October 23 in History

Captures the Visigoth capital of Spain & becomes "Emperor of Toledo"

The French garrison is forced to withdraw into the city of Orleans

Sets sail for Cuba from San Salvador

Charles receives reports of the Irish uprising while staying in Scotland.

Charles receives reports of the Irish uprising while staying in Scotland.

The Irish rebellion creates an immediate crisis over raising and commanding an army.

Cromwell supports stronger parliamentary control during the Irish emergency.

Hampden backs parliamentary measures responding to reports from Ireland.

Haselrig supports parliamentary authority over forces raised for Ireland.

The Irish rebellion creates an immediate crisis over raising and commanding an army.

Pym argues that Parliament must influence any army sent to Ireland.

Strode joins demands for safeguards over military appointments.

Appointed General in Chief for Charles I after the death of Lyndsey at Edgehill

Appointed General in Chief for Charles I

Lindsey is mortally wounded while fighting beside his Royalist infantry.

Essex's infantry resists Royalist attacks and remains on the field after nightfall.

Balfour commands Parliamentarian horse in the reserve at Edgehill.

Essex withdraws his army toward Warwick after the Battle of Edgehill.

The young Prince Charles accompanies the Royalist army during the Edgehill campaign.

Hampden arrives late with Parliamentarian troops and joins the closing stages.

Charles remains with the Royalist centre during the inconclusive battle.

Charles remains with the Royalist centre during the inconclusive battle.

Balfour's Parliamentarian cavalry temporarily captures the Royal Standard during the battle.

Essex receives reports locating the Royalist army before Edgehill.

Balfour leads reserve cavalry against the Royalist infantry and temporarily seizes the standard.

Allied troops capture the citadel of Liège after the city has already surrendered.

Rooke commands Allied naval forces in the Grand Alliance victory at Vigo Bay.

Lewenhaupt reaches the main Swedish army with only part of his force and without the full wagon train.

Captures Koblenz

Napoleon met Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes and Pierre Roger Ducos as political discussions intensified over replacing the Directory.

Promulgates a provisional constitution organizing executive and legislative authority.

Helps intensify political mobilization before armed rebellion begins.

Addresses a large Patriote gathering opposing the Russell Resolutions.

A provisional government assumes authority after the overthrow of King Otto.

The French bombard Chi-lung

Cipriano Castro entered Caracas after the Restorative Liberal Revolution and took control of the government.

The Christian Michelsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Begins the Jørgen Løvland Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Captures the key Black Sea port of Constanta from Romania

Meets Emir Faisal and identifies him as an effective Arab Revolt commander.

The Soviet provides organisational support for preparations before the uprising.

Uses Soviet authority to shield Bolshevik preparations.

23-24 October, negotiates with the military staff

Woodrow Wilson says military rulers & autocratic monarchs are an obstacle to peace

Says that military rulers & autocratic monarchs in German are an obstacle to peace

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain

Communists seize control in Hamburg during the October unrest.

Communist takeover of Hamburg

Has Zinoviev ousted from the Politburo. Has Trotsky ousted from the Politburo

The Naval Disarmament Conference opens in London

Negotiations begin to change the Washington & London naval treaties

Proposes naval equality with Britain & the USA. Negotiations begin to change the Washington & London naval treaties

Returns to office as Liberal prime minister.

The draft of the Anti-Comintern Pact is drawn up

The Duke & Duchess of Windsor begin their visit to Germany & meet Hitler

Appointed Supreme Chief exercising presidential authority in Ecuador

Franco meets Hitler at Hendaye but declines to enter the war

Franco meets Hitler at Hendaye but Franco declines to enter the war

Bignami's Folgore defends the southern sector against repeated British attacks during the opening of the El Alamein offensive.

Operation Lightfoot is launched to recapture north Africa

Monitors the North African crisis from Comando Supremo during the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Orders the principal infantry assault in the north to open routes through Axis defensive belts.

Begins Operation Lightfoot, the infantry and artillery opening phase of the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Maintains pressure in the south to hold Axis formations away from the decisive northern sector.

Malinowsky captures Dnepropetrovsk

The Provisional Government led by Subhas Chandra Bose declares war on Britain and the United States.

The Soviet army invades Hungary

Kurita survives the sinking of his flagship Atago by an American submarine while approaching the Philippines.

The Volksgerichtshof ("Peoples Court") sentences him to death

Claggett commands USS Dace when the submarine torpedoes and sinks the Japanese heavy cruiser Maya.

McClintock commands USS Darter when the submarine sinks Atago and severely damages Takao in the Palawan Passage.

Opens the Claerwen Dam

Diem proclaims a South Vietnamese Republic. A constitution was written by a rubber stamp legislature which gave Diem the power to create laws by decree and arbitrarily give himself emergency powers

Diem proclaims a South Vietnamese Republic. A referendum gives PM Diem an overwhelming majority over Bao Dai

Consolidates power in South Vietnam with US support

Lloyd reports the developing secret agreement with France and Israel to Eden.

Issues a joint communiqué with US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles emphasizing political principles rather than force as the principal means of mainland recovery.

Castro rejected the legality of the quarantine and prepared Cuba for the possibility of American air strikes or invasion.

The Organisation of American States unanimously supports the US decision to quarantine Cuba and , by the end of the day, all naval vessels are in place. Reconnaissance photos reveal that Soviet missiles are poised for launch.

Kennedy signed the proclamation establishing interdiction of offensive weapons shipments to Cuba.

Kennedy approved continued invasion preparations while excluding food and medicine from the initial quarantine.

Kennedy approved instructions for naval forces enforcing the quarantine while seeking to avoid an unnecessary clash with Soviet ships.

McCone reported intelligence indicating that Soviet personnel controlled the offensive missile installations in Cuba.

McNamara reviewed rules governing interception, inspection, and possible seizure of vessels carrying prohibited military equipment.

Stevenson defended the quarantine before the Security Council and challenged Soviet claims about the nature of the Cuban deployment.

Taylor maintained military readiness while the quarantine was implemented and reconnaissance missions increased over Cuba.

Zorin challenged the American quarantine at the Security Council and rejected United States accusations about offensive Soviet weapons.

Rejects the American naval quarantine of Cuba and warns Kennedy against escalating the crisis.

The Organisation of American States unanimously supports the US decision to quarantine Cuba &, by the end of the day, all naval vessels are in place

The Kinks release All Day and All of the Night.

Releases Chunga's Revenge, linking late Mothers material with the musical direction of his early 1970s bands.

Chinas first underground atomic explosion takes place

Drums on Trespass, Genesis's first album for the Charisma label.

Plays guitar on Trespass, his final Genesis studio album.

Access credit cards are introduced in Great Britain

Access credit cards are introduced in Great Britain

Nixon orders bombing to be halted north of 20 degrees latitude

Following intense political backlash, agrees that subpoenaed presidential recordings will be submitted through the judicial process.

Agrees after the Saturday Night Massacre backlash to comply with the court process for subpoenaed Watergate recordings.

Vorster declares in the Senate South Africa will not interfere in other African nations. Declares in the Senate South Africa is prepared to enter into non-aggression pacts

Howe abolishes remaining exchange controls on the movement of capital.

Exchange controls are removed

John Lennons first new single in more than five years, "(Just Like) Starting Over," is released

Appointed Prime Minister of Russia

A suicide bomber bombs the HQ of the US Marines in Beirut, 242 Americans are killed

A suicide bomber bombs the HQ of the US Marines in Beirut, 242 Americans are killed

Start of the first intifada, under Rantissis leadership the organisation becomes known as Hamas, formed later in the year, "Intifada" is the Arabic word for "uprising". 4 children of the Jabalya refugee camp in the Gaza Strip are run over by an Israeli truck, Rantissi, Sheikh Ahmad Yassin, Abdel Fattah Dukhan, Mohammed Shama, ,Ibrahim al-Yazour, Issa al-Najjar, & Salah Shehadeh begin the intifada

Mobutu appoints Mungul Diaka after removing Tshisekedi.

Hun Sen remains Prime Minister during the Paris Peace Accords settlement

Khmer Rouge refuse to fully comply with the Paris Peace Accords

Discusses Bosnia peace implementation and possible Russian participation alongside NATO forces with Bill Clinton.

Meets Bill Clinton at Hyde Park for talks on Bosnia, NATO, arms control and Chechnya.

Clinton hosts Netanyahu and Arafat at Wye River to revive Oslo implementation

Signs the Wye River Memorandum with Netanyahu.

Mediates the Wye River Memorandum between Netanyahu and Arafat.

Signs the Wye River Memorandum after US mediation with Yasser Arafat.

First canonizations when he canonized Josef Bilczewski, Alberto Hurtado SJ, Zygmunt Gorazdowski, Gaetano Catanoso and Felice da Nicosia. The canonizations were part of a Mass that marked the conclusion of the General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops and the Year of the Eucharist

Releases Rudebox, moving into dance, electronic and hip hop-influenced pop.

The United Nations appoints Sikander Afzal of Pakistan as Force Commander of the mission in Liberia.

Tunisia held its first national election after the revolution to choose a Constituent Assembly.

Jalil declares Libya liberated and announces the beginning of a political transition.

Inaugurated as President of Tunisia.

Releases Letter to You, recorded live in the studio with the E Street Band.

Libyan military delegations sign a complete and permanent nationwide ceasefire.

Birth of Abrantes Junot

Birth of Alfred, 4th child of Queen Vicroria & Prince Albert

Born in Wiener Neustadt

Birth of John Michael Crichton

Birth of Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi

Death of Stephen

Verney is killed while defending the King's standard during the battle.

Lindsey dies from wounds received while leading Royalist infantry at Edgehill.

Symons dies from wounds received while commanding British forces at the Battle of Talana Hill.

Death of Rama V, commemorated as a national holiday

Death of John Robert Clynes

Death of Bill Nicholson

Astley commands the Royalist infantry during the Battle of Edgehill.

Lindsey leads his infantry at Edgehill and is mortally wounded in the fighting.

Bulstrode serves with a Royalist infantry regiment at Edgehill.

Byron commands part of the Royalist cavalry reserve at Edgehill.

Charles fights the inconclusive Battle of Edgehill and continues his advance toward London.

Cromwell commands a troop of Parliamentarian horse during the Edgehill campaign.

Essex fights Charles's army to an inconclusive result at Edgehill.

Digby commands a Royalist regiment during the Battle of Edgehill.

Feilding commands a Royalist regiment during the Battle of Edgehill.

Hampden reaches the battlefield late and reinforces Essex's Parliamentarian army.

Heydon directs Parliamentarian artillery during the Battle of Edgehill.

Charles fights the inconclusive Battle of Edgehill and continues his advance toward London.

Lucas commands a troop of Royalist horse during the Battle of Edgehill.

Ramsay commands Parliamentarian dragoons during the Battle of Edgehill.

Defeats the Earl of Essex near Worcester

Verney carries the Royal Standard and is killed during the fighting at Edgehill.

Wilmot commands several Royalist cavalry regiments during the Battle of Edgehill.

Serves in the naval victory at Vigo Bay.

Helps force the boom during the Allied attack at Vigo Bay.

Rooke commands Allied naval forces in the victory over the Franco-Spanish fleet at Vigo Bay.

Shovell serves in the Allied naval victory at Vigo Bay.

Defeats the Turks in the Vardarrr Valley

Commands the Serbian First Army during the opening battle at Kumanovo.

Launches Ottoman attacks against the Serbian army near Kumanovo.

Remains Egypt's monarch as the Second Battle of El Alamein is fought in the Western Desert.

Holds senior Italian command responsibility in Libya as Italian and German forces fight at El Alamein.

Helps manage Panzer Army Africa staff work during the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Directs Desert Air Force support for Montgomery's offensive at El Alamein, helping secure the canal route.

Maintains Egypt's wartime government during the Allied offensive at El Alamein.

Commands the Folgore paratroopers holding the southern sector during the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Commands XIII Corps in the southern diversion during the opening of the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Commands 90th Light Africa Division on the Axis line at El Alamein.

Leese's XXX Corps leads the infantry assault in the northern sector at the opening of the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Launches an attack at El Alamein to stop the Axis advance toward the Suez Canal.

Launches the El Alamein offensive that turns back the Axis threat to Egypt and the Suez Canal.

Montgomery launches a diversionary attack in the southern sector on the opening night of the battle.

Montgomery launches the Second Battle of El Alamein with coordinated attacks by XXX Corps and XIII Corps.

Commands Axis forces at El Alamein and fails to break through to the Nile Delta and the Suez Canal.

The British Eighth Army opens the offensive at El Alamein while Georg Stumme commands Axis forces in Rommel's absence.

Commands Axis forces at the start of the Second Battle of El Alamein while Rommel is absent.

Arena commands Ariete, initially held in the southern armoured reserve during the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Bitossi commands Littorio when the British offensive begins at El Alamein.

La Ferla leads Trieste as the British Eighth Army opens the Second Battle of El Alamein.

1st day of the Battle of the Phillipines

American submarines attack Kurita's Center Force, sinking Atago and Maya and badly damaging Takao.

Subedar Joginder Singh leads Sikh troops against repeated Chinese attacks near Bum La and is mortally wounded.

His division is involved in the Israeli attempt to take Suez despite the ceasefire.

His forces take part in the attempted Israeli capture of Suez, which is repulsed after heavy fighting.

His forces support the Israeli attempt to take Suez, which is repulsed.