January 8 in History

Independently observes Jupiter's four large moons at about the same time as Galileo.

Appointed Lord Chancellor

Investited as Prince of Wales

England, Austria, Saxony and The Netherlands form an alliance against Russia

England, Austria, Saxony and The Netherlands form an alliance against Russia

Austria, Saxony, England & Holland unite against France, Bavaria & Prussia

Austria, Saxony, England & Holland unite against France, Bavaria & Prussia

Defeats the British forces led by Pakenham, the Duke of Wellingtons brother-in-law

Attacks Jacksons base but 2,000 British troops & Pakenham are killed

Unable to keep the Tories united

Patents an electrical computer for processing data

Succeeds Tewfik as Khedive of Egypt.

Meets Antoine Kitabgi in Paris and agrees in principle to seek a Persian petroleum concession.

Sends out orders to arrest Gapon but Gapon goes into hiding

Attempts to contain the strike and petition movement before the march.

Permits a petition but tries to restrict the workers' route.

Balfour loses his seat in Manchester East

120,000 workers go out on strike

Troops open fire and 200 are killed and 800 injured

One of the expedition's three motor tractors is lost through sea ice during the unloading operation at Cape Evans.

Improves centralized planning for intelligence, operations and mobilization.

Campbell establishes the Northern Party at Evans Coves for a planned six-week programme of geological and glaciological exploration.

Establishes a Naval War Staff within the Admiralty.

German General appointed as Inspector General of the Turkish Army

The War Council meeting agrees French's plan for an offensive in Flanders

Hunter-Weston's rear guards leave their positions as the final evacuation of Cape Helles begins.

The Fourteen Points in Wilson's speech are based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference

The 14th point, "A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike"

The 1st point, "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view".

The 2nd point, "Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants".

The 3rd point, "The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance".

The 4th point, "Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety".

The Fourteen Points in Wilson's speech are based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference.

Wilson's speech takes many of the principles of progressivism that had produced domestic reform in the US and translated them into foreign policy (free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination). Wilson is awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace-making efforts.

The 1st point, "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view"

The Bolsheviks resume negotiations under Trotsky

Proclaims the Soviet Russian Republic. Passes the "declaration of the rights of the toiling & exploited masses"

Calls for a general association of nations to preserve peace.

Founded to preserve national independence, 14 points

Wilson calls for a general association of nations in the Fourteen Points.

Sets up battalions for civil defense duties for digging trenches & surveillance

The Bolsheviks resume negotiations under Trotsky

Wilson calls for a general association of nations in the Fourteen Points.

His Fourteen Points influence Allied peace and armistice discussions.

Becomes the 1st Prime Minister to reside in Chequers

Renames Hejaz, Saudi Arabia

Is proclaimed King of the Hejaz while retaining rule over Nejd.

Supports the new royal administration established across the Hejaz.

Renames the Country the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Libertarian Communists rebel in Analucia

Libertarian Communists rebel in Catalonia

Libertarian Communists rebel in Analucia

Libertarian Communists rebel in Catalonia

Orders siezure of the French fleet at Toulon in violation of the Compiegene Armistice

A Memorial service is held at Westminster Abby for Baden-Powell

Orders Operation Marita to commence on 26th March

Orders the occupation of the rest of France

Orders the siezure of the French fleet at Toulon

Orders siezure of the French fleet at Toulon in violation of the Compiegene Armistice

Paulus rejects the offered terms, so fighting at Stalingrad continues temporarily.

Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused

Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused

Offers surrender terms but they are rejected by Paulus

Leads the government during elections boycotted by the Wafd Party.

Suggests an advance meeting of the three foreign ministers before the Big Three conference.

Promulgates legislation granting women equal voting rights in presidential and parliamentary elections.

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer

Informs Butler that MacMillan has been selected to succeed Eden

Eden informs Elizabeth II he is resigning

Eden informs Elizabeth II that he is resigning

Eden informs Heath that he intends to resign on his doctors advice

Appointed Under Secretary for Education

Wins the United States Chess Championship, age 14

Appointed President of the 5th Republic

Wins the United States Chess Championship, age 14

Arrives in Havana after the revolutionary victory.

Castros army rolls victoriously into Havana

Assumes command of the revolutionary armed forces.

Castro arrives in Havana to cheering mobs and assumes the post of Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces

Castros army rolls victoriously into Havana

Castros army rolls victoriously into Havana

Johnson declares war on poverty

British Prime Minister Harold Wilson endorses the I'm Backing Britain campaign for working an additional half hour each day without pay

Bhutto releases Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Pakistani custody.

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins

Presides as the Watergate break-in trial opens for G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord; other defendants later enter guilty pleas during the proceedings.

Forbidden to lay wreaths on the Martyrs Memorial in honour of Chou, causes disorder

Parliament extends its term during the Emergency and national elections are postponed.

Parliamentary elections are postponed during the Emergency.

Appointed Chief of Staff

Agrees to negotiate for nuclear disarmament with Moscow

Agrees with the USA to resume negotiations to reduce nuclear weapons

Agrees to negotiate for nuclear disarmament with Moscow

Russia promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons

Russia promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons

Scores a hat-trick as Barcelona defeat Real Madrid 5-0 at Camp Nou.

Appointed Governor of Louisiana

Appointed Governor of the Falkland Islands

Resigns as manager of Newcastle

Perlmutter publicly presents Supernova Cosmology Project evidence that the expansion of the universe is not being halted by gravity and is instead accelerating.

Coordinates federal response to the severe ice storm.

Appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia

Appointed Foreign Minister

Appointed Home Minister

Appointed Minister of Finance

The US launches an air strike in Somalia, targets suspected al-Qaeda operatives who were forced to flee Mogadishu following Ethiopian air strikes that routed Islamist militias

The US launches an air strike in Somalia, targets suspected al-Qaeda operatives who were forced to flee Mogadishu following Ethiopian air strikes that routed Islamist militias

The US launches an air strike in Somalia, targets suspected al-Qaeda operatives who were forced to flee Mogadishu following Ethiopian air strikes that routed Islamist militias

The US launches an air strike in Somalia, targets suspected al-Qaeda operatives who were forced to flee Mogadishu following Ethiopian air strikes that routed Islamist militias

Appointed Foreign Minister

President Abdullahi Yusuf enters the capital for the first time since assuming control of the interim Government in 2004

President Abdullahi Yusuf enters the capital for the first time since assuming control of the interim Government in 2004

Parliament approves Karim Masimov as Prime Minister

Democrat Hillary Clinton finishes first in the New Hampshire primary, ahead of Barack Obama and John Edwards

Odinga refuses Kibakis invitation to discuss the political crisis after Kibaki appoints his cabinet, which does not include any members of Odingas Orange Democratic Party

Democrat Hillary Clinton finishes first in the New Hampshire primary, ahead of Barack Obama and John Edwards

Wins the New Hampshire Democratic primary after losing Iowa

Wins the New Hampshire Republican primary and revives his presidential campaign

Releases Blackstar on his sixty-ninth birthday, a final studio album made with Tony Visconti and jazz musicians.

Co-produces Blackstar, Bowie's final studio album, released two days before Bowie's death.

Addresses the crash of Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS752 and demands a full investigation.

Iran fires missiles at bases housing United States forces in Iraq.

NASA extends Juno through 2025 and adds close exploration of Jupiter's rings and Galilean moons.

Faces suspension from major social media platforms.

Davis helps present final DES supernova results based on 1,499 high-quality Type Ia events, greatly expanding the supernova sample used to test dark-energy models.

BepiColombo completes its sixth and final planned Mercury gravity-assist flyby before the orbital phase.

Mio collects further information on Mercury's magnetic and plasma environment during BepiColombo's sixth Mercury flyby.

Birth of John Joseph Ambrose Curtin

Birth of Georgi Maksimilanovich Malenkov

Birth of Elvis Aaron Presley

Birth of Stephen William Hawking

Birth of Doors guitarist Robby Krieger.

Birth of David Robert Jones, later known professionally as David Bowie.

Bagsecg dies at the Battle of Ashdown as the Danes suffer defeat against Wessex.

Death of William Maudit, 8th Earl of Warwick

Death of Galilei Galileo

Death of En-Lai, age 78

Zhou Enlai dies, weakening moderate forces in the final year of the Cultural Revolution

Death of Zhou Enlai

Death of Terry Thomas

Death of Francois Mitterand

Death of Francois Mitterrand

Aethelred and Alfred defeat the Viking army at Ashdown after Alfred leads the West Saxon attack.

Alfred and Aethelred lead the West Saxons to victory over the Vikings at Ashdown.

Bagsecg fights Alfred and Aethelred at Ashdown and is killed during the West Saxon victory.

Fights an inconclusive Battle against Duquesne

Inflicts 2,000 British casualties & kills their commander during a British attack. Defeats the British forces led by Pakenham, the Duke of Wellingtons brother-in-law

Fought 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war. Attacks Jacksons base but 2,000 British troops & Pakenham are killed

Suggests an attack on the Dardanelles at a War Council meeting

Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused

Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused

Crowned King of Scotland