On this date in world history

July 3 in History

Browse historical events, births, deaths and battles recorded on July 3. Every item below is rendered from the World History Database into this page's initial HTML.

Events: 147Births: 3Deaths: 5Battles: 35Coronations: 1

Historical Events on July 3

314
Rule of Egypt
Constantine I the Great · Roman Empire

After wining the Battle of Mardia Constantine retains his rule over Egypt

314
Rule of Greece
Constantine I the Great · Roman Empire

After wining the Battle of Mardia Constantine extends his rule over Greece

314
Rule of Llyricum
Constantine I the Great · Roman Empire · Llyricum

After wining the Battle of Mardia Constantine extends his rule over Llyicum

314
Rule of Thrace
Constantine I the Great · Roman Empire · Thrace

After wining the Battle of Mardia Constantine extends his rule over Thrace

321
Observance-Sundays
Constantine I the Great · Roman Empire

Constantine declares Sunday to be an Empire-wide day of rest in honour of the Sun

1298
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I · England · Coldstream

Edward I crosses the Tweed by Coldstream with 12,500 or more foot and over 2,500 horse, veterans of his campaigns in France and Wales

1307
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I · England · Carlisle

Leaves Carlisle

1429
Alliance France and Burgundy
Joan of Arc · France

Joan of Arcs army camps near the pro-Burgundian city of Auxerre, which finally agreed to neutrality

1429
Neutrality
Joan of Arc · France

Joan of Arcs army camps near the pro-Burgundian city of Auxerre, which finally agreed to neutrality

1459
Siege of London
Richard Neville "Kingmaker" · England · Tower of London

Begins to help organize the details for the siege of the Tower of London

1459
Siege of London
John Wenlock · England · Tower of London

Begins to help organixe the details for the siege of the Tower of London

1460
Siege of London
Richard Neville "Kingmaker" · England · London

Warwick besieges London & forces the Lancastrians to retreat to the Tower of London

1460
Siege of London
Richard Neville "Kingmaker" · England · Tower of London

Organizes a siege of the Tower of London with the Mayor of the City

1468
Burgundian Marriage
Margaret York · England · Bruges

Margaret of York marries Charles the Bold in Bruges.

1468
Marriage to Margaret
Charles Bold · Burgundy · Bruges

Charles the Bold marries Margaret of York at Bruges.

1486
Peace
Henry VII · England

A 3 year truce with Scotland is agreed

1553
Move to Kenninghall
Mary I · England · Kenninghall

Mary leaves Hunsdon for Kenninghall to avoid Northumberland's control

1553
Succession
England · Hunsdon

Advised to escape the control of Northumberland, moves to Kenninghall, Norfolk

1553
Succession
Elizabeth I · England · London

Escorts Mary during her entry in state into London

1557
Philip Departs
Mary I · England · London

Philip leaves England after securing English entry into the war

1557
Philip Leaves England
Mary I · England · London

Philip II leaves England and does not return before Mary's death

1644
Siege of York
Rupert of the Rhine · Germany · York

Returns to York after the Battle of Marston Moor. Collects 6,000 of his cavalry & marches into Lancashire

1645
Capture of Dorchester
Thomas Fairfax · England · Dorchester

Fairfax meets the Clubmen of Dorset and Wiltshire at Dorchester

1672
Stadtholder of Holland
William III of Orange · England · Holland

William III of Orange becomes stadtholder of Holland, ending the province's long period without an Orange stadtholder.

1685
Capture of Bridgewater
James Scott · England · Bridgewater

Monmouths forces reach Bridgewater. Learns that the Royalists under the Earl of Faversham are only 3 miles away

1685
Major General
John Churchill · England · England

Promoted major-general three days before the Battle of Sedgemoor.

1690
Entry into Dublin
William III of Orange · England · Dublin

William III of Orange's victory at the Boyne opens the road to Dublin and forces the main Jacobite army to retreat toward Limerick.

1690
Siege of Dublin
James II · England · Dublin

The Williamites triumphantly march into Dublin two days after the Battle of the Boyne, the Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the River Shannon, where they were besieged

1690
Siege of Limerick
James II · England · Limerick

The Williamites triumphantly march into Dublin two days after the Battle of the Boyne, the Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the River Shannon, where they were besieged

1769
Water Frame
Richard Arkwright · Great Britain · Nottingham

Arkwright patents a water-powered spinning frame suited to large factory production.

1775
Commander in Chief
George Washington · United States of America

Appointed Commander in Chief

1775
Commander of Continental Forces
George Washington · United States of America

Appointed Commander of the Continental forces

1775
Commander of Continental Forces
George Washington · United States of America

Appointed Commander of the Continental forces

1775
Reform of Armed Forces
George Washington · United States of America

Begins transforming the army while maintaining the Siege of Boston

1791
Political Rights for Women
Nicolas Condorcet · France · Paris

Publishes Sur l'admission des femmes au droit de cite

1792
Abdication Clause Speech
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud · France · Paris

Vergniaud argued that the Constitution allowed the king to be treated as having abdicated if he failed to resist armed enemies.

1797
Attack on Cadiz
Horatio Nelson · Great Britain · Cadiz

Leads boat attacks during operations against Cadiz.

1815
Result of Surrender of France
Arthur Wellesley · Great Britain · St Cloud

France accepts Allied terms at St Cloud, clearing the way for occupation and the post-Napoleonic settlement.

1815
Surrender of France
Arthur Wellesley · Great Britain · St Cloud

France surrenders by the Treaty of St Cloud

1815
Treaty of St Cloud
Arthur Wellesley · Great Britain · St Cloud

France surrenders by the Treaty of St Cloud

1849
Siege of Rome
Guisseppe Garibaldi · Italy · Rome

The French enter Rome & Garibaldi withdraws the 4,000 republican army to San Marino

1853
Danubian Principalities
Nicholas I · Russia · Moldova

Orders occupation of Moldova and Wallachia after diplomatic negotiations fail.

1853
Invasion of Moldova
George Hamilton-Gordon · Great Britain · Moldova

Russian troops move into Moldova.

1853
Occupation of Moldova
Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov · Russia · Moldova

Commands Russian forces entering Moldova.

1853
Occupation of Wallachia
Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov · Russia · Wallachia

Commands Russian forces occupying Wallachia.

1855
Genitchi Bridge Attack
John Hailes · Great Britain · Genitchi

Leads one of the boats sent under fire to destroy the floating bridge at Genitchi.

1855
Genitchi Bridge Attack
William Nathan Wrighte Hewett · Great Britain · Genitchi

Orders a boat attack that destroys the floating bridge linking Genitchi with the Arabat supply route.

1855
Genitchi Bridge Attack
Martin Tracey · Great Britain · Genitchi

Commands a boat supporting the successful demolition of the Genitchi floating bridge.

1866
First Army
Otto Eduard Leopold Bismarck · Germany · Sadowa

Bismarck concludes the August alliance with northern German states, founding the future confederation.

1866
First Army
Friedrich Karl Hohenzollern · Germany · Königgrätz

Friedrich Karl directs the First Army's advance toward the Austrian centre near Sadowa.

1900
Open Door Policy
John Hay · United States of America · Washington

Calls for preserving China's territorial integrity.

1913
Romanian Mobilization
Carol I · Romania · Bucharest

Orders Romanian mobilization against Bulgaria.

1913
Romanian Mobilization
Ferdinand I · Bulgaria · Bucharest

Faces Romanian intervention while fighting Serbia and Greece.

1915
E14 Second Marmara Patrol Completed
Edward Courtney Boyle · Great Britain · Dardanelles

Boyle returns from E14's second patrol after further disruption of Ottoman shipping.

1915
Maori Contingent Lands at Anzac
Te Rangi Hiroa Peter Buck · New Zealand · Anzac Cove

Buck serves with the Maori Contingent when it lands at ANZAC to reinforce the garrison.

1916
Somme Offensive Continuation Ordered
Douglas Haig · Great Britain · Somme

Haig orders continued pressure to support France and wear down the German army.

1917
Arrest of Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky · Russia

Workers and soldiers in Petrograd demand the Soviet takes power, sporadic fighting results and the Soviet restores order with troops brought back from the front, Trotsky is arrested & Lenin goes into hiding

1917
July Days
Ilya Solomonovich Bleikhman · Russia · Petrograd

Encourages soldiers and workers to take immediate action.

1917
July Days
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin · Russia · Moscow

Supports Bolshevik agitation as unrest spreads beyond Petrograd.

1917
July Days
Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov · Russia · Petrograd

Is targeted by angry demonstrators demanding Soviet power.

1917
July Days
Nikolai Chkheidze · Russia · Petrograd

Refuses to let the Soviet endorse premature insurrection.

1917
July Days
Nikolai Chkheidze · Russia · Petrograd

Seeks to keep the Petrograd Soviet from endorsing armed revolt.

1917
July Days
Nikolai Chkheidze · Russia · Petrograd

Chkheidze attempts to prevent the Soviet from supporting armed revolt.

1917
July Days
Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai · Russia · Petrograd

Encourages radical workers and soldiers demanding Soviet power.

1917
July Days
Mikhail Mikhailovich Lashevich · Russia · Petrograd

Works with military activists as unrest spreads among soldiers.

1917
July Days
Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky · Russia · Petrograd

Speaks to radical crowds during the unrest.

1917
July Days
Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky · Russia · Petrograd

Works in the Military Organisation as soldiers press for action.

1917
July Days
Nikolai Ilyich Podvoisky · Russia · Petrograd

Helps direct the Bolshevik Military Organisation before the demonstrations.

1917
July Days
Nikolai Ilyich Podvoisky · Russia · Petrograd

The Military Organisation helps mobilise armed demonstrators.

1917
July Days
Fyodor Fyodorovich Raskolnikov · Russia · Kronstadt

Helps mobilise Kronstadt sailors for the Petrograd demonstrations.

1917
July Days
Semyon Grigoryevich Roshal · Russia · Kronstadt

Agitates among sailors preparing to move on Petrograd.

1917
July Days
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin · Russia · Petrograd

Helps manage Bolshevik press and party activity during the crisis.

1917
July Days
Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov · Russia · Petrograd

Supports party organisation as the demonstrations develop.

1917
July Days
Irakli Tsereteli · Russia · Petrograd

Argues that the Soviet should resist pressure to seize power.

1917
Provisional Government
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin · Russia · Petrograd

The July Days refer to events that take place in Petrograd, Russia, between 3 July and 7 July (Julian calendar) (16 July 20 July, Gregorian calendar), when soldiers and industrial workers engage in spontaneous demonstrations against the Russian Provisional Government

1922
Reichsrat Republic Law Approval
Gustav Radbruch · Germany · Berlin

Sees the Reichsrat approve the government's revised protection legislation before the bill moves to the Reichstag.

1928
Prime Minister of Greece
Eleftherios Venizelos · Greece

Eleftherios Venizelos begins a term as Prime Minister of Greece in 1928.

1934
Bank of Canada Act
Richard Bedford Bennett · Canada · Ottawa

Creates the Bank of Canada during the Depression.

1935
February Revolution
Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky · Russia · Petrograd

Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.

1940
Mers-el-Kebir
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill · Great Britain · London

Orders action against French naval forces to deny them to Germany.

1941
Broadcast
Joseph Stalin · Russia · Moscow

Warns Russia of the danger of the German invasion. Addresses the Russian people as "brothers & sister"

1941
Invasion of Russia
Joseph Stalin · Russia · Moscow

Warns Russia of the danger of the German invasion during a broadcast

1942
Capture of Sevastopol
Adolf Hitler · Germany · Poltava

Meets von Bock after the capture of Sevastopol & the success at Kharkohov

1943
Bombing of Sicily
Dwight David Eisenhower · United States of America · Sicily

The Allies begin bombing the airfields of Siciliy as a prelude to invasion

1943
Invasion of Italy
Dwight David Eisenhower · United States of America · Sicily

The Allies begin bombing the airfields of Siciliy as a prelude to invasion

1943
Invasion of Italy
Bernard Law Montgomery · Great Britain · Malta

Arrives in Malta to find the Eighth Army preparing for the invasion of Sicily

1943
Invasion of Sicily
Dwight David Eisenhower · United States of America · Sicily

The Allies begin bombing the airfields of Siciliy as a prelude to invasion

1943
Invasion of Sicily
Bernard Law Montgomery · Great Britain · Malta

Arrives in Malta to find the Eighth Army preparing for the invasion of Sicily

1944
Army Group North
Johannes Friessner · Germany

Appointed Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler

1944
Army Group North
Georg Lindemann · Germany

Dismissed as Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler

1944
Commander of Army Group North
Johannes Friessner · Germany

Appointed Commander of the Army Group North

1944
Commander of Army Group North
Johannes Friessner · Germany

Appointed Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler

1944
Dismissal
Georg Lindemann · Germany

Dismissed as Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler

1944
End of Imphal Offensive
Renya Mutaguchi · Japan · Imphal

Mutaguchi's failed offensive is called off after severe losses, disease, hunger, and collapsing supply lines.

1944
Fuhrer Chancellor
Adolf Hitler · Germany

Appoints Friesner Commander of Army Group North

1945
Little Boy Projectile Casting
A. Francis Birch · United States of America · Los Alamos

Casting of the uranium-235 projectile component for Little Boy is completed.

1950
United Nations
Clement Richard Attlee · Great Britain · Moscow

The British appeal to Moscow to ask North Korea to stop the war, Russia declines

1950
United Nations
Joseph Stalin · Russia · Moscow

Britain appeals to Moscow to ask North Korea to stop the war, Russia declines

1950
United Nations
George Stratmeyer · United States of America

Orders the United Nations pilots not to fly over the Chinese or Russian borders

1958
Stresa Agricultural Conference
Amintore Fanfani · Italy · Stresa

Heads the government as Stresa hosts the six-country agricultural conference shaping the future Common Agricultural Policy.

1962
CIA Biographical Review
Frank Sturgis · United States of America · Washington

A CIA memorandum dated July 3, 1962, reviewed information about Frank Fiorini, later known as Frank Sturgis, and his Cuban activities.

1962
CIA Fiorini Biographical Memorandum
Frank Sturgis · United States of America · Washington

A CIA memorandum reviewed Fiorini's aliases, Cuban background, and anti-Castro activities as federal agencies continued tracking his activities.

1966
Presidential Election
Rene Barrientos Ortuno · Bolivia · La Paz

Barrientos wins the presidential election and returns Bolivia to formal civilian government.

1968
Commander in Chief
Creighton Abrams · United States of America

Appointed Commander of the US forces in Vietnam

1968
Commander in Chief
Creighton Abrams · United States of America

Appointed Commander of the US forces in Vietnam

1968
MACV Commander
Creighton Abrams · United States of America · Saigon

Replaces William Westmoreland as commander of MACV

1968
Waiting for the Sun
The Doors · United States of America · Los Angeles

Releases Waiting for the Sun.

1969
Rolling Stones, The
Mick Jagger · Great Britain

Honky Tonk Women is released, coinciding with the death of Jones, and remains the bands last number 1 single in the UK

1969
Rolling Stones, The
Keith Richards · Great Britain

Honky Tonk Women is released, coinciding with the death of Jones, and remains the bands last number 1 single in the UK

1973
Ziggy Stardust Retirement
David Bowie · Great Britain · London

Announces the end of Ziggy Stardust from the stage at Hammersmith Odeon, surprising many fans.

1974
ABM Treaty
Richard Milhous Nixon · United States of America · Moscow

The Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) , the Treaty limits nuclear test explosion to under 150 kilotons (over ten times the yield of the Hiroshima bomb)

1974
ABM Treaty
Richard Milhous Nixon · United States of America · Moscow

The United States and the Soviet Union agree to the Protocol to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Agreement, which limits ABM deployment to a single area.

1974
Moscow Summit Joint Communique
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev · Russia · Moscow

Concludes the Nixon summit with a joint communiqué covering strategic arms, trade and international security.

1974
Threshold Test Ban Treaty
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev · Russia · Moscow

Signs the Threshold Test Ban Treaty limiting underground nuclear weapon tests.

1974
Threshold Test Ban Treaty Signed
Richard Milhous Nixon · United States of America · Moscow

Signs the Threshold Test Ban Treaty limiting underground nuclear weapon tests to yields of 150 kilotons or less.

1974
Treaty of Threshold Test Ban Treaty
Richard Milhous Nixon · United States of America · Moscow

The Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) , the Treaty limits nuclear test explosion to under 150 kilotons (over ten times the yield of the Hiroshima bomb)

1976
Hijack
Idi Amin Dada · Uganda · Entebe

At midnight Israeli commandos attack the airport and free all but four of the hostages who are killed

1976
Prime Minister of Spain
Adolfo Suerez · Spain

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain by King Juan Carlos

1979
Central Intelligence Agency
Hafizullah Amin · Afghanistan · Kabul

United States President Jimmy Carter authorizes covert propaganda support against the Afghan revolutionary government.

1979
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Jimmy Carter · United States of America

President Jimmy Carter signs a directive authorizing the CIA to conduct covert propaganda operations against the revolutionary regime

1981
Dismissal
Wojciech Jaruzelski · Poland · Warsaw

Dismisses 8 cabinet ministers

1986
General Strike
Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte · Chile · Santiago

The government confronts the second day of a nationwide opposition strike.

1989
Immigration
Geoffrey Howe · Great Britain · Hong Kong

Says Hong kong residents have no automatic right to live in the UK

1990
Semi-Final Penalty Saves
Sergio Goycochea · Argentina · Naples

Saves two penalties as Argentina eliminate host nation Italy in the semi-final shootout.

1990
World Cup Semi-Final Equaliser
Claudio Caniggia · Argentina · Naples

Heads Argentina level against Italy before the team advance through a penalty shootout.

1992
DTI Reorganisation
Michael Heseltine · Great Britain · London

Announces and answers questions on reorganisation of the Department of Trade and Industry.

1992
Resignation of Vaclav Havel
Vaclav Havel · Czech Republic · Prague

The Federal Parliament does not elect Havel - the only candidate for presidency - due to a lack of support from Slovak MPs

1993
A Storm in Heaven
Richard Ashcroft · Great Britain · Great Britain

The Verve's debut album A Storm in Heaven enters the UK albums chart.

1994
World Cup Goal Against Romania
Abel Balbo · Argentina · Pasadena

Scores Argentina's second goal in the 3-2 World Cup knockout defeat by Romania.

1994
World Cup Penalty Against Romania
Gabriel Batistuta · Argentina · Pasadena

Scores from the penalty spot in Argentina's 3-2 World Cup round-of-sixteen defeat by Romania.

1996
Coup
Idriss Doby · Chad

Idriss Deby wins 70% of the vote, he defeats Abdelkader Wadal Kamougue, a southern leader who led coup in 1975

1996
Election
Idriss Doby · Chad

Idriss Deby wins 70% of the vote, he defeats Abdelkader Wadal Kamougue, a southern leader who led coup in 1975

1996
Election
Gennady Zyuganov · Russia

Despite suffering a heart attack in June, Yeltsin wins a 2nd term in office, defeating communist Gennady Zyuganov by 13 points in the national election

1996
Second Presidential Election Victory
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin · Russia · Russia

Defeats Communist challenger Gennady Zyuganov in the second round and wins a second presidential term.

1997
Economy of Chad
Idriss Doby · Chad

Idriss Deby wins 70% of the vote, he defeats Abdelkader Wadal Kamougue, a southern leader who led coup in 1975

1998
Premiership Ends
Habib Thiam · Senegal · Dakar

Thiam leaves office after his second period as Prime Minister

1998
Prime Minister Takes Office
Mamadou Lamine Loum · Senegal · Dakar

Mamadou Lamine Loum becomes Prime Minister under President Diouf

2004
African Union Human Rights Report
Robert Gabriel Mugabe · Zimbabwe · Addis Ababa

An African Union report criticises abuses against opposition politicians and lawyers.

2006
ECCC Operations
Pol Pot · Kampuchea · Phnom Penh

ECCC judicial officials are sworn in and the tribunal begins operations

2007
Economy of Iraq
Nouri Kamil Mohammed Hasan al- Maliki · Iraq

The Iraqi cabinet approves the hydrocarbon framework law, one component of a larger legislative package, which states that the revenue from oil sales belongs to all Iraqis and outlines the function of the oil and gas council

2007
Governance of Britain Statement
James Gordon Brown · Great Britain · House of Commons

Brown proposes limits on executive powers and stronger parliamentary accountability.

2011
Kerberos
Mark Showalter · United States of America

A follow-up Hubble image confirms the newly detected fourth Pluto moon.

2022
Lysychansk Claimed Captured
Vladimir Putin · Russia · Moscow

Russia claims control of Lysychansk in Luhansk Oblast.

2022
Lysychansk Withdrawal
Serhiy Haidai · Ukraine · Lysychansk

Confirms Ukrainian withdrawal from Lysychansk.

2024
Final General Election Rally
Keir Starmer · Great Britain · Redditch

Starmer concludes Labour's campaign by urging voters to choose political change.

2025
Ten Year Health Plan
Keir Starmer · Great Britain · London

Starmer publishes an NHS plan centred on community care, digital services and prevention.

2026
Resignation Announced
Alexandru Munteanu · Moldova · Chisinau

Munteanu announces resignation but remains until a successor is named

Births on July 3

1870
Birth of Richard Bedford Bennett
Richard Bedford Bennett · Canada · Hopewell

Birth of Richard Bedford Bennett

1906
Birth of George Henry Sanders
George Henry Sanders · Great Britain

Birth of George Henry Sanders

1962
Birth of Thomas Cruise Mapother IV
Thomas Cruise · United States of America

Bith of Thomas Cruise Mapother IV

Deaths on July 3

1778
Death of Anna Maria Mozart
Anna Maria Mozart · Austria · Paris

Anna Maria Mozart dies in Paris while travelling with Wolfgang.

1969
Death of Bria Jones
Brian Jones · Great Britain

Found at the bottom of his swimming pool surrounded by statues of Christopher Robin and Winnie the Pooh, although his death is found to have been by misadventure, to this day some regard the cause of the drowning a mystery

1969
Death of Brian Jones
Brian Jones · Great Britain · Hartfield

Death of Brian Jones at Cotchford Farm.

1971
Death of James Douglas Jim Morrison
James Douglas "Jim" Morrison · United States of America

Death of James Douglas "Jim" Morrison

1971
Death of Jim Morrison
Jim Morrison · France · Paris

Dies in Paris at age twenty-seven.

Battles on July 3

314
Battle of Mardia
Constantine I the Great · Roman Empire · Mardia

Defeats Licinius forcing him to sue for peace. As a result of the battle captures Ilyricum & Greece & retains Asia, Egypt & Thrace

314
Battle of Mardia
Licinius · Roman Empire · Mardia

Forced to give up Llyricum & Greece to Constantine, retains Asia, Egypt & Thrace

314
Battle of Mardia
Licinius · Roman Empire · Mardia

Defeated by Constantine & sues for peace

323
Battle of Adrianople
Constantine I the Great · Roman Empire · Adrianople

Leads the frontal attack & defeats Licinius who flees to Byzantium

324
Battle of Adrianople
Constantine I the Great · Roman Empire · Adrianople

Constantine defeats Licinius & unites the 2 halves of the Empire under his sole rule

324
Battle of Adrianople
Licinius · Roman Empire · Adrianople

Constantine defeats Licinius & unites the 2 halves of the Empire under his sole rule

1690
Battle of Boyne
James II · England · Boyne

The Williamites triumphantly march into Dublin two days after the Battle of the Boyne, the Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the River Shannon, where they were besieged

1690
Battle of Boyne
William III of Orange · England · Boyne

After victory at the Boyne, William III of Orange enters Dublin while the Jacobite army withdraws toward the west of Ireland.

1849
Battle of Velletri
Guisseppe Garibaldi · Italy · San Marino

Withdraws his army across the Apennines to San Marino

1849
Battle of Velletri
Guisseppe Garibaldi · Italy · Velletri

The French attack Velletri & enter the city

1854
Battle of Giurgiu
Alexander Baumgarten · Russia · Giurgiu

Reinforces Russian forces during the fighting around Giurgiu as the Ottomans regain the initiative.

1854
Battle of Giurgiu
Stepan Khrulev · Russia · Giurgiu

Takes part in Russian attempts to contain the Ottoman advance near Giurgiu.

1854
Battle of Giurgiu
Mehmed Fuad Pasha · Turkey · Giurgiu

Leads Ottoman forces across the Danube and begins the successful fighting around Giurgiu.

1854
Battle of Giurgiu
Fyodor Soimonov · Russia · Giurgiu

Commands Russian troops opposing the Ottoman crossing and advance near Giurgiu.

1864
Battle of Lundby
Charles Beck · Denmark · Lundby

A Danish force commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Beck attacks a Prussian force, last battle of the Second Schleswig War

1866
Battle of Koniggratz
Ludwig Benedek · Austria · Koniggratz

Benedek deploys the Northern Army near Koniggratz but cannot prevent Prussian envelopment.

1866
Battle of Koniggratz
Leonhard Blumenthal · Germany · Koniggratz

Blumenthal directs the Second Army's march toward the Austrian right flank at Chlum.

1866
Battle of Koniggratz
Eduard Fransecky · Germany · Swiepwald

Fransecky's division holds the Swiepwald against repeated Austrian counterattacks.

1866
Battle of Koniggratz
Friedrich Hiller von Gartringen · Germany · Chlum

Hiller leads the Guards into Chlum and is killed during the decisive assault.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Ludwig Benedek · Austria · Königgrätz

Commands the Austrian Northern Army but suffers decisive defeat at Königgrätz.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Franz Joseph Habsburg-Lorraine · Austria · Königgrätz

Franz Joseph learns that defeat ends Austria's bid for leadership within Germany.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Kraft Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen · Germany · Königgrätz

Kraft Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen serves with Prussian Guard artillery during the battle of Königgrätz.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Friedrich Karl Hohenzollern · Germany · Königgrätz

Friedrich Karl commands the Prussian centre while the Crown Prince attacks the Austrian flank.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Friedrich Karl Hohenzollern · Germany · Königgrätz

The First Army holds the centre and presses Austrian positions at Königgrätz.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Friedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern · Germany · Königgrätz

His timely arrival near Chlum helps secure the decisive Prussian victory.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Friedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern · Germany · Königgrätz

The Crown Prince leads the Second Army's arrival that turns the Austrian flank at Königgrätz.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Wilhelm Hohenzollern · Germany · Sadowa

As supreme commander, Wilhelm presides over the decisive Prussian victory at Königgrätz.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Helmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke · Germany · Königgrätz

He times the convergence of three Prussian armies against Benedek's defensive position.

1866
Battle of Königgrätz
Helmuth Karl Bernhard Moltke · Germany · Königgrätz

Moltke's operational concentration produces the decisive Prussian victory at Königgrätz.

1866
Battle of Monte Suello
Giuseppe Garibaldi · Italy · Monte Suello

Garibaldi is wounded while his volunteers fight Austrian troops near Monte Suello.

1866
Battle of Sadowa
Friedrich Karl Hohenzollern · Germany · Sadowa

His army's sustained pressure fixes Austrian forces until the Second Army arrives.

1940
Battle of Mers-el-Kebir
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill · Great Britain · Mers-el-Kebir

The Royal Navy destroys most of the French Navy at Mers-el-Kebir. Engagement off the coast of French Algeria where a British Royal Navy task force attacked and destroyed much of the French fleet stationed there, in an attempt to avoid its falling into the hands of the German Navy

1940
Battle of Oran
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill · Great Britain · Oran

Churchill says the sinking of the French Navy shows how serious Britain is. Britain sinks the French fleet which refuses to surrender

1942
First Battle of El Alamein
Francesco Antonio Arena · Italy · El Alamein

Ariete reaches El Alamein with depleted strength and attacks British positions under Arena's acting command.

1999
Battle of Khalubar
Manoj Kumar Pandey · India · Khalubar

Manoj Kumar Pandey leads attacks on enemy positions at Khalubar and is killed during the assault.

Coronations on July 3

987
Coronation
Hugh Capet · France · Paris

The most powerful of the French Lords is crowned King of France

Provenance

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