July 10 in History

Succeeds Hadrian as emperor.

Succeeds as Emperor of Rome, founds the House of Antonines

Begins construction of the Antonine Wall in Britain

Forced to abdicate, after this follows the 2nd interregnum, 1296-1306

Balliol was forced to renounce his kingship after Edward I's invasion.

Robert Bruce captures Urquhart Castle & places it in the care of Sir Thomas Ranpolph, the Earl of Moray

Robert Bruce captures Urquhart Castle & places it in the care of Sir Thomas Ranpolph, the Earl of Moray

Declared heir to the throne

Troyes Anglo-Burgundian garrison leaves, Joan arranges for their prisoners to be freed & the Royal army enters Troyes

Captures Henry IV & returns to London with him

Marries Margaret, daughter of King Christian of Norway

Meets Emperor Charles V

John Cheke is summoned from Cambridge to help educate Prince Edward in languages, scripture, philosophy and the liberal sciences.

Taken to the Tower & executed

Mary rallies supporters in East Anglia against the Jane Grey regime

Supports Lady Jane Grey after Edward VI's death.

Her accession is seen as a plot by Marquess of Dorset & the Duke of Northumberland

Jane Grey is proclaimed queen by supporters of Northumberland

Mary rallies her forces

Brought to the Tower & cermonially received as Queen

Northumberland backs Jane Grey against Mary Tudor's claim

Francis II succeeds his father Henry II as King of France

Mary of Scots becomes Queen Consort of France and links Scotland to Guise influence

Francis of Guise gains influence under the young Francis II

Francis II's accession strengthens the political influence of the Guise family

Mary of Scots becomes queen consort of France after Francis II succeeds

Charles Cardinal of Lorraine becomes a leading adviser to Francis II

The accession of Francis II and his consort, Mary Stuart, niece of Francois de Guise, is a triumph for the Guise family

Assassinated at Delft by Balthazar Gerard, a Catholic fanatic

Shoots William the Silent at Delft

Assassinated at the Prinsenhof in Delft by Balthasar Gerard

Faces a leadership crisis in the Dutch Revolt after the assassination of his father William the Silent

Executed for his role in the Throckmorton Plot against Elizabeth I

Succeeds as Stadtholder after the assassination of William

Becomes Prince of Orange after the assassination of his father William the Silent

Becomes widow of William the Silent after his assassination

The Catholic League is initially a loose confederation of Roman Catholic German states to counteract the Protestant Union (formed 1608), whereby the participating states concluded an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire"

Maximilian becomes president, and the Prince-Bishops of Augsburg, Passau, and Wurzburg his councillors, the League will continue for nine years.

Participating states at a Munich conference conclude an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire".

This record states: The most important regulation of the League is the prohibition of attacks on one another, so instead of fighting, conflicts have to be decided by the laws of the Empire or, if these fail to resolve conflict.

This record states: by arbitration within the League.

Participating states at a Munich conference conclude an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire"

Maximilian becomes president, and the Prince-Bishops of Augsburg, Passau, and Wurzburg his councillors, the League will continue for nine years.

Participating states at a Munich conference conclude an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire".

This record states: The most important regulation of the League is the prohibition of attacks on one another, so instead of fighting, conflicts have to be decided by the laws of the Empire or, if these fail to resolve conflict.

This record states: by arbitration within the League.

Sir George Calvert arrives in Newfoundland to develop his land grant

The English fleet under George Villiers reached La Rochelle, France, a Huguenot stronghold

Hotham's garrison drives away Royalists attempting to burn buildings outside the walls.

William III of Orange formally takes the oath associated with his restored stadtholder position.

Moves into the new observatory building at Greenwich.

James II retaliates to the defeat at Beachy Head by amassing an army to invade France

Intercepted by the Lion & forced to return to France with arms & ammunition

France declares war against Great Britain

Appointed Leader of the House of Commons

Appointed Secretary of State for the Home Department, 1st term

Lally-Tollendal submits a proposed declaration of rights during the early constitutional drafting process.

Louis XVI was restored to the throne under the Constitution.

Reinstated to the throne of France

Captures Conde

Georges Jacques Danton left the Committee of Public Safety.

Leaves the Committee of Public Safety

Leaves the Committee of Public Safety

Appointed Vice Admiral

Jackson vetoes legislation renewing the Second Bank's federal charter.

Publishes a critique of the Kolnische Zeitung's treatment of philosophy, religion and political discussion.

Lincoln debates Douglas at Galesburg and strengthens his Republican profile

The second main span is floated into the Tamar to complete the paired crossing arrangement.

Captures Nanking which brings the Taiping rebellion to an end

Suppresses the Taiping rebellion with western help

Participates in the political movement that becomes the Liberal Party tradition.

Marchand arrives at Fashoda with an occupying force

Completes the King Edward VII railway bridge across the Tyne.

Creates a major rail connection into Newcastle Central Station.

Declares war on Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.

Sends Romanian forces across the Danube into Bulgaria.

Diverts attention toward the Romanian advance from the north.

Leads Romanian forces into Bulgaria.

Gives Parliament a detailed statement on the Government’s Irish policy after failed settlement talks.

Demands stronger discipline as Russian units begin to disintegrate.

Continues supporting the coalition against Bolshevik pressure.

Presides over a Soviet shaken by the armed demonstrations.

Forms a strengthened government after the July Days.

Supports Kerensky's reorganised government after the crisis.

Continues in office under Kerensky during the post-July settlement.

Defends the Soviet majority's support for the government.

Oversees German strategic support for the counterattack.

Assesses Russian collapse and supports plans for a counterblow.

Organises support for the Central Powers counteroffensive in Galicia.

Grants Lawrence a 200,000 pound monthly subsidy to support Arab rebellion against the Turks

Travels to Cairo after Aqaba and reports the success to British command.

Sverdlov presides as the Fifth Congress adopts the first constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Becomes prime minister after Borden retires.

At Spa, Lloyd George supports using the previously proposed Allied eastern line as the basis for an armistice in the Polish-Soviet War.

Appointed collective provisional government of Ecuador after the July Revolution

Communist military pressure in central China adds to the Nationalist government’s conflicts during the Central Plains War.

Sixth Army HQ instructs shoot Russians with a cropped head & wearing plain clothes

After the pincer battles of Bialystok & Minsk are concluded: 324,000 prisoners, 3,332 tanks & 1,809 guns are captured

Commands the Italian Sixth Army as Allied forces land in Sicily during Operation Husky.

Faces the Allied invasion of Sicily, a military crisis that accelerates opposition to his regime.

Syracuse is captured by the Eighth Army during the Allied invasion of Siciliy

Appointed commander of the National Liberation Army

Los Alamos begins its first nuclear-physics experiment, measuring plutonium-239 fission-neutron yield and marking the laboratory's transition into active experimental work.

Allied forces land on the Italian mainland at Salerno, almost 400 landing craft and supply ships involved in landings

Allied forces land on the Italian mainland at Salerno, almost 400 landing craft and supply ships involved in landings

Allies land on Sicily (Operation Husky): almost 3,000 landing craft, and supply ships involved in landings

Commands the 5th Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily

Commander of German forces in Sicily during the Allied invasion

Lands ashore at the head of the Eighth Army

Lands ashore at the head of the 7th Army

Commands the naval operations during the 1st day of the Allied landings on Siciliy

General Staff of the National Liberation Army is formed

National Liberation Army develops as the main partisan military force

Allies land on Sicily (Operation Husky): almost 3,000 landing craft, and supply ships involved in landings

Allies land on Sicily (Operation Husky): almost 3,000 landing craft, and supply ships involved in landings

Directs Italian Sixth Army defensive operations as Allied landings open the Sicily campaign.

Jodl participates in high-level responses as Allied forces invade Sicily.

Commands Eighth Army as its formations land in south-eastern Sicily during Operation Husky.

Yeremenko strikes at Hansens 16th German Army

Yeremenko strikes at Hansens 16th German Army

Moves to his HQ in Rastenburg concerned by events in the Eastern Front

A plot to kill Hitler when Stauffenberg goes to Obersalzberg & report to the Fuhrer

Philips engagement to Princess Elizabeth is announced from Buckingham Palace

Philips engagement to Princess Elizabeth is announced from Buckingham Palace

Armistice negotiations open between the Commanders of both sides

Announces a large-scale American food-relief programme for East Germans following the June uprising.

Pineau supports the government campaign as the National Assembly approves ratification of the Rome Treaties.

Malinovsky supervised military planning for Operation Anadyr as Soviet forces prepared for the concealed deployment to Cuba.

Produces A Hard Day's Night, combining soundtrack work with a full Beatles studio album.

Kasa-Vubu appoints Tshombe to lead a government confronting rebellions and preparing elections.

Returns to Liverpool with the Beatles for a civic reception.

Hussein declares East Jerusalem to be the "spiritual capital of Jordan"

The new Israeli Parliament Building for the Knesset is inaugurated

The new Israeli Parliament Building for the Knesset is inaugurated

The new Israeli Parliament Building for the Knesset is inaugurated

Hussein declares East Jerusalem to be the "spiritual capital of Jordan"

The Bjarni Benediktsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.

Begins the Johann Hafstein Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.

The Kinks release Low Budget.

Healey leaves Labour’s front bench after nearly three decades of senior opposition and government service.

Healey leaves the front bench after years as Labour's senior foreign affairs spokesman.

Answers Commons questions on evaluation of City Challenge bids.

Addresses Commons questions on the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.

Begins exercising the new executive powers of the Russian presidency after taking the oath of office.

Takes the presidential oath as the first elected president of the Russian Federation.

President Bush lifts economic sanctions against South Africa, citing its "profound transformation" toward racial equality

President Bush lifts economic sanctions

President Bush lifts economic sanctions against South Africa, citing its "profound transformation" toward racial equality

South Africa accedes to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon state.

Addresses Commons questions on urban development corporations.

Government representatives enter formal peace negotiations with the RPF.

Talks seek an end to the civil war.

U. R. Rao oversees the launch of INSAT-2A, the first satellite in India's indigenously developed second-generation INSAT series.

Kabila signs a regional ceasefire agreement providing for dialogue and foreign troop withdrawal.

Bush says that AIDS is "the deadliest enemy Africa has ever faced" and pledged to the nation with the worlds highest AIDS infection rate that it would have a strong partner in his administration in fighting the disease

Bush says that AIDS is "the deadliest enemy Africa has ever faced" and pledged to the nation with the worlds highest AIDS infection rate that it would have a strong partner in his administration in fighting the disease

President Bush meets with President Festus Mogae in Botswana

Saddam Hussein announces a boycott of the trial, saying it makes a mockery of international and Iraqi law and is driven by "malicious" US aims

US home loan giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac lose half their value and appear on the brink of collapse

US home loan giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac lose half their value and appear on the brink of collapse

Signs surveillance legislation updating rules for foreign intelligence collection

US home loan giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac lose half their value and appear on the brink of collapse

Arif participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

New Horizons measurements determine Pluto is about 2,370 kilometres in diameter, larger than many pre-encounter estimates.

Makes important saves throughout Portugal's European Championship victory.

Is named young player of the European Championship.

Helps Portugal win the tournament during his international breakthrough.

Keeps a clean sheet as Portugal defeats France in the final.

Helps Portugal win the European Championship final.

Captains Portugal to its first European Championship title.

Guides Portugal to victory at the European Championship.

Supports teammates from the sideline after leaving the final injured.

Contributes throughout the tournament as an experienced central midfielder.

Becomes the first manager winning a senior international title for Portugal.

Juno flies directly above the Great Red Spot to probe its structure.

Heads the only goal as France defeat Belgium in the World Cup semi-final.

Finishes the Copa America with four goals, sharing the tournament scoring lead as Argentina become champions.

Scores the only goal as Argentina defeat Brazil at the Maracana and win the Copa America.

Starmer reaffirms British commitments to NATO and continued military support for Ukraine.

Haberle leads Hubble stellar-motion measurements providing strong evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole in Omega Centauri.

Birth of John Calvin

Birth of Donald George "Don"Revie

Dies at Baiae and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius.

Dies at Baiae and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius.

Death of Erik I, during a pilgrimage to Jerusalem as the first king after the city was conquered during the First Crusade

Death of Henry II, mortally wounded in a tournament

Henry II dies from wounds suffered in a tournament

Death of Johnny Caldwell

Robert Bruce returns from Ireland & defeats the English under de Valence

The Battle is shortened when Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent turned traitor to the King and ordered his men to lay down arms, allowing the Yorkists access to the camp. Buckingham, the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Lords Egremont and Beaumont are killed by a group of Kentishmen

Captured at the Battle of Northampton & forced to acknowledge Richard as his heir

Escapes from the Battle of Northampton & assembles a Lancastrian Army in the nth

Launches a successful assault on King Henrys earthwork camp. Defeats a Lancastrian force marching on London & re-captures Henry VI

Death of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, killed at the Battle of Northampton

Cromwell's cavalry contributes to Parliament's victory over Goring's forces at Langport.

Fairfax defeats the last major Royalist field army in the west at Langport and continues the New Model Army's advance.

Fairfax boldly attacks Gorings strong defences at the Battle of Langport

Fairfax defeats Goring's Royalist army and opens the west of England to Parliamentarian advance.

Suffers a defeat by Fairfax & Cromwell. Fairfax boldly attacks Gorings strong defences at the Battle of Langport

Commands the New Model Army to victory over Goring, a final blow to the Royalist cause

Herbert commands the Anglo-Dutch fleet defeated by Tourville at Beachy Head.

James II retaliates to the defeat at Beachy Head by amassing an army to invade France

Tourville defeats the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet at the Battle of Beachy Head.

Defeats the Anglo-Dutch fleet & sinks 5 of its ships

Beyer's division captures Hammelburg while the Prussian Main Army advances southward.

Goeben defeats Bavarian troops at Kissingen and opens the route toward the Main.

Opening day of the Battle of Britain

Says, "there is a time to live & a time to die"

Oversees Britain's air defence as the Luftwaffe begins sustained attacks.

Commands Fighter Command as the official Battle of Britain period begins.

Directs Britain's integrated fighter defence through the Dowding System.

British convoys in the Channel from Dover to Plymouth are harried. 1st phase to 18th Aug. 1st day of the Battle of Britain

Directs Luftflotte 2 operations against southern Britain.

Supports attacks on Channel shipping during the opening phase.

Controls the fighter defence of London and south-east England.

Directs No. 11 Group during the opening Channel battles.

Commands Luftflotte 3 during attacks on Britain.

Coordinates bomber and fighter operations from bases in occupied France.

1st day of the Battle of Smolensk