October 20 in History

Claims the German crown against Frederick III.

Receives rival support from electors against Frederick III.

Keeps his mother, Isabella, imprisoned in Norfolk for the rest of her life

Edward III arrests his mother & keeps her at Castle Rising for the rest of her life

Edward III arrests his mother & keeps her at Castle Rising for the rest of her life

Takes the Government into his own hands & sends out writs summoning a new Parliament

Succeeds as King of England. Assumes personal rule & keeps his mother, Isabella, imprisoned in Norfolk

Serves with Prince Frederick Henry of Orange, in George Moncks company

Opens a Parliament

Opens a Parliament

Aligns with Sweden through the Union of Kedainiai

Accepts Lithuania's submission under the Union of Kedainiai

Lithuanian magnates break with Poland and accept Swedish protection

Lithuanian magnates accept Swedish protection and break the Union of Lublin

Bennet is appointed Secretary of State during Charles II's Restoration government.

Bennet becomes Secretary of State and rises within the Restoration administration.

Mons capitulates after the Allied siege following Malplaquet.

Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire

Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III. Maria Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire

Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire

Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III

Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III. Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire

Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III

Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III. Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire

Captures Madras on behalf of the French

Captures Lyon from the Royalists

Appointed Commander of the Army of the Interior, for saving the Tuileries Palace

Appointed Commander of the Army of the Interior

Attempts to regain Cadiz before Nelson forces battle.

Attends the Congress of Troppau as the eastern monarchies debate intervention against revolutionary governments.

The Governments of all three powers were under intense pressure from their public opinion to help the Greeks, especially after the invasion of the Peloponnese in 1825 by Ottoman vassal Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt and the atrocities committed by his forces

Turkish defeat at Navarino leads to Greek independence

Turkish defeat at Navarino leads to Greek independence

Loses much of the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino after rejecting the Allied diplomatic settlement.

Receives news of the Allied naval victory at Navarino while his government continues the policy created by Canning.

Commands the British contingent of the Allied fleet enforcing pressure for an armistice after Ottoman rejection of mediation.

Commands the Russian squadron operating with the British and French fleets at Navarino.

Commands the French naval contingent cooperating with Britain and Russia in support of the London settlement.

Begins the Albert Goblet d'Alviella Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.

Created Baron Raglan

Concludes peace with Peru through the Treaty of Ancon.

Hosts provincial leaders to discuss provincial autonomy.

Fisher becomes First Sea Lord and professional head of the Royal Navy.

Montes signs the treaty formally settling the War of the Pacific with Chile.

Signs the treaty formally ending the state of war with Bolivia.

Works with Bolshevik revolutionary structures linked to the Soviet.

Attends the first meeting of the committee.

Supports Bolshevik work inside the Petrograd Soviet before the uprising.

Stalin participates in Bolshevik organisation connected with the Petrograd Soviet.

Kamenev & Zinoviev resign from the Central Committee. An injunction is issued against Kamenev reventing further pronouncements

Takes part in the first meeting of the Petrograd Soviet's Military Revolutionary Committee.

Accepts a partition settlement in Upper Silesia.

Germany loses part of Upper Silesia after League arbitration.

General Otto von Lossow in Bavaria is relieved of command by Berlin; he refuses

General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover

General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover

General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover.

Recommends an end to Jewish immigration into Palestine in the Passfield White Paper

Recommends an end to Jewish immigration into Palestine in the Passfield White Paper

Recommends an end to Jewish immigration into Palestine in the Passfield White Paper

Appointed acting President of Ecuador

Czechoslovakia, complying with Nazi policy, outlaws the Communist Party and begins persecuting Jews

Czechoslovakia, complying with Nazi policy, outlaws the Communist Party and begins persecuting Jews

The HQ for the 1st US Army opens in England

Operation Rankin could win the war ahead of Operation Overlord

Operation Rankin could win the war ahead of Operation Overlord

Vatutins attacks from the Burkin bridgehead are repulsed

Allied agreement to set up United Nations Commission on War Crimes

Allied agreement to set up United Nations Commission on War Crimes

Appointed Viceroy of India, officially installed

Krueger commands the Sixth Army as American ground forces land on Leyte and begin the campaign to retake the central Philippines.

MacArthur lands on Leyte after the initial assault and publicly marks the return of Allied forces to the Philippines.

Kusaka recommends detaching part of Kurita's force to approach Leyte Gulf through Surigao Strait.

Deposed by Lao Issara nationalists after refusing to endorse their full program

Pyongyang is captured by the ROK & US 187th Regimental Combat Team. Captures Pyongyang for the UN

On the same day as the Emergency is declared, troops and police arrest nearly 100 leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta, in an operation named Jock Scott

On the same day as the Emergency is declared, troops and police arrest nearly 100 leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta, in an operation named Jock Scott

On the same day as the Emergency is declared, troops and police arrest nearly 100 leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta, in an operation named Jock Scott

Appointed Chancellor

His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.

Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.

Bundy helped organize the decision process that produced Kennedy's choice of a naval quarantine.

Kennedy returned to Washington and presided over a National Security Council meeting on the response.

The White House announced that Kennedy had a cold as he cancelled remaining campaign appearances.

Kennedy selected a naval quarantine as the initial response while retaining stronger military options.

Robert Kennedy supported the quarantine option as a measured response that preserved room for further diplomatic pressure.

McNamara organized the naval interception plan and continued preparations for air strikes and invasion.

McNamara briefed Kennedy on naval interception procedures and the military preparations supporting the proposed quarantine.

Rusk supported the quarantine decision while the State Department prepared allied consultations and diplomatic notifications.

Sorensen helped draft language explaining the quarantine and the administration's demand for removal of Soviet offensive weapons.

Taylor supervised continued planning for air strikes and invasion after Kennedy selected the quarantine as the first step.

20th October-21st November, a border war between India & China

Major Dhan Singh Thapa commands an isolated Ladakh post that resists repeated Chinese attacks before being overrun.

Chinese forces launch major attacks on Indian positions on 20 October 1962, opening the principal phase of the border war.

Talks begin between Russia & China at Beijing to resolve border disputes

Participates in Soviet consultations with Henry Kissinger on a ceasefire.

Disagrees with Sadat and Ismail Ali over the response to the Israeli crossing west of the canal.

As acting attorney general, carries out Nixon's order and dismisses Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox after two senior Justice Department officials refuse.

Flies to Moscow for ceasefire talks with Soviet leaders.

Is dismissed as Watergate special prosecutor by Acting Attorney General Robert Bork after refusing Nixon's proposed compromise over the White House tapes.

After Richardson and Ruckelshaus refuse to dismiss Archibald Cox, directs Solicitor General Robert Bork to remove the special prosecutor.

Refuses to dismiss Archibald Cox after Richardson's resignation and leaves the Justice Department rather than execute Nixon's order.

Resigns as attorney general rather than carry out Nixon's order to dismiss Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox.

Calls for a Government of national unity on television

Releases the concert film The Song Remains the Same.

Suicide, after failure of the Schleyer kidnapping & Mogadisu rescue attempt. Death of Andreas Baader, suicide in gaol

Death of Gudrun Esslin, commits suicide in Stammheim jail

The Leo Tindemans Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Begins the Second Vanden Boeynants Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Smash It Up enters the Official Singles Chart during the successful Machine Gun Etiquette period.

The East Caribbean Heads of Government as the US to restore order in Grenada

Urban workers pay & bonuses will be linked to job performance

The Federal Reserve pledges liquidity after the largest one-day percentage stock-market fall.

Drafts Britains opposition to sanctions against South Africa

Mugabe hosts the Commonwealth summit that adopts the Harare Declaration.

Commonwealth leaders adopt the Harare Declaration during a summit hosted by Zimbabwe.

Comes first in the second ballot of Conservative MPs during the leadership contest.

In the second ballot Cameron comes first with 90 votes; David Davis was second, with 57, and Liam Fox is eliminated with 51 votes

In the second ballot Cameron comes first with 90 votes; David Davis was second, with 57, and Liam Fox is eliminated with 51 votes

Creates the Allegiance Council to formalize future royal succession.

Later chairs the royal body established to manage succession decisions.

Gives evidence to the Speaker's Conference as Conservative leader on parliamentary representation.

Announces the coalition spending review and programme of austerity.

Wins the Witney by-election for the Conservatives after Cameron's resignation.

BepiColombo launches on an Ariane 5 to begin a multi-year journey toward Mercury.

Places the proposed Crimea Platform on the international agenda as a mechanism for deoccupation diplomacy.

Burnham challenges the Government's financial offer during negotiations over stricter coronavirus restrictions.

Requests security funding for Ukraine and Israel.

The Government publishes reforms covering technical education, higher education and workforce skills.

Claude of Lorraine is born and later founds the ducal House of Guise

Birth of Henry John Temple

Marina continued living with Paine through the birth of her second daughter on October 20 and remained there afterward.

Death of Charles VI

Death of Charles VI, the last male Habsburg

Death of Herbert Hoover

Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe are found dead in their cells, having died from gunshot wounds, while Gudrun Ensslin is found hanging from a noose made from speaker wire

Death of Andreas Baader, suicide in gaol

Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe are found dead in their cells, having died from gunshot wounds, while Gudrun Ensslin is found hanging from a noose made from speaker wire

Death of Gudrun Esslin, commits suicide in Stammheim jail

Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe are found dead in their cells, having died from gunshot wounds, while Gudrun Ensslin is found hanging from a noose made from speaker wire

Gaddafi is captured and killed as transitional forces take his final stronghold.

Death of Muammar Gaddafi

Destroys the rear of Williams Army forcing him back to Germany

Fights at the Battle of Navarino

The naval Battle happens more by accident than by design as a result of a manoeuvre by the Allied Commander in Chief Admiral Codrington aimed at coercing Ibrahim to obey Allied instructions. Destroys the Turkish and Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Navarino while in command of a combined British, French and Russian fleet. A fleet seeks out Turkish & Egyptian fleets sinking 50 & destroying the Turkish fleet

Leads the combined Allied fleet at Navarino after Ottoman-Egyptian forces refuse to comply with Allied demands.

Leads the Allied fleet in the battle that destroys the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet and transforms the diplomatic balance over Greece.

Heyden commands the Russian squadron at Navarino

After the Ottoman government rejects Allied mediation, the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet is destroyed at Navarino by British, French and Russian squadrons.

The Governments of all three powers were under intense pressure from their public opinion to help the Greeks.

The naval Battle happens more by accident than by design as a result of a manoeuvre by the Allied Commander in Chief Admiral Codrington aimed at coercing Ibrahim to obey Allied instructions.

especially after the invasion of the Peloponnese in 1825 by Ottoman vassal Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt and the atrocities committed by his forces.

Loses much of the Egyptian fleet when Allied warships destroy the Ottoman-Egyptian force at Navarino.

De Rigny commands the French squadron at Navarino

Commands the French squadron in the Allied fleet that destroys the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino.

Commands French warships in the Allied victory that follows efforts to enforce the London mediation.

Commands Boer forces at Talana Hill.

Symons leads the British attack at Talana Hill and is mortally wounded during the fighting.

Forced back by a Boer force led by Transvaal General Joubert

British forces win tactically but withdraw toward Ladysmith.

Botha defeats a British force

Rawlinson helps hold the line during First Ypres.

The Allies reach the Dutch border

Brigadier John Dalvi commands 7 Infantry Brigade during the Chinese assault on Indian positions along the Namka Chu.

Crowned King of Great Britain