January 15 in History

Galbas head is cut off & paraded around the Castra Praetoria. Assassinated by the Praetorian Guards

Galba & his heir are assassinated & Otho is proclaimed master of Rome. Assassinated in a plot led by Otho

Helps Otho to murder the Emperor Galba

Defends the Italian border against the advancing legions of the Rhine

The Archbishop of Canterbury announces in Westminster hall that Edward II is deposed

Yorkists under Wenlock & Denham capture Rivers in Sandwich & take him to Calais

Yorkists under Wenlock & Denham capture Rivers in Sandwich & take him to Calais

Yorkists under Wenlock & Denham capture Rivers in Sandwich & take him to Calais

Cromwell favours the assertion of royal supremacy and manipulates the Commons by resurrecting anti-clerical grievances

The Reformation Parliament opens

Cromwell favours the assertion of royal supremacy and manipulates the Commons by resurrecting anti-clerical grievances

The Reformation Parliament opens

Renounces Russian claims to Livonia under the Truce of Yam-Zapolski

Secures a favorable truce with Ivan IV that restores Polish-Lithuanian control in Livonia and Polotsk

Concludes the Truce of Yam-Zapolski with Poland-Lithuania during the Livonian War

Acts for Stephen Bathory in the diplomacy surrounding the Truce of Yam-Zapolski

Concludes that four observed bodies orbit Jupiter rather than the Earth.

Digby leaves England to avoid arrest after supporting the attempted action against parliamentary leaders.

Following his Treaty with the Scots Parliament renounces allegiance to Charles I

Following his Treaty with the Scots Parliament renounces allegiance to Charles I

Impeached for embezzlement, cleared but resigns & becomes Lord Chamberlain. Charged by the Commons with "popery"

Impeached for embezzlement, cleared but resigns & becomes Lord Chamberlain

Attends the St Albans election in support of his brother George Churchill's parliamentary candidacy.

Hawley advanced with his main army of 6,000 on 15 January, intending to relieve Stirling Castle

Leads the rebellion of the Bounty

The Convention rejected a proposal to submit the judgment against Louis XVI to popular ratification.

The Convention voted overwhelmingly that Louis XVI was guilty of conspiracy against public liberty and the security of the state.

Russia, Prussia and Austria sign an act that terminates the Lithuanian-Polish state

Russia, Prussia and Austria sign an act that terminates the Lithuanian-Polish state

The First National Assembly elects Mavrokordatos to preside over the revolutionary executive.

Ypsilantis becomes president of the legislative branch created by the First National Assembly.

Mavrokordatos becomes President of the first revolutionary executive.

Morales leads the uprising that removes Melgarejo from power.

1st performance of, "Sleeping Beauty"

Recaptures Riyadh and begins the formation of the modern Saudi state.

Takes part in the assault that restores Saudi control of Riyadh.

The University of Zurich formally awards Einstein his doctorate in physics.

Scott inspects the old Discovery hut at Hut Point.

He finds the building heavily filled with snow and ice.

Existence of secret agreement for mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced by respective Governments

Existence of secret agreement for mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced by respective Governments

The Irish Free State, southern Ireland, is established

The Irish Free State, southern Ireland, is established

The Soviet government decrees creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army on a voluntary basis.

Murdered while under arrest

Murdered while under arrest

Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests

Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests

Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests

Dr Marx leaves office

Announces artificial radioactivity with Irene Joliot-Curie.

Announces artificial radioactivity with Frederic Joliot-Curie.

Leaves office under pressure from Batista and conservative forces.

A Popular Front electoral platform is agreed

Begins an illness which ends in his death

Files a declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States.

Ciano visits Budapest as Italy maintains Axis diplomatic contacts during the expanding European war.

Jodl reports serious weaknesses after inspecting Atlantic Wall defences along the Channel coast.

Jodl reports that major sections of the Atlantic Wall remain incomplete and inadequately prepared.

Secures Allied approval for his revised ground plan for the Normandy invasion.

The Allies agree the plans for D-Day

Montgomerys plans for D-Day are approved by the Allies

Moves his HQ to Drvar

The Germans launch an offensive against Titos partisans & drive them out of their HQ

Hitler evacuates his HQ at Adlershorst

Hitler evacuates his HQ at Adlershorst

The Indian Government agrees to Gandhis demands & pays Pakistan œ44 million

The Indian government agrees to release Pakistan's outstanding share of partition financial assets during Gandhi's fast.

The Joseph Pholien Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Begins the Jean Van Houtte Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Recognizes the Independence of West Germany

Recognizes the Independence of West Germany

The Kinks release Tired of Waiting for You.

It was classified Top Secret-Sensitive, although Sensitive was not an official classification and only indicated that access should be controlled.

McNamara left the Defense Department in February 1968, and his successor Clark M. Clifford received the finished study on January 15, 1969, five days before Richard Nixon's inauguration – although Clifford claimed he never read it.

The study contained 3,000 pages of historical analysis and 4,000 pages of original government documents in 47 volumes.

It was classified Top Secret-Sensitive, although Sensitive was not an official classification and only indicated that access should be controlled.

McNamara left the Defense Department in February 1968, and his successor Clark M. Clifford received the finished study on January 15, 1969, five days before Richard Nixon's inauguration – although Clifford claimed he never read it.

The study contained 3,000 pages of historical analysis and 4,000 pages of original government documents in 47 volumes.

Most countries in Africa support the central Government since all feare a similar breakup in their own countries, the British, Italians and the Soviet Union supplied the central Government with arms, while the French supplied the Biafrans. Biafra capitulates, ending Civil War Civil war in Nigeria that had lasted for three years. Accepts the surrender of the Biafran commanders

Biafra capitulates, ending Civil War Civil war in Nigeria that had lasted for three years

Sadat cuts the ceremonial ribbon during the official dedication of the High Dam.

Sadat formally inaugurates the High Dam with Soviet President Nikolai Podgorny.

Podgorny joins Sadat at the ceremony celebrating Soviet-Egyptian construction cooperation.

Halts the US offensive in Vietnam

Pope Paul VI has an audience with Golda Meir at the Vatican. 1st Israeli head of state to be received by the Pope

Pleads guilty with Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis during the Watergate break-in trial.

The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war. Goes to Portugal & agrees to form a coaltion Government with Roberto & Savimbi

The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war

The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war

The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war

The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war

The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war

Calculates emission rates for massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating black hole using Hawking radiation and black hole perturbation theory.

Explores the thermodynamic interpretation of black holes and the relationship between horizon area, entropy and temperature.

The Second Trygve Bratteli Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Begins the Odvar Nordli Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Elected Prime Minister of Brazil, 1st civilian in 21 yrs

Hun Sen begins his premiership under the PRK government

Najibullah begins a unilateral ceasefire intended to open negotiations with resistance groups.

Najibullah announces a unilateral ceasefire and invites opposition groups to negotiate.

From 1989 through March 1991 serves in President Bushs administration as Director then Senior Director, of Soviet and East European Affairs in the National Security Council, and a Special Assistant to the President

Powell advises that coalition forces are prepared to execute the approved campaign plan.

Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League

Pervez Musharraf is promoted to major general.

Referendum extends Niyazov's presidential term until 2002

Williams directs the Hubble Deep Field program, combining hundreds of exposures into an unprecedented deep view containing thousands of galaxies.

Papandreou resigns as Prime Minister because of serious illness.

The United States helps mediate the Hebron Protocol during the final phase of Christopher's tenure

Backs implementation of the Hebron redeployment agreement as the Clinton administration supports the Israeli Palestinian accord.

Backs implementation of the Hebron redeployment agreement.

Approves the Hebron redeployment agreement with Netanyahu after US mediation.

Signs the Hebron Protocol with Netanyahu after US mediation.

Announces that Netanyahu and Arafat have reached agreement on Israeli redeployment in Hebron.

Agrees to redeploy Israeli forces from most of Hebron while retaining Israeli control over H2 areas.

Signs the Hebron Protocol arranging Israeli redeployment from most of the city.

Mediates final understandings between Israeli and Palestinian leaders before the Hebron agreement is concluded.

Encourages Netanyahu and Arafat to preserve the Oslo process as Hebron negotiations reach agreement.

Snegur leaves office after Moldova's first post-independence presidency

Petru Lucinschi becomes President after defeating Snegur in the 1996 election

Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.

Takes office as Mayor of Amsterdam.

Rice headed Chevrons committee on public policy until she resigned on January 15, 2001, to become National Security Adviser to President George W. Bush

Sushil Kumar Shinde becomes Chief Minister of Maharashtra.

Vilasrao Deshmukh leaves office as Chief Minister of Maharashtra.

Jackson defects from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party

Abbas is formally sworn in as the President of the Palestinian National Authority in a ceremony held in the West Bank town of Ramallah

Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, the half-brother of Saddam Hussein who was also sentenced to death for his role in the 1982 execution of Shiites in Dujail, is decapitated by the noose during his execution

Appointed President of Ecuador, 1st term

The Israeli operation is in retaliation to the firing of Qassasm rockets and mortar bombs into Israeli towns by Palestinian militants. Israel closes all border crossings into the Gaza Strip in response to the Palestinian attacks, aid and fuel shipments are affected by the border closing. An Israeli strike kills Several Palestinians in Gaza, as many as 20 Palestinians, many member of Hamas, die in the attack

An Israeli strike kills Several Palestinians in Gaza, as many as 20 Palestinians, many member of Hamas, die in the attack

Israel closes all border crossings into the Gaza Strip in response to the Palestinian attacks, aid and fuel shipments are affected by the border closing

Despite a call from the United Nations for cease-fire, fighting continues in Gaza. An airstrike from Israel hits the United Nations Relief and Works Agency building in Gaza, injuring at least three people

An airstrike from Israel hits the United Nations Relief and Works Agency building in Gaza, injuring at least three people

An airstrike from Israel hits the United Nations Relief and Works Agency building in Gaza, injuring at least three people

Fouad Mebazaa was sworn in as acting president under the constitutional succession rules.

New Horizons begins its formal approach phase toward Pluto after nearly nine years of interplanetary flight.

Starmer opposes Theresa May's withdrawal agreement during the first meaningful vote.

The House of Commons rejects the Withdrawal Agreement by a historic margin.

The House of Commons rejects the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement by a historic margin.

Declares South Korea a hostile state in policy remarks.

Gives his presidential farewell address.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is born in Besancon to a cooper and a kitchen servant.

Born in Cologne, son of a teacher

Birth of Frederick Arthur Stanley

Birth of Ivor Novello

Gamal Abdel Nasser is born in Alexandria to a postal worker's family.

Birth of Teng-hui

Birth of Martin Luther King, Jr., born to teacher Alberta King and Baptist minister Michael Luther King

Death of Vinzenz Rittimann

Death of Karl Liebknecht, murdered while under arrest

Murdered while under arrest

Death of Harry Nilsson

Death of Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, executed

Hawley advanced with his main army of 6,000 on 15 January, intending to relieve Stirling Castle

The War Council accepts Churchills idea for a naval expedition to the Dardanelles. A plan to create a supply link to the Russian front & secure the Balkan states

Rommel tries to halt the Eighth 200 miles east of Tripoli but retreats to Tripoli

Rommel tries to halt the Eighth 200 miles east of Tripoli but retreats to Tripoli

Final day of the Battle of the Bulge, gives way to the Allied advance

Elizabeth is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey