September 9 in History

Constantius II & his 2 brothers are acclaimed as Augusti

Sweyn defeats Olaf Tryggvason to become the de facto ruler of Norway

William's death separates Normandy from the English crown, with different sons positioned to inherit the two realms.

The Duchy of Normandy is left to Robert & England is left to William Rufus

William's death ends a reign that transformed English landholding, aristocracy, government and military organization.

Williams sons Robert, William & Henry outlive him

Succeeds as King of England

The Duchy of Normandy is left to Robert & England is left to William Rufus

Appoints Edward of Woodstock as lieutenant in Gascony

Edward the Black Prince is appointed Lieutenant in Gascony, he departs for Gascony to take up duties

Edward the Black Prince is appointed Lieutenant in Gascony, he departs for Gascony to take up duties

Edward the Black Prince is appointed Lieutenant in Gascony, he departs for Gascony to take up duties

Mary, Queen of Scots, is crowned at Stirling as Scottish leaders seek to protect her from English pressure.

Beza presents Calvinist arguments at the Colloquy of Poissy

Religious conference is held under the authority of young Charles IX

Cardinal of Lorraine represents Catholic interests in debate with Protestants

Catherine opens talks seeking reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants

The last Turkish galley leaves Malta

The last Turkish galley leaves Malta

The Dutch capture the New Spain silver fleet off Matanzas, Cuba

The Suffolk Resolves proclaim the Coercive Acts to be unconstitutional and void and officials charged with the enforcement of these illegal acts are called upon to resign

The Suffolk Resolves urge Massachusetts to establish a separate free state until the Coercive Acts were repealed

The Suffolk Resolves announce that subjects no longer owe loyalty to a King who violates their rights

Paul Revere carries a copy to the Suffolk Resolves to the Continental Congress, which is in session in Philadelphia

The Suffolk Resolves urge Massachusetts to establish a separate free state until the Coercive Acts were repealed

Representatives from Boston and Suffolk County towns respond to the Coercive Acts, Warren captures the mood of his fellow delegates in a series of resolutions.

The Suffolk Resolves announce that subjects no longer owe loyalty to a King who violates their rights.

The Suffolk Resolves are passed by a unanimous vote of the Suffolk County towns.

The Suffolk Resolves proclaim the Coercive Acts to be unconstitutional and void and officials charged with the enforcement of these illegal acts are called upon to resign.

Assumes executive authority after Manuel Blanco Encalada resigns from the presidency.

Reforms English Borough Government to reflect the shift of population into the cities

Establishes elected local Councils

Meets Frederick William & offers joint administration of the German Confederation

Withdraws Russian forces to the north side of Sevastopol.

Continues defensive work before Russia abandons the south side.

Receives news of the fall of southern Sevastopol.

Linares overthrows Cordova and establishes a centralising government.

Drafts the International's second address after the fall of Napoleon III and proclamation of the French Republic.

Leads an army demonstration demanding dismissal of the cabinet and constitutional government.

The victory clears the way for the advance toward Tel el-Kebir.

Accepts the agreement incorporating Rapa Nui under Chilean sovereignty.

Discovers Amalthea, the fifth known moon of Jupiter and the last satellite found visually.

Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the House of Lords

Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the House of Lords

Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the House of Lords

Found guilty for a 2nd time, the court martial is commuted to 10 yrs imprisonment

Reveals to his crew that the Fram expedition is bound for Antarctica and not the Arctic Ocean

The French 5th & the BEF move between Bulow & von Kluck forcing Bulows retreat

Addresses provision for disabled servicemen and for the widows and dependants of men killed in service.

The First Army retreats but loses 100,000

The invasion of Prussia fails with the loss of 250,000

Haig orders pressure maintained after British troops capture Ginchy during the Somme offensive.

Bolsheviks win major influence in the Petrograd Soviet.

Kamenev supports increasing Bolshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.

Kerensky denounces Kornilov's advance toward Petrograd as a military revolt.

Kerensky dismisses Kornilov and assumes emergency authority during the crisis.

Becomes President of Dail Eireann as the provisional and Dail administrations are brought together.

Leads Paraguay as war begins against Bolivia over the Chaco Boreal.

The statute of autonomy becomes law & the Catalan Government is restored

A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it

A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it

A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it

Italy & Germany refuse to attend the conference, Eden promises to keep them informed

Nine powers agree Britain & France will patrol Mediterranean trade. Eastern countries will patrol their own shores. Britain will provide 60 destroyers in the Meditteranean

The 1st units of the BEF embark for France under Lord Gort

The 1st units of the BEF embark for France under Lord Gort

The 4th Panzer Div launches the 1st attack on Warsaw

The 4th Panzer Div launches the 1st attack on Warsaw

Launches a short lived counter-attack along the River Bzura

The 4th Panzer Div launches the 1st attack on Warsaw

The 4th Panzer Div launches the 1st attack on Warsaw

A bomb falls on the garden of Buckingham Palace

Predieri assumes command of the Brescia Division on the El Alamein front.

Leads the royal government as Allied forces land at Salerno during the opening of the mainland Italian campaign.

Units of the 5th Army land on the Italian mainland at Salerno

The 5th US Army lands in the Gulf of Salerno as part of an operation to capture Naples

Tries to resist the US landings at Salerno

Commands forces involved in the confused defence of Rome as German units move against the capital after the armistice.

Takes the main Italian fleet to sea after receiving orders connected with the armistice.

Assumes senior command responsibilities after the loss of Admiral Bergamini and the battleship Roma.

Leaves Rome with the King and senior officials as German forces move to seize the capital.

Leaves Rome with Badoglio and reaches Allied-controlled southern Italy as German forces occupy the capital.

Comes under German air attack while leading Italian capital ships away from their bases.

Faces German attacks on the capital while commanding the motorized corps responsible for Rome's defence.

Leads the main Italian battle fleet from La Spezia after the armistice orders are received.

Leaves the capital with Badoglio and senior military officials as German forces threaten the royal government.

Dies when the battleship Roma is sunk by German guided bombs while the Italian fleet sails toward Allied control.

Chinese troops move down to the 16th parallel, as agreed with the Allies

Nationalist China formally receives the surrender of Japanese forces in the China theater at Nanjing.

Chinese representatives formally receive Japan's capitulation, ending Japanese military authority in China.

Formally accepts the surrender of Japan

Proclaims the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.

Becomes first head of state under the new constitution.

Measures are passed in the House of Commons for more British participation in the war

Promulgates a land reform law limiting individual agricultural holdings.

Implements land reform limiting large estates and redistributing agricultural land.

Libya concludes an agreement governing continued United States use of Wheelus Air Base.

Menzies leaves Cairo without agreement after Nasser rejects international control of the canal.

Dulles develops the Suez Canal Users Association proposal as a non-military alternative to confrontation.

Nasser rejects the five-nation committee's proposal for international management of the canal.

Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first federal civil-rights law enacted since Reconstruction.

FBI records show DeBruey contacted a confidential Cuban source while the New Orleans office continued investigating Fair Play for Cuba Committee activity.

Signs the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act to establish federal automobile safety standards.

At the 14th KSC Party Congress (conducted secretly, immediately following the intervention), it was emphasised that no member of the leadership had invited Russian intervention

Implements nine-year compulsory education, extending the previous six-year system and broadening access to secondary schooling.

At the 14th KSC Party Congress (conducted secretly, immediately following the intervention), it was emphasised that no member of the leadership had invited Russian intervention

The American Ambassador in Brazil is kidnapped & exchanged for 15 Brazilian terrorists

Makes English and French official languages of federal institutions.

The White House plumber's unit named for their orders to plug leaks in the administration burglarizes a psychiatrist's office to find files on Daniel Ellsberg, the former defense analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers

The White House plumbers unit named for their orders to plug leaks in the administration burglarizes a psychiatrist's office to find files on Daniel Ellsberg, the former defense analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers

Israeli planes bomb Palestinian targets in Syria and Lebanon

Israeli planes bomb Palestinian targets in Syria and Lebanon

Israeli planes bomb Palestinian targets in Syria and Lebanon

Releases album, "Exttra Texture" in the UK

Allowed to visit Phnom Penh after five years in exile

Leaves the Home Office before taking up the European Commission presidency.

Hua Guofeng becomes Mao's chosen successor during the final crisis of the Cultural Revolution

Kidnapped in Cologne with 3 of his bodyguards killed by Baader-Meinhof

ibn Shaker participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

Beaten to death by rebel troops

Releases Ragged Glory with Crazy Horse, renewing his reputation for loud electric guitar rock.

Works with the PLO leadership as mutual recognition letters and the Declaration of Principles prepare the way for interim self-government.

PLO leaders and Israel agree to recognize each other, clearing the way for a peace accord

PLO leaders and Israel agree to recognize each other, clearing the way for a peace accord

African leaders adopt the Sirte Declaration proposing creation of the African Union.

The assassination removes the leading military commander of the anti-Taliban Islamic State.

Al-Qaeda suicide attackers posing as journalists assassinate Ahmad Shah Massoud.

Hurricane Ike roared south of Havana, Cuba, after tearing across the island nation, ravaging homes, killing at least four people and forcing 1.2 million to evacuate

Hurricane Ike roared south of Havana, Cuba, after tearing across the island nation, ravaging homes, killing at least four people and forcing 1.2 million to evacuate

Russia said it will station 7,600 troops in South Ossetia and in Abkhazia, announcing an imposing long-term presence less than a day after agreeing to pull forces back from areas surrounding the provinces

Asif Ali Zardari begins his first presidential term.

Russia said it will station 7,600 troops in South Ossetia and in Abkhazia, announcing an imposing long-term presence less than a day after agreeing to pull forces back from areas surrounding the provinces

Russia said it will station 7,600 troops in South Ossetia and in Abkhazia, announcing an imposing long-term presence less than a day after agreeing to pull forces back from areas surrounding the provinces

Mamnoon Hussain becomes President of Pakistan.

North Korea conducts its fifth nuclear test.

North Korea conducts its fifth announced nuclear test explosion.

Arif Alvi begins his presidential term.

Sponsors legislation requiring an extension request to avoid no deal.

The European Union Withdrawal No 2 Act receives royal assent.

Scores her 100th Arsenal goal during a Women's Champions League victory over Slavia Prague.

Announces vaccine requirements for federal workers.

Releases XXV, reworking major songs with orchestral arrangements to mark twenty-five years solo.

India hosts the G20 leaders' summit in New Delhi during its presidency of the group.

Is appointed prime minister after Bayrou's resignation.

Birth of Otis Reading

Death of Euilogio Cantillo

Death of William I the Conqueror

Death of Mao Tse-Tung, age 82

Mao Zedong dies, leaving the Cultural Revolution radicals vulnerable

Death of Mao Zedong

Taleghani dies in Tehran, removing a prominent revolutionary cleric with broad popular appeal

Death of Samuel Doe

Massoud dies from injuries caused by a bomb hidden in a television camera.

Sweyn I Forkbeard of Denmark defeats Olaf Tryggvason to become ruler of Norway. Outside Helsingborg & a final ambush at Svolder. Death of Olaf Tryggvason, killed at the Battle of Svolder

Sweyn I Forkbeard of Denmark defeats Olaf Tryggvason to become ruler of Norway. Outside Helsingborg & a final ambush at Svolder

Commands the Cheshire Levies

Commands the Lancashire Levies

Commands men from the Bishopric of Durham

Commands the Lancashire Levies

Commands the Campbell followers & Highlanders

Carries the standard of St Andrew

The only person who can identify the body of James IV. Scots standard bearer at the Battle of Flodden

Despatch by Earl Surrey to inform Henry VIII of the English victory over the Scots

The Scottish king is killed & 1/3 of Scotlands Army destroyed. Peace descends on the northern border for most of Henry VIIIs reign. After Flodden Henry receives the boostained surcoat of the dead James IV

James V succeeeds to the Scots throne & peace is restored

Helps his father, the 1st Earl of Surrey, defeat the Scots. Commands the right of the English Army at the victory over the Scots. Commands a division of Cheshire men

Leads the vanguard of the English during their victory against the Scots

Helps win victory at the Battle of Flodden. Helps defeat the Scots. Defeats the Scots who lose 10,000 dead

Provides naval support to his father in defeating the Scots at Flodden

Rewarded by the restoration of the Norfolk Dukedom

The Earl of Surrey defeats the Scots, James IV, 11 Earls & 10,000 Scots are slain. Leads the Scots 3rd Division, men from Stirling, Linlithgow & the Lothians. Accepts the Earl of Surreys offer to do battle

Commands about 500 citizens from York

Commands the Abbot of Whitbys servants

Commands about 3,000 archers & billmen

Commands a party of bowmen & billmen

Commands the Bishop of Elys men

Chaplain at the Battle of Flodden

The British leave the sea near Chesapeake to the French & Graves returns to New York

The British leave the sea near Chesapeake to the French & Graves returns to New York

British forces defeat another Egyptian attack at Kassassin.

The French 5th & the BEF move between Bulow & von Kluck forcing Bulows retreat. Kluck & Bulow retreat when the British begin to cross the Marne. Forced back by Joffre, leads to the collapse of the Schlieffen Plan

Counter-attacks against von Bulow & forces him to retire, the German advance is halted

Kluck & Bulow retreat when the British begin to cross the Marne

Orders a retreat of 65 km to the River Aisne. Establishes a new line of defence & ends hope of a short war

Leads the XVIII Corps

The invasion of Prussia fails with the loss of 250,000. The First Army retreats but loses 100,000. Rennenkampf personally retreats across the Russian border. Rennenkampf orders a general retreat

Marzana commands Bolivian defenders during the siege of Boqueron

Adds two victories while No. 303 Squadron defends southern England.

Claims a Bf 109 and a He 111 destroyed.

Crowned King of Scotland in Stirling, age 1

Is crowned Queen of Scots at Stirling Castle.

Receives the Scottish crown at about nine months old.