July 17 in History

David's marriage to Joan links the Bruce and Plantagenet houses

Joan of the Tower marries David Bruce to seal the peace

David Bruce marries Joan of the Tower under the peace settlement

Mary writes to Babington ploting against Elizabeth I & falls into Walsinghams trap

Negotiations are abandoned

Peace negotiations are abandoned

Arrested for allegedly plotting with Spain to place Arabella Stuart on the throne

Ireton helps shape the Grandees' moderate constitutional programme, drafting the Heads of the Proposals to secure limited monarchy, parliamentary reform and protection for the Army

Lambert works with Ireton and the senior officers on the Heads of the Proposals, giving the Grandees an alternative settlement to both Parliament's Newcastle Propositions and Leveller radicalism

Ireton presents a draft settlement to the General Council of the Army, seeking a constitutional agreement after the First Civil War that would limit monarchy while avoiding the harsher Newcastle Propositions

Lambert helps shape the Army's proposed settlement, working with Ireton on terms intended to reconcile King, Parliament and Army after the defeat of Charles I

Petty takes part in the wider radical pressure around the Army Council, seeking stronger constitutional guarantees than those finally contained in the Heads of the Proposals

Walwyn is connected with the radical civilian circle consulted during the Army's settlement discussions, but the resulting Heads fall short of Leveller demands for popular sovereignty

Wildman is involved among the Army's radical civilian allies as the Heads of the Proposals are debated, but later criticises the plan for reflecting the King's interests too strongly

Aurangzeb receives his second appointment as viceroy of the Deccan, beginning another extended period of provincial command.

Lookouts aboard Bering’s St Peter sighted snow-covered mountains on the North American coast.

Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)

Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)

Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)

Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)

Catherines ascension manifesto justifies her succession by citing the "unanimous election" but many regard her reign as a usurpation, tolerable only during the minority of Grand Duke Paul

Catherines ascension manifesto justifies her succession by citing the "unanimous election" but many regard her reign as a usurpation, tolerable only during the minority of Grand Duke Paul

Catherines ascension manifesto justifies her succession by citing the "unanimous election" but many regard her reign as a usurpation, tolerable only during the minority of Grand Duke Paul. Although not descended from any Russian Emperor, Catherine succeeds her husband and becomes reigning Empress, following an earlier precedent when Catherine I succeeded Peter I in 1725

The Parliament at Besancon demands that the Estates General be convened

Appointed Commander of the National Guard by Louis XVI

Lafayette was appointed Commander of the National Guard by Louis XVI.

Appointed Commander of the National Guard by Louis XVI

The National Guard is commanded by Lafayette. Announces the creation of the National Guard formed from the "citizens militia"

The National Guard is commanded by Lafayette. Announces the creation of the National Guard formed from the "citizens militia".

As mayor of Paris, Bailly formally received Louis XVI at the Hotel de Ville after the fall of the Bastille.

Louis XVI visited Paris after the fall of the Bastille and publicly accepted the authority of the new municipal leadership.

Appears at the Hotel de Ville wearing the Red & Blue of Paris & the Bourbon White

Appears at the Hotel de Ville wearing the Red and Blue of Paris and the Bourbon White.

The Champ de Mars massacre deepens the division between moderate constitutionalists and more radical Jacobins

The Champ de Mars massacre deepens the division between moderate constitutionalists and more radical Jacobins.

The massacre deepens the split between radical Jacobins and moderate constitutionalists

The massacre deepens the split between radical Jacobins and moderate constitutionalists.

Lafayette commanded National Guard forces during the violent suppression of the republican petitioners at the Champ de Mars.

Declared a traitor to the French Republic & guillotined

Spain cedes Folrida to the USA

Spain cedes Folrida to the USA

Brunel arrives with a large workforce during a bitter contractor dispute at Mickleton Tunnel, prompting local magistrates to intervene.

An armistice is declared by the Chinese

Declines to press the siege of the foreign legations.

Limits pressure on the legations despite hardliner demands.

Helps defend the legations and rescue Chinese Christians.

17-30 July, orders full Russian mobilization

Escapes from Austro-Hungarian captivity and returns to Russia.

The Act creates regional banks providing long-term mortgage credit to farmers.

Addresses the wartime leadership of the War Office after Lloyd George becomes Secretary of State for War.

The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so.

The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.

during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers, soldiers, and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held.

The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers

This record states: Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.

This record states: Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.

This record states: Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.

This record states: Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.

Kerensky orders the arrest of Lenin and the other leading Bolsheviks, accusing them of inciting revolt with German financial backing

The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers soldiers

The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.

The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers.

and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held

This record states: Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.

This record states: Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.

This record states: Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.

This record states: Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.

A royal proclamation by George V provides that all agnatic descendants of Queen Victoria would be members of the House of Windsor with the personal surname of Windsor

Orders action against leading Bolsheviks after accusing them of inciting revolt.

Anti-government demonstrations also spread beyond Petrograd to Moscow and other cities.

Bolsheviks try to give the mass movement a more organised and peaceful direction.

Government troops fire on demonstrators and the Soviet supports punitive measures.

The Bolshevik Military Organisation helps organise the armed demonstration.

The Central Committee tries to restrain the developing street movement.

Workers and soldiers march under the slogan All Power to the Soviets.

Bolshevik leaders reverse course and support the mass demonstrations.

Trotsky argues that street protests should remain peaceful and disciplined.

Trotsky supports Central Committee efforts to restrain the movement.

Orders Lenin and other Bolsheviks arrested after the July Days.

The military authorities send troops against the demonstration, leaving more than 700 people killed and wounded & the SRs and Mensheviks support punitive measures against the July Days insurgents. The Mensheviks oppose the demonstrations during the July Days

Appointed Minister without Portfolio

Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision, coming out in support of the street demonstrations

A new provisional Government is set up with Kerensky at its head

Appointed Member of War Cabinet, without portfolio

Accepts Rawlinson's proposal for an offensive against the German salient near Amiens.

Develops plans for a limited surprise attack east of Amiens.

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks

An Ekaterinburg officiak cables Moscow with a message of the execution of Nicholas II

Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in the grounds of Ipatevs house

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks

Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in Ekaterinburg

Nicholas II is executed with his family and attendants by Bolshevik guards in the Ipatiev House.

Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne

The increasing politicalization of militias led to the Heimwehr involvement the July massacre

The increasing politicalization of militias led to the Heimwehr involvement the July massacre

President Obregon is assassinated by Jose de Leon Toral

President Obregon is assassinated by Jose de Leon Toral

Scores the first hat-trick in World Cup history as the United States defeat Paraguay.

General Manuel Romerales, Commanding officer of the East Army, is murdered by rebels

Pamplona, Saragossa, Oviedo, Salamanca, Avila, Segovia & Cadiz are in rebel hands. Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain

Pamplona, Saragossa, Oviedo, Salamanca, Avila, Segovia & Cadiz are in rebel hands. Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain

Siezes control of the Gestapo

A military uprising begins in Moroco, start of the civil war

A military uprising begins in Moroco, start of the civil war

Generals Mola, Franco, Sanurjo & Goded lead a right wing revolt

Generals Mola, Franco, Sanurjo & Goded lead a right wing revolt

The rebels gain control over about one third of Spain. Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain

Delivers the Lushan statement declaring that China has reached the last point at which it can tolerate further Japanese aggression.

Battisti's Cuneense Division receives orders for movement to the Eastern Front as part of the Alpine Corps.

Rommels staff car is attacked by fighter bombers & he is seriously injured

Proposes meeting Stalin and Churchill in Scotland to coordinate the next stage of Allied strategy.

Soviet power in Eastern Europe is recognized. Polands western frontier will follow the Oder-Neisse line. Germany will divided into 4 zones. Churchill, Stalin & Truman agree the map for post war Europe

King Hussein declares himself head of Jordan/Iraqi federation

Senate rejects medicare for the aged

The US performs nuclear tests at the Nevada test site

Great Britain performs nuclear Test at Nevada test Site

Assists in the coup by breaking into the Presidential Palace

Assists in the coup by breaking into the Presidential Palace

Arif surrenders himself to Tikriti & then is exiled to London

Overthrown by a Baathist coup

Arif surrenders himself to Tikriti & then is exiled to London

Masterminds the Baathist siezure of power

Masterminds the Baathist siezure of power

1st day of a coup that brings the Baath Party to power

Breaks into the Presidential Palace & holds a gun to the Presidents head

Breaks into the Presidential Palace & holds a gun to the Presidents head

Helps the Baathist take possession of the Presidential Palace. Arif surrenders himself to Tikriti & then is exiled to London

Helps the Baathist take possession of the Presidential Palace

Arif surrenders himself to Tikriti & then is exiled to London

Beatles animated film "Yellow Submarine" premieres in London

Beatles animated film "Yellow Submarine" premieres in London

Proclaims a republic

Stages a coup while Zahir Shah is out of the country

Forces the King into exile & proclaims a Republic. After the famine of 1972, overthrows King Mohammed Zahir Shah in a Soviet backed coup

Daoud overthrows Zahir Shah while the king is receiving medical treatment in Italy.

Hunt testified before the Watergate grand jury about discussions concerning money, commitments, and sensitive work he had performed for White House officials.

Mohammad Daoud Khan becomes Afghanistan's first president after overthrowing the monarchy.

Daoud's republican coup removes Shafiq and dissolves the royal government.

Daoud proclaims the Republic of Afghanistan and assumes executive authority.

The Northern Ireland Bill gets Royal assent providing direct rule from Westminster

John Lennon is ordered to leave the US in 60 days

Attends talks with Wilson & Callaghan in London. Asks Britain to invade Cyprus & protect the Turkisk population but is refused support

Ecevit asks Britain to support the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, no support is given

The Northern Ireland Bill gets Royal consent & for direct rule from Westminster

France performs nuclear tests at Muruora Island

Ecevit asks Britain to support the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, no support is given

Asks Britain to invade Cyprus & protect the Turkisk population but is refused support

The Northern Ireland Bill gets Royal consent & for Direct Rule from Westminster

Speaks with the Apollo-Soyuz crews after docking.

Joins Leonov during the first international crewed docking.

Docks Soyuz 19 with the American Apollo spacecraft.

Oversees NASA during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Ringo Starr and Maureen Cox divorce

Suharto annexes East Timor

Opens the Montreal Olympic Games.

Suharto annexes East Timor

Becomes president of the Yemen Arab Republic.

Takes power after months of political instability.

Members chose Veil to lead the newly directly elected Parliament, giving a French politician a prominent role in the Community's democratic institutions.

Inaugurated as President of Iraq

Simone Veil was elected the first President of the directly elected European Parliament and the first woman to hold the office.

Sebastian Coe runs world record 3:49 mile in Oslo

Quiroga Santa Cruz is killed during the Garcia Meza coup

Forced to resign after a civel war with the Sandanistas & takes refuge in Miami

Ronald Reagan formally accepts the Republican nomination for President

Garcia Meza seizes power in a violent military coup.

Garcia Meza begins an authoritarian military presidency.

Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term

Israeli bombers destroy PLO/al-Fatah headquarters in Beirut

Israeli bombers destroy PLO/al-Fatah headquarters in Beirut

Humbar Estuary Bridge, worlds longest span, 1.4 km, opens

Pierre Mauroy resigns as Premier of France

Iran and France breaks diplomatic relations

Iran and France breaks diplomatic relations

Dow Jones closes above 2,500 (2,510.04) for 1st time

Florence Griffith Joyner of USA sets 100m womans record (10.49)

1st Test flight of US stealth-bomber

Paul McCartney releases "This One"

Yasser Arafat marries Suha At-Taweel

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev makes a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev makes a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev makes a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London

Namaliu leaves office after the 1992 national election

Wingti returns as Prime Minister after the national election

Parliament adopts the declaration of Slovak sovereignty.

Lifts the trophy after converting a penalty in the shootout.

Helps defeat Italy as Brazil regain the world championship.

Remaining government forces retreat into Zaire.

Wins his first world championship medal with Brazil.

Enters the World Cup final after Jorginho's injury.

RPF forces capture Gisenyi near the Zaire border.

Shares the scoring lead with Oleg Salenko after netting six times for Bulgaria.

Provides the goalkeeping foundation for Brazil's fourth championship.

Leads Brazil's attack during its fourth World Cup victory.

Captains Brazil during the World Cup final against Italy.

Converts Brazil's second penalty during the final shootout.

Sends Italy's final shootout penalty over the crossbar as Brazil win the World Cup.

Saves Daniele Massaro's penalty during the World Cup final shootout.

Wins the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament.

Forbes Mag announces Bill Gates is the richest man in world ($12.9B)

Russia buries Tsar Nicholas II and family, 80 years after they died

Russia buries Tsar Nicholas II and family, 80 years after they died

The Tosovsky Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.

Begins the Zeman Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.

Scores a free kick as Argentina defeat Peru 1-0 in the Copa America quarter-final.

Hezbollah responds with several hundred rocket attacks on Haifa, Tiberias, Safed and other towns deep in northern Israel, killing 13 civilians

Hezbollah responds with several hundred rocket attacks on Haifa, Tiberias, Safed and other towns deep in northern Israel, killing 13 civilians

Hezbollah responds with several hundred rocket attacks on Haifa, Tiberias, Safed and other towns deep in northern Israel, killing 13 civilians

Hezbollah responds with several hundred rocket attacks on Haifa, Tiberias, Safed and other towns deep in northern Israel, killing 13 civilians

Release Wire and Glass before Endless Wire.

The Marriage Act receives royal assent, legalising same-sex marriage in England and Wales.

Is presented as a Real Madrid player after arriving from Bayern Munich.

New Horizons data show Pluto's nitrogen-rich atmosphere extending to roughly 1,600 kilometres above the surface.

Images reveal a vast craterless plain in Pluto's heart-shaped region, indicating surprisingly young terrain.

The newly revealed icy plain in Pluto's heart is informally named Sputnik Planum, later standardized as Sputnik Planitia.

A team led by Sheppard announces twelve newly identified moons of Jupiter, including unusual Valetudo.

Withdraws Russia from the Black Sea Grain Initiative

Russia withdraws from the Black Sea grain deal.

Starmer's Government presents its initial legislative programme at the State Opening of Parliament.

Burnham is elected Leader of the Labour Party at a special conference.

Starmer's tenure as Labour leader ends after more than six years.

Birth of Julius Schreck

Birth of Kenan Evren

Birth of Wolfgang Flur, later Kraftwerk electronic percussionist during the classic period.

Birth of Geezer Butler, later Black Sabbath bassist and lyricist.

Birth of Terence Michael Butler, later Black Sabbath bassist, lyricist and founding member.

Birth of Angela Dorothea Merkel

4 Billion tv-viewers watch Mandelas 70th Birthday Tribute

Edward the Elder died, opening a disputed succession between Athelstan and his half-brother Aelfweard.

Edward the Elder dies and is succeeded by Athelstan as King of Wessex

Death of Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer

Death of Anne of Cleaves

Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)

Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)

Declared a traitor to the French Republic & guillotined

Death of Charles Grey

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks

Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in Ekaterinburg

Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in the grounds of Ipatevs house

Death of Alvaro Obregon, assassinated before taking office

Death of Jose de Leon Toral

Death of Walter Leland Cronkite

Death of civil rights leader and congressman John Lewis.

Moslem power in Spain collapses after defeat in battle under Caliph Mohammed. Defeats the Almohades, breaks their power in Spain

Helps defeat the Moors

Helps defeat the Almohads

Russian troops under command of Boris Sheremetev attemptto invade Moldova with the aid of Moldovan ruler Dimitrie Cantemir but are defeated by Grand Vizier Baltacþ Mehmet Pasa, in at Stanilesti

Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne

Charles VII is crowned at Reims Cathedral, Joan is at his side, holding her banner

Returns to Chinon in accordance to her vision then leads the Dauphin to Reims. Joan of Arc dictates a letter to the Duke of Burgundy asking him to establish "a firm, lasting peace" with Charles & the Armagnacs. Charles VII is crowned at Reims Cathedral, Joan is at his side, holding her banner