April 15 in History

Opening of Henry VIIIs 4th Parliament

Edward VI's first Parliament, which originally opened in November 1547, reaches its final dissolution.

Occupies Augsburg, Munich & southern Bavaria after the Battle of Lech

Occupies Augsburg, Munich & southern Bavaria after the Battle of Lech

Occupies Augsburg, Munich & southern Bavaria after the Battle of Lech

Bates serves among the Presbyterian commissioners at the Savoy Conference.

Baxter represents Presbyterian concerns during the Savoy Conference on church settlement.

Baxter represents Presbyterian ministers and argues for revisions to the Prayer Book.

Calamy joins Presbyterian delegates seeking changes to the restored church settlement.

Cosin serves among the bishops defending the restored Church of England liturgy.

Frewen acts as nominal chairman during the Savoy Conference on church settlement.

Frewen is named among episcopal commissioners for the conference on church settlement.

Henchman participates in the episcopal delegation at the Savoy Conference.

King serves among the bishops defending the restored Church of England settlement.

Manton joins Presbyterian representatives pressing for changes to the Prayer Book.

Pearson assists the episcopal side during debate over the restored liturgy.

Sheldon convenes the Savoy Conference to seek agreement between bishops and Presbyterian ministers.

Sheldon leads the episcopal side as the Savoy Conference opens to review church settlement.

Warner joins the episcopal commissioners at the Savoy Conference.

Protests after the Lords reject an amendment intended to prevent stock-jobbing legislation from operating retrospectively.

The Treaty was signed by Joseph Furst zu Furstenberg of Bavaria and Rudolf Graf von Colloredo of Austria

The Treaty was signed by Joseph Furst zu Furstenberg of Bavaria and Rudolf Graf von Colloredo of Austria

Publication of "English Dictionary"

Resigns over the unpopular cider tax

Britain relinquishes all land east of the Mississippi

The University of Jena awards Marx a doctorate in philosophy in absentia.

Is executed for participating in Alexander II's assassination.

She is hanged with other convicted People's Will conspirators.

Cuts the interest on Britains National debt

Spencer captains Villa to its fourth FA Cup triumph.

Hampton scores twice as Villa defeats Newcastle United 2-0 in the FA Cup final.

Retreats through the engineering spaces as flooding spreads and the boiler-room situation becomes untenable.

Takes the midnight watch aboard Californian while the ship is stopped among ice.

Brings Carpathia to the disaster area and begins recovering people from Titanic's lifeboats.

Responds after Carpathia receives Titanic's wireless distress message.

Orders Carpathia prepared to receive large numbers of survivors while the ship races toward Titanic's reported position.

Helps organise assistance for fellow survivors after being rescued by Carpathia.

Is later recovered after supporting evacuation efforts.

Survives the sinking by reaching overturned collapsible B after being swept into the sea.

Survives on overturned collapsible lifeboat B after Titanic disappears beneath the water.

Supervises work around collapsible C during the final stages of the starboard evacuation.

Helps supervise collapsible D during the final lifeboat operations on Titanic's port side.

Supervises loading of collapsible D during the final minutes of Titanic's evacuation.

Reports to Captain Smith that the flooding is beyond Titanic's designed ability to remain afloat.

Continues wireless work until electrical power fails.

Climbs down a rope into lifeboat 6 after offering his sailing experience to help the short-handed boat.

Assists officers with emergency signalling from the after part of Titanic during the distress response.

Takes charge of emergency lifeboat 1 after it is lowered from Titanic.

Escapes with his wife in emergency lifeboat 1, which is lowered with only twelve occupants.

Escapes Titanic with her husband in emergency lifeboat 1.

Helps supervise emergency lifeboat 1 as it is lowered from the starboard side.

Escapes in emergency lifeboat 1 with other crew members and first-class passengers.

Escapes in emergency lifeboat 1 and helps crew the lightly loaded boat.

Commands a lifeboat and later signals the approaching Carpathia.

Assists with lifeboat 8 on the port side during the evacuation.

Oversees the port-side departure of lifeboat 8, one of the earlier boats lowered during the evacuation.

Escapes in lifeboat 8 and assists with steering and rowing after the boat leaves Titanic.

Escapes in lifeboat 11 while carrying her musical toy pig.

Assists with lifeboat 11 as passengers are moved toward the starboard boats.

Assists with lifeboat 15 during the evacuation from Titanic's starboard side.

Escapes in lifeboat 15 after assisting third-class passengers toward the boat deck.

Helps supervise the loading and lowering of lifeboat 5 on Titanic's starboard side.

Supervises preparations for lifeboat 4 and directs women and children into the boat.

Assists Fifth Officer Lowe with preparations around lifeboat 14.

Helps prepare and load lifeboat 9 during the evacuation.

Survives Titanic in lifeboat 7, the first standard lifeboat lowered from the starboard side.

Supervises the starboard evacuation and helps send lifeboat 7 away, the first boat lowered from that side.

Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 7 after earlier serving as a lookout.

Survives Titanic in lifeboat 6 during the port-side evacuation.

Survives Titanic in lifeboat 6 after leaving the ship during the port-side evacuation.

Directs women into lifeboat 6 and sends the under-manned boat away from Titanic's port side.

Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 6 after completing lookout duties on the night of the collision.

Helps supervise lifeboat 16 during the port-side evacuation.

Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 13 after leaving the engineering spaces.

Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 13 after men are permitted to fill remaining places on the starboard side.

Survives in lifeboat 13 after boarding from A deck during the starboard evacuation.

Helps oversee lifeboat 13 during the crowded starboard evacuation.

Escapes in lifeboat 13 and helps manage the heavily loaded boat after it reaches the water.

Attempts to contact the nearby vessel from Californian by Morse lamp but receives no reply.

Survives after reaching an overturned collapsible boat.

Receives reports from the bridge that white rockets are being seen in the direction of a nearby vessel.

Rows back toward the wreckage after Titanic sinks to search for people still alive.

Reports to Captain Lord that eight white rockets have been observed and that the nearby ship has disappeared from view.

Titanic founders at about 2:20 a.m. on 15 April after striking an iceberg; Smith dies with the ship.

After the iceberg collision, Smith ordered lifeboats uncovered and passengers mustered; Titanic sank at about 02:20 on 15 April 1912.

Guides a group of third-class women and children toward lifeboat 15 during the evacuation.

Survives the sinking after leaving Titanic in collapsible lifeboat C.

Transmits CQD distress calls from Titanic's wireless room after the collision.

Inspects the ship after the collision and assesses flooding in the forward compartments.

Assists Phillips in transmitting Titanic's distress calls.

Receives Titanic's distress traffic and alerts Carpathia's bridge so the ship can turn toward the reported position.

Orders Titanic's wireless operators to call for assistance after the collision.

Helps send distress rockets from Titanic to attract the attention of nearby vessels.

Leads Titanic's engineering department as the crew works to maintain power and pumping after the collision.

Helps other officers prepare and launch lifeboats during the evacuation.

Remains aboard Titanic during the final evacuation and dies in the sinking.

Survives after entering the freezing sea during Titanic's final sinking.

Advises Captain Smith that the damaged ship cannot remain afloat.

Leaves Titanic in lifeboat number 5 while assisting the evacuation.

Escapes the sinking aboard lifeboat number 4 while her husband remains aboard Titanic.

Takes command of lifeboat number 14 during Titanic's evacuation.

Supervises loading and lowering lifeboats on Titanic's port side.

Helps organize lifeboat preparation and evacuation after the collision.

Helps supply lifeboats with bread while passengers and crew prepare to abandon ship.

Declines to take a lifeboat place while other passengers still await evacuation.

Survives Titanic's sinking aboard lifeboat number 6.

Escapes Titanic aboard lifeboat number 6 and helps other survivors during the disaster.

Survives the disaster after taking charge of lifeboat number 2.

Transfers passengers between boats so he can organize a return toward the wreckage.

Learns by wireless that Titanic has sunk after resuming duty aboard Californian in the morning.

Helps his pregnant wife Madeleine reach a lifeboat before remaining aboard Titanic.

Works out Titanic's position for distress messages and communication with responding ships.

Completes recovery of Titanic survivors before Carpathia turns toward New York.

Observes a series of white rockets in the direction of the nearby vessel and reports them to Captain Lord.

Uses the newer SOS distress signal while continuing to seek assistance.

Chooses to remain with her husband Isidor rather than leave him aboard Titanic.

Recovers several people from the water during the post-sinking search.

Survives the sinking after remaining at the wireless set late into the evacuation.

Fires warning shots while controlling a crowd near lifeboat 14 during the evacuation.

Survives aboard the overturned collapsible lifeboat.

Addresses a War Office committee examining production and supply for the Army.

Supports committee work intended to accelerate the production of equipment required by the armed forces.

Appointed Chief of Staff of XX Corps

Appointed Chief of Staff of XX Corps

Offers a prototype rotor cipher machine to the German Navy as military communications security becomes a wartime concern.

Puplication of "Mein Kampf", helped by Herman Hess

Puplication of "Mein Kampf", written mainly in Landsberg prison. Puplication of "Mein Kampf", helped by Herman Hess

Debates an amendment affecting eligibility under unemployment insurance law.

Allied troops begin landing in northern Norway to support operations against Narvik.

Supports the Allied landing at Harstad for operations against Narvik.

Appointed Member of ruling administritive council by the Germans

Appointed Member of ruling administritive council by the Germans

Appointed Member of ruling administritive council by the Germans

Appointed Member of ruling administritive council by the Germans

Dimissed by Hitler after he had declared himself head of the Norwegian Government

Dimissed by Hitler after he had declared himself head of the Norwegian Government

Dimissed by Hitler after he had declared himself head of the Norwegian Government

Leads 24th Guards Brigade as Allied troops land near Narvik.

Supports the Allied expedition being assembled around Harstad.

Commands British land forces sent to invest Narvik.

Mackesy leads the British force sent to invest Narvik after German troops seize the port.

Fraser's 24th Guards Brigade forms part of Rupertforce during the Allied build-up around Narvik.

Penaranda begins his constitutional presidency.

The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece

The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece

The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Gring to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece

The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece

The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece

The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Gring to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece. The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece

The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece

The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece

Measurements of reactor-produced plutonium show a spontaneous-fission rate far above expectations because of plutonium-240 contamination, threatening the gun method.

Hodges is promoted to general making him only the second man, behind Walter Krueger, to rise to full General from enlisted private

Hodges is promoted to general making him only the second man, behind Walter Krueger, to rise to full General from enlisted private

The Allies liberate Bergen-Belsen

The Allies liberate Bergen-Belsen

Ordered to bring his forces to halt, might have reached Berlin before the Soviets

Plastiras forms a coalition government after an inconclusive election.

Japan becomes self-governing after a Treaty marking the end of WW II in the Pacific

Paz Estenssoro begins his first presidency after the National Revolution.

The National Party majority in the House of Assembly increases from 13 to 29. The National Party increases its seats in the House of Assembly from 86 to 94. The election is dominated by the political rights of Coloureds

Austria makes an agreement with Russia to remain neutral, Russian troops will withdraw

Austria makes an agreement with Russia to remain neutral, Russian troops will withdraw

Resigns due to ill health, evidence of bone metastasis after developing colon cancer

Resigns due to ill health, evidence of bone metastasis after developing colon cancer

Goodwin supports exile B-26 crews during the opening air operation.

Stevenson discovers that intelligence officials supplied him with inaccurate information.

Herrera leads exile bombers during the pre-invasion attacks on Cuban airfields.

Volunteers as an Alabama Air National Guard aircrew member supporting the exile air force.

Volunteers as an Alabama Air National Guard pilot supporting Bay of Pigs air operations.

Volunteers as an Alabama Air National Guard aircrew member supporting the Bay of Pigs operation.

Commands a formation of B-26 bombers during the pre-invasion air strike.

Leads a B-26 formation with Alabama Air National Guard advisers during the pre-invasion air strike.

Stevenson later learns that the official account of the air strikes was false.

Stevenson responds after Cuba accuses the United States of directing air attacks.

Roa accuses the United States of responsibility for the air attacks on Cuba.

Stevenson confronts Cuban evidence challenging the defector cover story.

Roa challenges the claim that a Cuban pilot independently attacked government airfields.

On the night of 15/16 April, the Nino Diaz group failed in a second attempted diversionary landing at a fresh location near Baracoa

At about 06:00 Cuban time, eight Douglas B-26B Invader bombers attacked three Cuban airfields in three groups.

They struck San Antonio de los Banos, Ciudad Libertad near Havana, and Antonio Maceo International Airport at Santiago de Cuba.

Stevenson publicly denies that United States forces will intervene in Cuba.

Operation Puma calls for sustained strikes against Cuban aircraft and airfields.

Exile B-26 aircraft attack three Cuban airfields before the main landing.

Diaz leads a second unsuccessful diversionary landing attempt near Baracoa.

Kennedy is informed that strikes hit airfields near Havana and Santiago de Cuba.

Roa formally protests the air attacks before the United Nations.

Stevenson states that United States armed forces will not intervene in Cuba.

Stevenson presents the administration claim that Cuban defectors conducted the attacks.

CIA initiated the Purcell Panel to advise McCone on the future course of the National Reconnaissance Program and advanced technical collection.

Appointed President of Brazil after the 1964 military takeover

The Rolling Stones release Aftermath, their first album of entirely Jagger-Richards songs.

Over 100,000 in New York & over 50,000 in San Francisco demonstrate against the War

Roy Jenkins presents another restrictive Budget with taxation increases of approximately 340 million pounds.

Helps use improvised equipment that adapts command module carbon-dioxide canisters to the lunar module system.

Passes around the Moon with Lovell and Swigert during the emergency return to Earth.

Leads the crew as Apollo 13 swings around the Moon on its emergency return trajectory.

Helps operate Aquarius during the long engine burn that speeds Apollo 13’s return to Earth.

Uses the Sun to verify lunar module guidance alignment when debris makes star sightings difficult.

Britain restores a telephone link with China, cut off in 1949

Gaddafi calls for popular committees, legal revision and ideological mobilisation throughout Libya.

Gaddafi proclaims a Popular Revolution intended to transform administration, law and political participation.

Healey presents a Budget focused on inflation control, public expenditure restraint and industrial recovery.

Healey presents a crisis Budget as inflation rises and unemployment worsens.

Takes part in the military coup

Appointed Head of the Armed Forces

The Budget raises the basic rate of income tax from 33 percent to 35 percent.

Appointed Prime Minister of Chad

Healey uses the Budget to support anti-inflation policy within the Social Contract framework.

Reagan terminates Haig's peace mission, declares US support for Britain, imposes economic sanctions on Argentina, and offers Britain materiel and other aid. British destroyer group takes up holding position in mid-Atlantic

The Haig peace mission arrives in Buenos Aires, 2nd time

South Africa pledges to abolish bans on mixed-race sex

The US uses Britain as a base to launch an 11 minute attack on Gadaffis HQ in Tripoli

The United States attacks Libyan facilities after linking the government to international terrorism.

United States aircraft strike military targets around Benghazi during Operation El Dorado Canyon.

Gaddafi survives United States air strikes on Tripoli during Operation El Dorado Canyon.

Leads Liverpool through the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster.

Symphony Hall opens as the principal home of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.

Conducts repeated rescue missions through militia checkpoints.

India signs the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization framework.

Saves numerous civilians trapped during the genocide.

The government announced Agenda Venezuela, introducing exchange-rate, fiscal, and price reforms supported by international lenders.

His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.

Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.

Is arrested by Israel during the Second Intifada.

US forces take control of Tikrit, the last major outpost in central Iraq, with an attack led by the Marines Task Force Tripoli

US forces take control of Tikrit, the last major outpost in central Iraq, with an attack led by the Marines Task Force Tripoli

US forces take control of Tikrit, the last major outpost in central Iraq, with an attack led by the Marines Task Force Tripoli

Burnham responds to demands for full disclosure at the twentieth-anniversary Hillsborough memorial.

Instant polling after the 1st of 3 Prime Ministerial debates unanimously declared Nick Clegg the winner

Brown participates in Britain's first televised general-election leaders' debate.

Responds to the Notre-Dame Cathedral fire.

Holds parliamentary elections under pandemic safety measures.

Levi announces completion of DESI's planned five-year mapping programme, providing the full survey dataset for stronger tests of whether dark energy evolves.

Birth of Leonardo da Vinci

Birth of William Augustus, 2nd surviving son of George II & Caroline of Ansbach

Birth of James Clark Ross

Benjamin Zephaniah is born in Birmingham and later becomes a prominent performance poet.

Birth of Emma Thompson

Death of Godwin, Harold Godwineson succeeds to the Earldom of Wessex

Death of Godwin of Wessex

Death of Godwin, Harold Godwineson succeeds to the Earldom of Wessex

Death of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick

Dies when Titanic sinks after playing with the ship's musicians during the emergency.

Dies in the sinking after performing with Titanic's musicians during the evacuation.

Dies in the sinking after continuing his duties as a musician during the evacuation.

Dies in the sinking after leading the musicians during the evacuation.

Perishes in the sinking after the young Scottish violinist continues performing during the ship's final evacuation.

Perishes with Titanic after the Belgian violinist remains with the musical ensemble during the emergency.

Dies when Titanic founders after performing with the musicians during the emergency.

Dies in the disaster after playing with Titanic's orchestra during the evacuation.

Dies in the Titanic disaster while returning to the United States from Europe.

Dies during Titanic's sinking after directing the evacuation and distress response.

Dies in the Titanic disaster while travelling home from Europe.

Dies in the Titanic disaster after his wife May reaches a lifeboat.

Dies in the Titanic disaster after helping his pregnant wife reach a lifeboat.

Dies with the ship after remaining below with members of Titanic's engineering department.

Death of Toto Prince

Jean-Paul Sartre dies in Paris, aged seventy-four.

Death of Greta Garbo

Death of Pol Pot while held under house arrest by the Ta Mok faction of the Khmer Rouge

Death of Pol Pot, while held under house arrest by the Ta Mok faction of the Khmer Rouge

Death of Pol Pot

Leads a force which is defeated by the French in Normandy

Occupies Augsburg, Munich & southern Bavaria after the Battle of Lech. Defeats Tilly & Maximilian of Bavaria

Maximilian III Joseph signs a preliminary peace with Austria continued after defeat in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen

The Jacobites are defeated at the Battle of Littleferry

Distinguishes himself at Dego in Italy

Massena fought at Dego as French forces continued separating the Austrian and Piedmontese armies in northern Italy.

Holtermann leads the defence of Hegra Fortress against German attacks in central Norway.

Leads 24th Guards Brigade in the Allied Narvik force.

Commands British land forces sent against Narvik.