December 9 in History

The Dutch & English to subsidize support for German Protestants

Boufflers surrenders Lille after a prolonged defence against Allied siege operations.

Massena was appointed commander of the Army of Helvetia as France prepared for renewed campaigning in Switzerland.

Appointed Home Secretary

Appointed Home Secretary

Janssen uses his photographic revolver during the transit of Venus to record a rapid sequence of solar images.

Appointed President of Ecuador

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 3rd term

Britain, Germany, and Italy imposed a naval blockade to press Venezuela over unpaid foreign claims.

Offerred the post of Financial Secretary at the Treasury, prefers a smaller department

Offers to make Churchill Financial Secretary under Asquith, Churchill refuses

Terra Nova enters the Antarctic pack ice and begins a prolonged struggle through heavy floes.

Scott's travelling parties reach the foot of the Beardmore Glacier, ending the pony stage and beginning the climb toward the Polar Plateau.

The expedition reaches the foot of the Beardmore Glacier after the difficult Barrier stage.

The remaining ponies are killed at the foot of the Beardmore Glacier after completing their transport role.

At the foot of the Beardmore Glacier, the last ponies are killed and the expedition prepares for the glacier ascent.

Remaining ponies are destroyed before the glacier ascent.

Bowers helps establish Shambles Camp and organise stores at the foot of the Beardmore Glacier.

Captures Jerusalem

Heads the Austrian mission during at Brest Litovsk

The Soviet Commissars declare war on the Cossack chiefs

Commands the campaign that captures Jerusalem in December 1917.

Forms the 1st White Volunteer units

Leaves Berlin for Trier as a German armistice delegate

The First Svehla Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Begins the Second Svehla Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

The Grand Fascist Council becomes a state body

The Grand Fascist Council becomes a state body. Apppointed member of the Grand Fascist Council

Organizes a demonstration of 15,000 students in Xian demanding to fight Japan

The Italians are driven out of Egypt in the 1st major british offensive of the War

The Italians are driven out of Egypt in the 1st major british offensive of the War

Opens a counter-offensive threatening Tripoli, the fascist capital in north Africa

Authorises offensive action against Italian forces in Egypt.

Launches Operation Compass against Italian positions in Egypt, helping remove the immediate Axis threat to the Suez Canal.

Opens a counter-offensive threatening Tripoli, captital of fascist north Africa

Britain, Australia & the USA declare war on Japan

Britain, Australia & the USA declare war on Japan

Nationalist China formally declares war on Japan after the Pacific War begins, ending the earlier undeclared legal status of the conflict.

Awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross

Joins up with Rommel to defend Tunis with his newly created XC Corps

Identifies Batum or Yalta as possible locations for the forthcoming meeting with Churchill and Stalin.

The Republic of China central government relocates to Taipei as Communist victory on the mainland becomes irreversible.

Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 4th term

The Federal Republic deposits its instrument of ratification with Italy after completing the constitutional approval process.

Founded in 1958 by Robert W. Welch Jr. in Indianapolis, Indiana, named after John Birch, a United States military intelligence officer and Baptist missionary in World War II who was killed in 1945 by supporters of the Communist Party of China

One of the founder members of the John Birch Society

Founded in 1958 by Robert W. Welch Jr. in Indianapolis, Indiana, named after John Birch, a United States military intelligence officer and Baptist missionary in World War II who was killed in 1945 by supporters of the Communist Party of China

SS Colonel Adolf Eichmann is found guilty of war crimes in Israel

Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 3rd term

Appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Head of State

Appointed Chairman of the Council of State

Appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Head of State

Appoints family members to senior positions within the Government

Appointed Head of State for Russia

Resigns as the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet

Release the album A Quick One.

Arrangements were underway for a new trial to be held in February 1967, in Wichita Falls, Ruby was admitted to Parkland Hospital in Dallas, suffering from pneumonia

Ceausescu becomes chairman of the Council of State, combining party and state leadership.

The First Strougal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Begins the Second Strougal Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

A communique announces an agreement is issued, which later becomes known as the Sunningdale Agreement

Declares a Council for Ireland & a British-Irish Commission for cross-border violence. A communique announces an agreement is issued, which later becomes known as the Sunningdale Agreement

Talks were held between 6 Dec and 9 Dec in the Berkshire town of Sunningdale between the British Prime Minister Edward Heath, the Irish Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave and the three pro-agreement parties. Declares the Constitutional status of Northern Ireland.

The Consultative Assembly is to be made up of 30 members from Dail Eireann and 30 members from the Northern Ireland Assembly, It is to have "advisory and review functions" only.

The Council of Ministers is to be composed of seven members from the power-sharing executive, and seven members from the Irish Government.

Declares the Constitutional status of Northern Ireland

The Consultative Assembly is to be made up of 30 members from Dail Eireann and 30 members from the Northern Ireland Assembly, It is to have "advisery and review functions" only

Carlos Andres Perez won the presidential election as the Democratic Action candidate.

A communique announces an agreement is issued, which later becomes known as the Sunningdale Agreement

The British and Irish Governments and political leaders from Northern Ireland established a power-sharing or coalition executive for a devolved Northern Irish Government

A communique announces an agreement is issued, which later becomes known as the Sunningdale Agreement.

An attempt to end the Northern Ireland troubles by forcing unionists to share power with nationalists.

The Agreement has three parts, an elected Northern Ireland Assembly, a power-sharing cross-community Northern Ireland Executive and a cross-border Council of Ireland.

The Sunningdale Agreement is fiercely repudiated Unionists and the Ulster Unionist Party ceases to support the Conservatives at Westminster contributing to Heaths downfall.

Supports the Sunningdale Agreement as an attempted Northern Ireland power-sharing settlement.

Attends EC Summit where "the British problem" & the "European Council" are discussed

Attends EC Summit where "the British problem" & the "European Council" are discussed

Represents Germany at the Paris summit where leaders establish regular meetings under the name European Council.

Releases album, "Dark Horse" in the US

Giscard hosted the Paris summit that created the European Council as a regular forum for national leaders.

Represents Ireland as leaders agree to establish regular meetings under the title European Council.

Represents Italy at the summit that establishes regular meetings under the title European Council.

Appointed Prime Minister of Japan

Hosts the EC Paris Summit. Declares Heads of State should meet more frequently

The Pioneer Venus probes enter the atmosphere at widely separated locations to sample Venus simultaneously.

One Pioneer Venus small probe survives impact and continues transmitting from the surface for more than an hour.

Rantissi joins Islamist activists in Gaza as protests spread after the Jabalia collision at the start of the First Intifada.

Chairs the Israeli government as the First Intifada begins in Gaza and spreads to the West Bank.

His killing during early protests becomes a symbol at the start of the First Intifada.

Supports the Strasbourg decision to convene an intergovernmental conference on treaty changes needed for monetary union.

Supports work toward treaty negotiations required for economic and monetary union.

Supports the decision to deepen discussions on political union alongside monetary integration.

Kabariti participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

Supports Irish participation in preparations for treaty negotiations on monetary and political union.

Mitterrand hosted European leaders as they agreed to convene negotiations on Economic and Monetary Union.

Supports preparations for future intergovernmental negotiations on economic and monetary union.

Wins a landslide election victory. Appointed President of Poland after winning landslide election victory

Appointed President of Poland after winning landslide election victory

Supports stronger European institutions and movement toward monetary union.

Secures opt-outs from the single currency and the Social Protocol.

Delors promoted the staged programme for economic and monetary union agreed by European leaders.

Promotes the staged programme leading toward economic and monetary union.

Guides negotiations establishing the framework for European Union.

Mitterrand promoted political union alongside plans for a common European currency.

Promotes political union alongside the planned common European currency.

Supports stronger European institutions and the route toward monetary union.

Represents Danish economic interests as leaders negotiate the structure and timetable for economic and monetary union.

Represents Italy as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.

Represents Portugal in the European Council treaty negotiations.

Delors supported the Maastricht settlement on deeper political and economic integration.

Supports agreement on deeper political and economic integration.

Represents Spain during negotiations establishing the European Union.

Represents Ireland as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.

Represents Germany as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.

Hosts the European Council that reaches agreement on the new treaty.

Negotiates Britain's position during the decisive European Council.

Represents Belgium during negotiations on the Treaty on European Union.

Represents Greece as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.

Mitterrand worked with Helmut Kohl to secure agreement at the Maastricht European Council.

Works with Helmut Kohl to secure agreement on the treaty.

Represents Luxembourg during the negotiations completed at Maastricht.

Represents Denmark as the Maastricht European Council opens the final negotiations on European Union.

Participates in negotiations on the common foreign and security policy provisions of the emerging Treaty on European Union.

Supports cohesion measures and deeper European political cooperation.

Supports European citizenship, cohesion and the monetary-union programme.

Takes part in the first day at Maastricht as Italy presses its priorities in the final negotiations.

Leads Portugal at Maastricht as the Twelve seek to close the remaining treaty disputes.

Joins the Maastricht summit as Spain works toward a settlement on political and monetary union.

Represents Ireland at the opening of the summit that will settle the new Union treaty.

Hurd represents British foreign-policy interests as the final Maastricht negotiations open.

Takes Germany's position into the opening day of the Maastricht European Council.

Lamont defends Britain's monetary flexibility as leaders negotiate the proposed single-currency framework.

Represents Netherlands as leaders open the final round of bargaining over European Union.

Represents Belgium as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive treaty negotiations.

Represents Greece when leaders begin the final political bargaining over the Union treaty.

Leads France's participation as the final European Council negotiations begin at Maastricht.

Carries Luxembourg's negotiating mandate into the decisive Maastricht European Council.

Leads Denmark into the final Maastricht summit as the Twelve seek agreement on European Union.

The Prince and Princess of Wales are separated

3 British prisoners are released by the Iraqis after Heath visits Saddam Hussein

Represents Italy as leaders develop a pre-accession strategy for Central and Eastern Europe.

Represents Ireland as leaders develop a pre-accession strategy for Central and Eastern Europe.

Hosts the European Council as leaders develop a pre-accession strategy for Central and Eastern European applicant states.

Represents Greece as leaders develop a pre-accession strategy for Central and Eastern Europe.

Mansun make an early UK chart appearance with Skin Up Pin Up.

Reaffirms the Government's commitment to a politically impartial home civil service.

National forum adopts a measure making Niyazov president for life

Yeltsin resigns

Supports the final political compromise on institutional reform reached at Nice.

Supports the political agreement on institutional reform reached at the end of the Nice European Council.

The Coalition Provisional Authority voted to create the Iraqi Special Tribunal (IST), consisting of five Iraqi judges, on 9 December 2003, to try Saddam Hussein and his aides for charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide

The Coalition Provisional Authority voted to create the Iraqi Special Tribunal (IST), consisting of five Iraqi judges, on 9 December 2003, to try Saddam Hussein and his aides for charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide

Is arrested on corruption charges involving the vacant Senate seat of Barack Obama

Laos hosts the Southeast Asian Games for the first time

Manages River Plate to Copa Libertadores victory over Boca Juniors in the second leg of the historic final in Madrid.

Meets the leaders of France, Germany and Russia at the first Normandy summit since 2016.

Promulgates legislation establishing marriage equality for same-sex couples.

Hosts the first Summit for Democracy.

Saves two Netherlands penalties as Argentina win their World Cup quarter-final shootout.

Birth of Henry, eldest son of Charles IX & his 2nd wife Christina of Holsten

Birth of John Milton

Frank Angelo Fiorini, later known as Frank Sturgis, was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on December 9, 1924.

Death of Malcolm IV

Death of John Pym

Is forced to surrender after being surrounded.

Vendome defeats Stanhope's isolated British force at Brihuega.

Defeated by nationalists led by Sucre

Defeats Spanish royalists, they are forced to withdraw from Peru

Crowned King of Scotland

Crowned in Stirling castle at the age of 9 months