royalist Army led by Montrose

Defeats a Covenant & anti-Royalist Army led by Baille

Defeated by Charles XII of Sweden

Marlborough commands the assault at Schellenberg and secures the route toward Donauworth.

Lumley serves in Marlborough's army during the assault on Schellenberg.

Defeats the Duke of Cumberlands Anglo-Dutch Army

Defeated by Marshal Saxe

Wounded in battle

Takes part in the action at Aba el Lissan before the advance on Aqaba.

Manstein captures Sevastopol