October 29 in History

Appointed Regent for Henry III

Excommunicated by the Pope Gregory IX

Frederick II is excommunicated by the Pope Gregory IX

Conradin was executed in Naples, ending the legitimate male Hohenstaufen line.

The English surrender Rouen castle

The English surrender Rouen castle

Charles enters Oxford and develops the city as the principal Royalist headquarters.

Charles enters Oxford and develops the city as the principal Royalist headquarters.

Charles enters Oxford and begins establishing the city as his wartime headquarters.

Charles enters Oxford and begins establishing the city as his wartime headquarters.

Charles prepares the Royalist army to advance from Oxford toward London.

Charles prepares the Royalist army to advance from Oxford toward London.

Charles gathers recruits and cavalry support before marching toward the Midlands.

Charles gathers recruits and cavalry support before marching toward the Midlands.

Ireton opposes the Agitators' demand for a broad male franchise, warning that giving political power to men without property could endanger civil order and property rights

Petty supports the Agitators' case for a wider franchise, arguing that political voice should rest on birthright rather than property alone

Rainsborough supports the Agitators' radical position by arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey

Cromwell seeks to manage the dispute over the Agreement of the People, allowing the radicals to speak while trying to preserve Army unity and prevent a break with constitutional order

Ireton opposes the Agreement of the People's broad franchise, warning that political power without a fixed interest in the kingdom could threaten property and civil order

Rainsborough defends the broad franchise implied by the Agreement of the People, arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey

Rainsborough argues before the Army Council that political consent should not be limited to property holders, making the franchise dispute central to the Army's constitutional debate

Ireton becomes the leading spokesman for the Grandees at Putney, opposing universal or near-universal male suffrage and arguing that political power should rest with those who have a fixed interest in the kingdom

Rich supports the Grandees' concern that a broad franchise might allow men without property to vote against property, reinforcing the officer case against the Leveller Agreement

Ireton defends the Heads of the Proposals during the Army debates at Putney, presenting them as a lawful and balanced alternative to the Leveller Agreement of the People

Rainsborough challenges the moderate settlement represented by the Heads of the Proposals, arguing that the Army should secure broader political rights rather than settle mainly with King and Parliament

Ireton opposes the Leveller demand for a broad franchise, warning that political power without a fixed interest in the kingdom could threaten property and civil order

Petty argues for a broad male franchise during the Putney Debates, supporting the Leveller claim that political voice should rest on birthright rather than property alone

Rainsborough becomes the leading senior officer sympathetic to the Levellers, arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey

Captain Bishop says the Council has met to seek a way to preserve the kingdom from destruction, showing the debates' purpose as both military and constitutional

John Clarke speaks after prayer, framing the debates as a search for divine guidance before the Council continues its political deliberations

Cowling contributes to the religious and political discussion, reflecting the belief that the Army's constitutional choices should follow providential guidance

Ireton opposes the Leveller demand for a broad male franchise, arguing that political power should rest with those who have a fixed interest in the kingdom

Ireton replies that voting rights should belong to those with a permanent fixed interest in the kingdom, because otherwise property and civil order might be endangered

Peter intervenes during the franchise dispute, suggesting that a smaller group might work toward compromise after prolonged argument

Petty states that all inhabitants who have not lost their birthright should have an equal voice in elections, putting the radical franchise case plainly before the Council

Rainsborough argues at the Putney Debates that political rights should not be limited to men of property

Rainsborough argues that even the poorest man in England has a life to live and should not be bound by a government to which he has not consented

William Rainsborough supports a broader franchise by arguing that government must preserve persons as well as estates

William Rainsborough urges the Council to examine the rights and freedoms of the people before settling lesser questions of Army discipline and negotiation

Rich warns that giving equal voting power to masters and servants might allow men without property to choose representatives hostile to property

Saltmarsh's writing is requested for reading to the General Council, reflecting the religious language and providential arguments surrounding the Putney proceedings

Sexby speaks for rank-and-file soldiers pressing for a broader political settlement.

Wildman criticises the Heads of the Proposals, arguing that restoring the King's personal rights before securing the people's liberties would betray the Army's cause

A Dutch-English fleet relieves the Swedish siege of Copenhagen

The Edict of Potsdam gives French Huguenots tax-free status for ten years and allows them to hold French-language church services. Issued as a response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by the Edict of Fontainebleau, the Edict of Potsdam gives French Huguenots safe passage to Brandenburg-Prussia

Upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes, Frederick Wilhelm issues the Edict of Potsdam, which encourages Protestants to come to Brandenburg

The Edict of Potsdam gives French Huguenots tax-free status for ten years and allows them to hold French-language church services. Issued as a response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by the Edict of Fontainebleau, the Edict of Potsdam gives French Huguenots safe passage to Brandenburg-Prussia

Returns to the House of Lords after completing his successful expedition to southern Ireland.

The fortified Chartreuse at Liège surrenders, completing the Allied reduction of the position.

The treaty names Ypres among barrier towns intended for Dutch garrisons.

The treaty names Ypres among barrier towns intended for Dutch garrisons.

Writes the libretto for Mozart's Don Giovanni.

Don Giovanni premieres at the Estates Theatre in Prague.

Napoleon states the terms of a proposed alliance with Prussia

Napoleon states the terms of a proposed alliance with Prussia

Napoleon threatens to invade Berlin if Prussia makes an alliance with Russia

Napoleon threatens to invade Berlin if Prussia makes an alliance with Russia

Wetherell's arrival sparks major Reform Bill disorder in Bristol.

Orders Ibrahim Pasha to invade Ottoman Syria after disputes with Sultan Mahmud II.

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term

Sits in the Lords while Gladstone leads the Government in the Commons

Becomes leader of the new party advocating representative government.

Helps found Japan's Liberal Party, the Jiyuto.

Supports the convention guaranteeing freedom of navigation through the Suez Canal in peace and war.

Accepts the Convention of Constantinople governing international use of the Suez Canal.

Accepts the international convention guaranteeing free navigation through the Suez Canal.

An earthquake in Yokohama kills 6,500

Appointed Lieutenant Colonel

Wins the Gordon Bennett international aviation race.

Sets a major British success in competitive flying.

Priestley and his companions find a previously laid food cache, improving the party's prospects during the final stage of their return.

Begins operations against Adrianople.

Accepts Prince Louis of Battenberg's resignation as First Sea Lord amid intense public hostility to his German background.

Krasnov leads Cossack troops supporting Kerensky in an attempt to retake Petrograd from the Bolsheviks.

Asks Diaz for an Armistice

Rebellion breaks out when the military command, without consultation with the Government, orders the German High Seas Fleet to sortie

Suppresses the mutiny of the Kiel Fleet

The crews of two ships in Wilhelmshaven mutiny, when the military arrest about 1,000 seamen and have them transported to Kiel, the Wilhelmshaven mutiny turns into a general rebellion that quickly swept over most of Germany

Co-directs The Golem: How He Came into the World.

Co-directs and stars in The Golem: How He Came into the World.

Makes himself a dictator after the murder of Matteotti

Appointed Prime Minister of Italy by Victor Emmanuel

The "black shirt" army enters Rome without any opposition

The Republic of Turkey is officially recognized. Proclaims the Republic of Turkey with Ankara as its capital. Kemal is made executice President & Turkey has one political party

The Socialist/Communist Government is suppressed in Saxony

The Socialist-Communist government in Saxony is suppressed.

Elected Member of Parliament for Epping, "Constitutional anti-Socialist"

Retains Nelson and Colne for Labour after the fall of the first Labour government.

Elected Member of Parliament for Epping, "Constitutional anti-Socialist"

Share prices collapse amid record selling during the Wall Street crash.

The market loses $14 billion in one day, bringing the loss for the week to $30 billion, ten times more than the annual budget of the federal Government, far more than the U.S. had spent in all of World War I. "Black Tuesday", about 16 million shares are traded, he volume on stocks traded is a record that was not to be broken for nearly 40 years

The market loses $14 billion in one day, bringing the loss for the week to $30 billion, ten times more than the annual budget of the federal Government, far more than the U.S. had spent in all of World War I. The market bottoms out at 41.22 on July 8 1932, concluding a shattering 89% decline from the peak

This record states: "Black Tuesday", about 16 million shares are traded, he volume on stocks traded is a record that was not to be broken for nearly 40 years.

This record states: Had spent in all of World War I.

This record states: The market bottoms out at 41.22 on July 8 1932, concluding a shattering 89% decline from the peak.

This record states: The market loses $14 billion in one day, bringing the loss for the week to $30 billion, ten times more than the annual budget of the federal Government, far more than the U.S.

The Second Udrzal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Begins the First Malypetr Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Lerroux resigns, Zamora refuses to call up Gil Robles & military plotting ensues

Lerroux resigns, Zamora refuses to call up Gil Robles & military plotting ensues

The future of the Sudetenland is discussed by Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini. The Czechs are not invited but Benes attends and is abused by Hitler

Halder presens Aufmarschanweisung N°2, Fall Gelb, a secondary attack on The Netherlands

Halder presens Aufmarschanweisung N°2, Fall Gelb, a secondary attack on The Netherlands

Decides to launch the break-out Supercharge as far north as possible

Chooses a more northerly sector for the final breakout operation against the weakened Axis line.

Nonami leads the Hatsuzakura squadron on a special-attack mission from the Manila area during the continuing Leyte campaign.

States that a location on the Soviet Black Sea coast would be the most suitable conference site.

Appointed President of Brazil

Appointed provisional President of Brazil after the deposition of Getulio Vargas

Federal narcotics agents interviewed Jack and Hyman Rubenstein after Paul Roland Jones was arrested; both brothers acknowledged knowing Jones but denied knowing about his narcotics activity.

Sharon leads the 202nd Paratroop Brigade overland toward the isolated battalion near Mitla Pass.

Eitan's paratroopers establish positions near the eastern approaches to Mitla Pass after landing in Sinai.

Dayan uses the Mitla airborne landing to create an Israeli threat toward the Suez Canal under the Kadesh plan.

Authorises the Israeli attack on Egypt, framing it as a campaign to end fedayeen attacks and open navigation.

Tolkowsky directs air operations that attack Egyptian communications facilities as Operation Kadesh opens.

Eitan commands the 890th Battalion in the first combat parachute landing conducted by the Israel Defense Forces.

Sharon leads the ground element of the 202nd Paratroop Brigade toward the isolated force near Mitla Pass.

Israel invades the Gaza Strip & the Sinai Peninsula & make rapid progress towards the Suez Canal Zone

Israel invades the Gaza Strip & the Sinai Peninsula & make rapid progress towards the Suez Canal Zone

Israel launches Operation Kadesh, invading the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula and advancing toward the Suez Canal Zone.

Israel invades Sinai under Operation Kadesh; Nasser's government faces a rapid Israeli advance.

Uses Israel's invasion of Sinai as the trigger for the planned Anglo-French ultimatum

Sharon's brigade captures Kuntilla while opening the overland route toward the airborne battalion.

Commands Egypt's armed forces as the Israeli invasion of Sinai begins.

Eitan leads the paratroop battalion dropped near the eastern approaches to Mitla Pass.

Tolkowsky's air force carries the 890th Battalion to the Mitla area for the opening airborne assault.

Commands the paratroop force dropped near Mitla Pass at the opening of Operation Kadesh.

Egyptian forces mobilise as the Israeli invasion of Sinai begins.

Simhoni coordinates Southern Command formations as Israeli ground forces enter Sinai on several axes.

Directs Operation Kadesh, the Israeli invasion of Sinai.

Simhoni directs Israeli Southern Command during the opening of Operation Kadesh.

Israel invades the Gaza Strip & the Sinai Peninsula & make rapid progress towards the Suez Canal Zone

Egyptian forces mobilise during the Suez-Sinai Campaign as Israel begins its advance across Sinai.

Ne Win becomes caretaker Prime Minister to restore order before elections

Hands power to Ne Win's caretaker administration

Succeeds Sisavang Vong as King of Laos

Castro reiterated demands concerning Guantanamo, reconnaissance flights, economic pressure, and support for exile attacks against Cuba.

Kennedy instructed his advisers to handle the settlement cautiously while reconnaissance monitored dismantling at Cuban missile sites.

Robert Kennedy urged continued caution as the administration moved from immediate confrontation toward verification and settlement.

Khrushchev defended the settlement to Soviet leaders while implementation shifted toward dismantling, shipment, and verification.

Stevenson continued United Nations negotiations concerning verification, withdrawal, and arrangements for ending the quarantine.

Release My Generation as a defining mod-era single.

His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.

Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.

Opens Parliament

Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR, 2nd term

Appointed Head of State for the GDR

Becomes acting president after Souphanouvong leaves active office

Announces in Parliament the BP flotation will go ahead despite the stock market crash

Forms a minority socialist Government

Addresses the Security Council during debate on occupation abuses.

Supports demands for Kuwaiti sovereignty and accountability.

Galileo becomes the first spacecraft to make a close encounter with an asteroid when it passes Gaspra.

Galileo images Gaspra as an irregular, heavily cratered asteroid with a surface layer of loose material.

Rejoins Yes for the Keys to Ascension concert and studio project.

Recommends the Alternative Vote Plus system for elections to the House of Commons.

Publishes the commission report proposing an Alternative Vote Plus electoral system.

Makes his Barcelona first-team debut against Club Brugge.

Begins a distinguished senior career in central midfield.

The Constitution, having been agreed by heads of Government from the 25 Member States, is signed at a ceremony in Rome

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was signed in Rome by the governments of the European Union member states.

Chirac joined European leaders in signing the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.

Signs the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe on behalf of Ireland.

Signs the European Constitutional Treaty for Ireland as Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Signs the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe on behalf of Greece.

Signs the European Constitutional Treaty alongside Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis.

Hosts the Rome ceremony at which the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe is signed.

Signs the European Constitutional Treaty alongside Chancellor Gerhard Schroder.

Signs the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe for Germany.

The Constitution, having been agreed by heads of Government from the 25 Member States, is signed at a ceremony in Rome

Flown to hospital for testing & treatment

Wins the second presidential round against Jean-Pierre Bemba and secures an elected mandate under the new constitution.

Leads the Philadelphia Phillies to a World Series championship

Marks commercial operation of the Xayaburi hydropower project.

Starmer accepts the findings of the investigation into antisemitism within the Labour Party.

Labour suspends Jeremy Corbyn following his response to the equality investigation.

Dies after ruling Luang Prabang and Laos through the colonial and independence eras