July 18 in History

Nero constructs a Palace for himself, the Domus Aureus

Lasts 9 days, started by the Christians or Nero who rebuilds the city

Faces disaster when fire devastates much of Rome.

Jerusalem remains in Christian hands for 88 yeas

The Crusaders slaughter 40,000 & the 1st Crusade comes to an end. Jerusalem falls to the Normans after 1 month

Jerusalem falls, Godfrey becomes its guardian & then self-appointed King

The Crusaders have slaughtered 40,000 & the 1st Crusade comes to an end. Assists in the seige, Jerusalem falls to the Normans after 1 month

Succeeds as King of Jerusalem

Succeeds as King of Jerusalem, 1100-1118

The Treaty of Birgham planned Margaret's marriage while formally preserving Scotland's separate government.

Scotland crown the legitimate successor if Edward or Margaret fail to produce an heir. Edward obtains a personal right to the Scottish inheritance which he can pass on. Conditionally agrees to Scottish independence. Agrees with the Guardians of Scotland for Margaret of Norway to marry Prince Edward

Edward I agrees with the Scottish Guardians that Margaret will marry Prince Edward

Crowned King of France, kills off the Treaty of Troyes

Henry joins a wider European alliance intended to restrain French power and protect English diplomatic interests.

Membership of the Holy League aligns England with Ferdinand, Maximilian and Pope Alexander VI against Charles VIII.

Parliament extinguishes remaining claims of papal authority within England.

Henry VIIIs 6th Parliament closes

The Ecclesiastical Licences Act replaces papal dispensations with licences granted under royal authority.

Henry VIII is authorised to determine the succession further by letters patent or by will.

The Act confirms Mary remains excluded from the succession alongside Elizabeth.

The Act declares Elizabeth illegitimate and removes her from the line of succession.

The Second Succession Act receives royal assent after the fall and execution of Anne Boleyn.

The Second Succession Act removes both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession after Anne Boleyn's fall.

The succession is vested in any legitimate children Henry VIII may have by Jane Seymour or a later wife.

A French fleet threatens England and lands forces on the Isle of Wight during the campaign.

A large French fleet enters the Solent during an attempted invasion of England.

Dudley demands reinforcements but at Baynards castle Lord Arundel declares Mary Queen

Dudley demands reinforcements but at Baynards castle Lord Arundel declares Mary Queen

The Spanish capture Mantua

Leaves Wilanow & heads for Vienna to attack the Turkish occupiers

Breaks part of the French defensive lines at Elixheim.

Marlborough breaks through the French Lines of Brabant, improving Allied access into Flanders.

Wentworth landed British and colonial troops intending to advance against Santiago de Cuba.

Stuart, supported by Nelson, storms and captures the main defensive position.

Most of the enemy positions had been disabled, and that night Stuart, supported by Nelson, storms the main defensive position and captures it

Wellington reaches Coruna in Portugal

America declares war against Britain for violating neutral waters

America declares war against Britain for violating neutral waters

Appointed President of the USA, 5th President

Participates in the constitutional settlement as Uruguay adopts its first constitution

Construction begins on Brunel's iron-hulled transatlantic steamship SS Great Britain.

Persano begins operations against Lissa without achieving a decisive result before the Austrian fleet arrives.

Announces polonium with Pierre Curie.

Works with Marie Curie in announcing the discovery of polonium.

Mafeking is besieged until British relief arrives in May 1900.

Seeks peace as enemies advance on several fronts.

The Cromer Commission is announced to investigate the Dardanelles Campaign

The formation of a Commission is announced to investigate the Dardanelles Campaign

The Cromer Commission is announced to investigate the Dardanelles Campaign

Announces the Cromer Commission to investigate the Dardanelles campaign.

Restates the Government position after efforts to reach an Irish political settlement break down.

Kornilov becomes supreme commander and presses for stronger measures to restore discipline in the armed forces.

Appointed Minister of Munitions but is not appointed as a member of the War Cabinet

Appointed Minister of Reconstruction

On 18th July an Allied counter-attack, comprising French, British, American and Italian troops, pushed the German forces back

1st day of the Allied "100 Days" offensives which lead to the Armistice

Administers the first human BCG vaccination with clinical collaborators.

Introduces a live attenuated vaccine for preventing tuberculosis.

Sees the Reichstag pass the Republic Protection Law with the two-thirds majority required for its exceptional constitutional provisions.

Publication of "Mein Kampf", Volume I

Publication of "Mein Kampf", Volume I

Formulates a plan to capture of Nanchang which is accepted by the Politburo

Appointed Member of Politburo

A finance bill is defeated in the Reichstag with the support of the SPD, KPD, the NSDAP and DNVP, Bruning submits to the Reichstag the presidents decree that it will be dissolved

A finance bill is defeated in the Reichstag with the support of the SPD, KPD, the NSDAP and DNVP, Bruning submits to the Reichstag the presidents decree that it will be dissolved

A finance bill is defeated in the Reichstag with the support of the SPD, KPD, the NSDAP and DNVP, Bruning submits to the Reichstag the presidents decree that it will be dissolved

Turkey joins the League of Nations

Opens the Queensway road tunnel under the Mersey.

Arrives in London to form a Government in exile

The Soviet High Command, Stavka, try to break Rendulics defenses with 400 tanks. The Russians are driven back, 300 Russian tanks destroyed

The Soviet High Command, Stavka, try to break Rendulics defenses with 400 tanks

Reverberi departs Italy with the Tridentina Alpine Division for service with the Italian army on the Eastern Front.

Caen is bombed to obliterate enemy defences but only the southern suburbs are taken

Launches a major armoured offensive east of Caen to gain ground and hold German armour in the British sector.

Foulkes led his division across the Orne through Caen and toward the high ground south of the city.

Keller's division advanced through eastern Caen during the Canadian portion of Goodwood.

Kitching prepared armoured forces to exploit beyond Caen as Canadian troops moved toward Verrieres Ridge.

Simonds directed the Canadian attack through southern Caen toward Verrieres Ridge.

To gain good terrain for Operation Cobra, Bradley and Collins conceived a plan to push forward to the Saint-L“-Periers road, along which VII and VIII Corps were securing jumping-off positions. The American 29th and 35th Infantry Divisions managed to gain the vital heights of Saint-Lo, driving back General der Fallschirmtruppen Eugen Meindls II Parachute Corps

Adair's division advanced through the narrow armoured corridor east of Caen.

Dempsey directed Goodwood as the principal Second Army offensive east of Caen.

Dietrich coordinated German armoured resistance against the British attack east of Caen.

Eberbach organized reserves and counterattacks against the Goodwood penetration south-east of Caen.

Hobart's specialized armoured vehicles supported the crossing and attack east of Caen.

Montgomery intended Goodwood to hold German armour around Caen and gain ground south-east of the city.

Launched in order to clear Caen but the British lose 5,537 casualties & 400 tanks. Caen is bombed to obliterate enemy defences but only the southern suburbs are taken. 7 out of 8 Panzers in Normandy are engaged in battle

The British VIII and I Corps, to the east of Caen, launch Operation Goodwood. The British lose 450 tanks, the Sherman displays serious weaknesses. Launches 3 Divisions east of Caen to gain the Bourguebus Ridge on the road to Falaise.

The offensive began with the largest air bombardment in support of ground forces yet, with more than a thousand aircraft dropping 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) of high explosive and fragmentation bombs from low altitude.

O'Connor commanded the massed armoured assault east of Caen toward Bourguebus Ridge.

Roberts led the 11th Armoured Division toward Cagny and Bourguebus Ridge south-east of Caen.

Von Luck helped organize the defence near Cagny against British armour advancing from Caen.

Wunsche's panzer regiment reinforced German positions south of Caen during Goodwood.

The southern suburbs of Caen are captured. Caen is bombed in to obliterate enemy defences but only the southern suburbs are taken

Opens the Geneva summit with Britain, France and the Soviet Union, focusing on security and East-West tensions.

Rakosi is encouraged to resign by Russia but this appeasement provokes Hungarians

Warren's commission reviewed the FBI-administered polygraph examination given to Jack Ruby after Ruby repeatedly requested such a test.

It is announced that British forces will withdraw from Suez by the mid 70s

Appointed President of the Revolutionary Command Council

The Revolutionary Command Council provides supreme executive & legislative authority

Given responsibility for national security

Hijacking of an El Al Airliner by the PLO

The Revolutionary Command Council provides supreme executive & legislative authority

Appointed President of the Revolutionary Command Council

Checks lunar module Eagle systems with Armstrong before arrival in lunar orbit.

Mary Jo Kopechne drowns but Kennedy does not report his companions death for 10 hrs. Drives off Dike Bridge into Pucha Pond, Chappaquidick. Chappaquiddick incident resulted in the death of automobile passenger Mary Jo Kopechne; Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident, and the incident significantly damaged his chances of ever becoming President of the United States

Mary Jo Kopechne drowns but Kennedy does not report his companions death for 10 hrs. Chappaquiddick incident resulted in the death of automobile passenger Mary Jo Kopechne; Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident, and the incident significantly damaged his chances of ever becoming President of the United States

Releases The Soft Parade.

Pink Floyd play to 20,000 people at a free concert in London's Hyde Park

Pink Floyd play to 20,000 people at a free concert in London's Hyde Park

Orders most Soviet military advisers to leave Egypt.

Orders most Soviet military advisers to leave Egypt after disputes over weapons and strategy.

Removes most Soviet advisers while retaining diplomatic relations with Moscow.

Nixon reportedly orders the White House taping system disconnected

President Gerald Ford approves covert aid to UNITA and the FNLA through Operation IA Feature

President Gerald Ford approves covert aid to UNITA and the FNLA through Operation IA Feature

President Gerald Ford approves covert aid to UNITA and the FNLA through Operation IA Feature

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam leads the SLV-3 team when the launcher successfully places the Rohini satellite into orbit.

The US Congress votes to stop Reagan from supplying arms to the Contras

Socialist Party leader Andre Cools is murdered, Cools had worked for more regional autonomy for Wallonia, the French-speaking southern half of Belgium, and the Dutch-speaking Flanders

Appointed Deputy Party Leader of the Labour Party

Appointed Deputy Leader of the Labour Party

Elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party

Loses the election for the deputy leadership of the Labour Party

Wins the election for the leadership of the Labour Party

Declares a unilateral ceasefire after defeating government forces.

The civil war and organized genocide effectively end.

Mandela marries Graca Machel on his 80th birthday

Mandela marries Graca Machel on his 80th birthday

Brown sets substantial three-year increases for health and education budgets.

Jiang Zemin and Putin denounce the US proposed missile defense program as a violation of the 1972 ABM Treaty, they also vow to strengthen a strategic partnership between their countries

Brown announces major multi-year increases for health, education and other public services.

Zlatko Lagumdzija becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers

Dr Kellys body is found at Harrowdown Hill

Mesa holds a national referendum on the future management of natural gas.

Manmohan Singh and President George W. Bush announce a framework for civilian nuclear cooperation between India and the United States.

Saddam is charged by the Special Tribunal with the first of an expected series of charges, relating to the mass killings of the inhabitants of the village of Dujail in 1982 after a failed assassination attempt against him

Communist officials decree that private farmers and cooperatives can use up to 100 acres (40 hectares) of idle Government land, as President Raul Castro works to revive the floundering agricultural sector

Stars as Batman in The Dark Knight, one of the year's major films

Directs The Dark Knight, which becomes a major critical and commercial success

A further Hubble observation again confirms the fourth Pluto moon and strengthens its orbital solution.

The achievement marks radioastron mission as an important Russian scientific milestone.

Sees the launch of the space radio observatory developed from his RadioAstron concept.

An enhanced-color global map from MESSENGER highlights compositional differences across Mercury's surface.

The Department for Exiting the European Union begins work.

Starmer announces expanded European cooperation against organised migrant-smuggling networks.

Hosts European leaders as Britain seeks closer post Brexit cooperation.

Starmer tells European leaders that Britain will reset relations with the European Union.

Birth of Philip Snowden

Birth of Vidkun Quisling

Birth of Julian Keith Levene in Wood Green, London

Death of Godfrey of Bouillion

Death of Jack Hawkins

A Battle between an alliance of Almohads led by Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur and some Castilian cavalry led by Pedro Fernendez de Castro versus King Alfonso VIII King of Castille

Determined to bar the enemy access to the rich Tagus valley, and in his haste he did not wait for the reinforcements the King's Alfonso IX of Leon and Sancho of Navarra.

For the next two years, al-Mansurs forces devastated Extremadura, the Tagus valley, La Mancha and even the area around Toledo.

Suffers a heavy defeat. Fortunately for the Christians Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur moves back to Sevilla to make good his own considerable losses; there he takes the title of al-Mansur Billah (Made victorious by God).

A large French fleet enters the Solent during an attempted invasion of England.

Marlborough breaks through the Lines of Brabant at Elixheim near Landen.

Villeroy's lines are broken by Marlborough at Elixheim during the Flanders campaign.

Commands Serbian forces during heavy fighting near Kalimanci.

Organizes Bulgarian resistance against the Serbian advance.

The Allies counter-attack capturing 12,000 PoWs, 250 guns & 14 German divisions. German forces south of the River Marne are forced to rereat

Crowned King of France, kills off the Treaty of Troyes