July 12 in History

Constantine of Scotland, Owain of Gwent & Hywell of Strathclyde pay homage

Athelstan met northern and western rulers at Eamont after taking control of York.

Constantine II of Scotland acknowledged Athelstan’s supremacy and agreed not to support Viking enemies.

Ealdred of Bamburgh accepted Athelstan’s authority after the collapse of Scandinavian York.

Hywel Dda of Deheubarth attended the Eamont settlement and acknowledged Athelstan’s overlordship.

Owain of Strathclyde joined the rulers who accepted Athelstan’s authority at Eamont.

A meeting at Eamont Bridge is sealed by an agreement that Constantine, Eogan of Strathclyde, Hywel Dda, and Ealdred would "renounce all idolatry": that is, they would not ally with the Vikings

Acre falls to the Crusaders after Richard I defeats Saladins Army

Acre falls to the Crusaders after Richard I defeats Saladins Army

Acre falls to the Crusaders after Richard I defeats Saladins Army

Acre falls to the Crusaders after Richard I defeats Saladins Army

Lands with an army of men-at-arms & bowmen on the Conten Peninsula, Normandy

Edward III lands in France at St. Vaast la Hogue, 20 miles from Cherbourg

Lands at la Hogue after the siege of Aigullon, to relieve Gascony, Flanders & Brittany

Lands in Normandy at the start of the Crecy campaign

Reaches Nottingham & hears that the Percys have risen against him with the Welsh

Cade is mortally wounded resisting capture at Heathfield

Neville & Clarence mobilize for s siege of Canterbury

Confirms Richards title to Warwicks north possessions. Confirms Richards & share of the Beauchamp estates

Marries Anne Neville, younger daughter of Warwick & widow of Edward Prince of Wales

Henry issues a Charter of Pardon that strengthens the legal privileges of the Cornish stannaries after the earlier rebellion.

Robert Aske is executed after Henry VIII punishes the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace.

Becomes Henry VIII's sixth queen consort.

Marries Catherine Parr, 6th wife, widow of Lord Latimer

Marries Henry VIII, his 6th wife, she is the widow of Lord Latimer

Marries Catherine Parr at Hampton Court Palace.

Marries Henry VIII in the Queen's Privy Closet at Hampton Court.

Takes Catherine Parr as his sixth and final wife.

Agrees to peace afte the marriage of Margaret & Edward. Agrees that Queen Mary will marry the Prince Edward at the age of 10

The Earl of Arran concludes a Treaty betrothing Mary to Prince Edward

Leaves London in an effort to suppress Marys rebellion

Haarlem surrenders to the Spanish, the leaders are executed

Captures Haarlem after a 7 month siege, the garrison occupants are all slaughtered

Haarlem surrenders to the Spanish, the leaders are executed

Essex receives command of the army Parliament resolves to raise.

Pym supports Parliament's resolution to raise an army for defence of the kingdom.

Charles II rewards Edward Montagu with the earldom of Sandwich after the royal return.

Both armies were about 20,000 men strong, the soldiers of St Ruths army were mostly Irish Catholic, while Ginkels were English, Scottish, Danish, Dutch and French Huguenot (members of William IIIs League of Augsburg) and Ulster Protestants

Both armies were about 20,000 men strong, the soldiers of St Ruths army were mostly Irish Catholic, while Ginkels were English, Scottish, Danish, Dutch and French Huguenot (members of William IIIs League of Augsburg) and Ulster Protestants

Supports Stanislaw Leszczynski as king of Poland.

Writes from the camp at Oudenaarde to report the Allied victory won on the previous day.

Charles XII directs the defence of Stralsund as the coalition siege begins its final phase.

Directs the defence of Sweden's Pomeranian fortress.

Abandons the first Norwegian campaign after supply collapse.

Charles XII withdraws from Norway after supply failures and the loss of the Swedish transport fleet.

Withdraws after supply failures make the campaign untenable.

Presents the plan for confederation of 13 Colonies to Congress

A massacre takes place by the Royal-Allemand cavalry on the Place Louis XV

A massacre takes place by the Royal-Allemand cavalry on the Place Louis XV.

Parisians react to the dismissal of Neckar by gathering at the Palais Royal

Parisians react to the dismissal of Neckar by gathering at the Palais Royal.

Desmoulins addressed crowds at the Palais Royal and helped mobilize Parisians after news of Necker's dismissal.

Louis XVI received the Assembly's Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which reorganized the Catholic Church in France.

Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed by the Constituent Assembly

Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed by the Constituent Assembly.

Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church

Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church.

Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed by the Constituent Assembly

Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church

Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church

Suffers the eye injury that later costs sight in his right eye.

The siege of Calvi costs Nelson the sight of his right eye.

A shot strikes a sandbag near Nelson and throws stones and sand into his face.

Some debris strikes Nelson's right eye and forces him to retire from the position.

The siege of Calvi costs Nelson the sight of his right eye.

Sets sail from Cork in Ireland for Portugal

Appointed Commander of Forces in Portugal

Austria & France sign an armistice

Austria & France sign an armistice

The prefabricated Renkioi Hospital is assembled and prepared to receive British military patients.

Benedek is relieved of northern command after the defeat at Königgrätz.

Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.

In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.

The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne

The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.

William compels Charles Anthony to renounce the Spanish throne for his son Leopold. Charles Anthonys renunciation of the throne is "a humiliation worse than Olmutz"

Forces Charles Anthony to reject the Spanish throne on behalf of his son Leopold

Signs the supplementary agreement with Salisbury on the commission that will delimit the Alashkerd frontier.

Signs an agreement with Shuvalov providing for an Anglo-Russian-Ottoman commission to delimit the Alashkerd frontier.

Assumes acting presidential powers after Federico Errazuriz Echaurren dies in office.

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, succeeds his uncle, Lord Salisbury

The Supreme Court proclaims Dreyfusss innocence, he is reinstated in the army

The Supreme Court proclaims Dreyfusss innocence, he is reinstated in the army

Becomes the first British pilot killed in a powered-aircraft accident.

The Chinese 2nd Revolution breaks out

Faces an Ottoman advance while Bulgarian armies retreat elsewhere.

Leads Ottoman forces back into territory lost during the First Balkan War.

Addresses parliamentary criticism of the conduct and administration of the Mesopotamia campaign.

Supports formal investigation into failures connected with the Mesopotamia campaign.

Is arrested as part of the post-July repression.

Presents the Bolshevik movement as a threat to revolutionary order.

Is arrested after the government moves against Bolshevik leaders.

Oversees military measures against radical organisations.

Challenges the accusation that Bolshevik leaders are German agents.

Observes that revolutionary discipline cannot sustain offensive operations.

Faces political unrest as the offensive fails to deliver victory.

Carries Nicholas IIs death warrant from Moscow

The Blockade of Germany by the Allies is lifted

The postwar Allied blockade of Germany is ended, restoring normal maritime access through the North Sea.

Saavedra helps lead the Republican coup that ends the Liberal Party's long rule.

Escalier joins the Republican junta formed after the overthrow of Gutierrez Guerra.

Castillo is assassinated during the Madrid rebellion, member of the UMRA an antifascist organisation

Castillo is assassinated during the Madrid rebellion

Panama joins the Allied war effort after the attack on Pearl Harbor

The Israeli Foreign Ministry transfers its offices from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem

Issues a political manifesto with opposition allies.

Signs the manifesto calling for Batista's removal.

Signs the manifesto with Castro and Raul Chibas.

Starts his longest continuous prime ministerial term

The Second Siroky Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Lumumba's government requests United Nations military assistance following Belgian intervention.

Begins the Third Siroky Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Is created Earl of Avon and enters the House of Lords

Is associated with early Rolling Stones rehearsals and accounts of the first Marquee period.

Performs at the Rolling Stones's first show at the Marquee Club.

Performs at the first Rolling Stones show billed at the Marquee Club.

Plays guitar at the Rolling Stones's first Marquee Club performance.

Plays bass at the Rolling Stones's first Marquee Club performance.

The Stones have their first gig at the Marquee Club with Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of The Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman. The group plays its first gig at the Marquee club in London, billed as "The Rollin Stones"

The Stones have their first gig at the Marquee Club with Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of The Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman

The Stones have their first gig at the Marquee Club with Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of The Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman

The Stones have their first gig at the Marquee Club with Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of The Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman

A constitutional amendment revised presidential succession and removed the presidency-for-life provision.

Walks out of the Twenty-Eighth CPSU Congress after announcing his resignation from the Communist Party.

Announces his resignation from the Communist Party at the Twenty-Eighth Party Congress.

Accepts a ceasefire agreement during the Arusha peace process.

The agreement creates mechanisms for military observation.

Scores France's third goal in stoppage time of the World Cup final.

Wins the Golden Ball as the tournament's outstanding player.

Scores six goals as Croatia finish third in their first World Cup appearance.

Scores two headed goals as France defeat Brazil 3-0 in the World Cup final.

The Zeman Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.

Israel carriy out selective reprisals bombing and artillery shelling of Lebanon, hitting rocket stores, Hezbollah headquarters in the Dahya quarter of Beirut and al-Manara television in Beirut, and killing over two hundred

Israel carriy out selective reprisals bombing and artillery shelling of Lebanon, hitting rocket stores, Hezbollah headquarters in the Dahya quarter of Beirut and al-Manara television in Beirut, and killing over two hundred. Hezbollah terrorists cross the blue line border with Lebanon, attack an Israeli patrol, killing 3 and capturing 2 soldiers. Hezbollah begin a series of rocket attacks on northern Israel

Hubble images commemorate Neptune completing its first full orbit around the Sun since its discovery in 1846.

Guides the Netherlands to third place at the World Cup after an unbeaten run through regulation time.

Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.

Meets Joe Biden and discusses battlefield developments and long-term defense cooperation.

Confirms with Mark Rutte that training for Ukrainian pilots on F-16 aircraft will begin.

Participates in the inaugural NATO-Ukraine Council meeting at the Vilnius summit.

Wins the Wimbledon women's singles title.

Birth of Constantine I, eldest son of George I

Dies after being wounded during the siege of Sevastopol.

Dies when his aircraft crashes during a Bournemouth flying meeting.

Carries Nicholas IIs death warrant from Moscow

On 12 July, Warwick and Clarence declared their support for the rebels & on the 18th, Warwick left London at the head of a large army to reinforce the rebels

Commands an Orange victory

A stunning defeat of the fleeing Franco-Irish followed in the confusion and darkness, with some 4000 corpses left on the field.

An immediate attack was resolved on, and, after a severe and at one time doubtful contest, the crisis was precipitated by the fall of the Franco-Irish leader, the French General Charles Chalmont, Marquis de St Ruth, after which his disorganized forces fled in the ensuing

As St Ruth tried to rally his cavalry on the left to counter-attack and drive the Williamite horse back, he was decapitated by a cannon ball, at this point, the Jacobite position collapsed very quickly.

Both armies were about 20,000 men strong, the soldiers of St Ruths army were mostly Irish Catholic, while Ginkels were English, Scottish, Danish, Dutch and French Huguenot (members of William IIIs League of Augsburg) and Ulster Protestants.

Ginkel marched through Ballinasloe, on the main road towards Limerick and Galway, before he found his way blocked by St Ruth's army at Aughrim on the 12th of July 1691.

The Battle of Aughrim all but decided the war in the Williamite favour.

darkness of the early-morning of 13 July.

13 July.

A stunning defeat of the fleeing Franco-Irish followed in the confusion and darkness, with some 4000 corpses left on the field. Having strengthened the fortifications of Athlone and having left a garrison there, Ginkel leads the English to Aughrim.

An immediate attack was resolved on, and, after a severe and at one time doubtful contest, the crisis was precipitated by the fall of the Franco-Irish leader, the French General Charles Chalmont, Marquis de St Ruth, after which his disorganized forces fled in the ensuing darkness of the early-morning of

As St Ruth tried to rally his cavalry on the left to counter-attack and drive the Williamite horse back, he was decapitated by a cannon ball, at this point, the Jacobite position collapsed very quickly

Both armies were about 20,000 men strong, the soldiers of St Ruth's army were mostly Irish Catholic, while Ginkel's were English, Scottish, Danish, Dutch and French Huguenot (members of William IIIs League of Augsburg) and Ulster Protestants.

Defeats the Irish Jacobites, the Battle of Aughrim all but decides the war in the Williamite favour.

Ginkel marched through Ballinasloe, on the main road towards Limerick and Galway, before he found his way blocked by St Ruth's army at Aughrim on the 12th of July 1691.

Godert de Ginkell, the Williamites Dutch general, had breached the Jacobite line of defence by crossing the Shannon at Athlone - taking the town after a bloody siege.

The Battle of Aughrim all but decided the war in the Williamites favour.

A stunning defeat of the fleeing Franco-Irish followed in the confusion and darkness, with some 4000 corpses left on the field.

An immediate attack was resolved on, and, after a severe and at one time doubtful contest, the crisis was precipitated by the fall of the Franco-Irish leader, the French General Charles Chalmont, Marquis de St Ruth, after which his disorganized forces fled in the ensuing

Many of the Jacobite dead were officers, who were very difficult to replace, another 4000 Jacobites either deserted or were taken prisoner & they had lost the better part of their equipment and supplies

The Battle of Aughrim all but decided the war in the Williamite favour.

darkness of the early-morning of 13 July.

St Ruth placed his best infantry under his second-in-command, the chevalier de Tesse, and most of his cavalry under Patrick Sarsfield

Williamite forces commanded by Godard van Reede Ginkel defeat the main Jacobite army at Aughrim, advancing the Irish war fought in William III of Orange's name.

Final day of the abortive siege of Kursk as the Russians launch a counter-offensive